According to the International Energy Agency 2016 statistics, Ethiopia is among the lowest countries in annual electricity consumption, 70 KWh/capita. Rural areas hold more than 80% of the country’s population and less than 30% of them have been electrified. Most of the population (the rural areas) still predominantly depend on traditional biomass energy sources for cooking and heating, and household lights are provided mainly by kerosene and biomass including this study area, Tadacha Rarasa, which consist of 4100 households with 6 members, totally 24,600 people[1, 2]. The feasibility study of hybrid system consisting of small Hydro, PV, Wind and Battery is carried out using HOMER as a tool for optimization and sensitivity analysis. TURBNPRO software also assists for the optimization of the small hydropower which is suggested to utilize the 2.2 m3/s ecological flow of the Genale 3 multipurpose hydropower plant’s reservoir. The wind speed and solar radiation data of the site is collected from NASA. Then, the wind speed, solar radiation, electric load and hydro data is input to HOMER in their respective appropriate format for simulation and analysis of the proposed hybrid system.  Electric loads of the community is estimated bearing in mind the irrigation, fishery and other opportunities which will arise after the multipurpose project completion in addition to basic household demands. The daily average estimated residential consumption by each family is 9.118 kWh and the daily average total energy consumption per person is 1.872 kWh.   After optimization and sensitivity analysis using HOMER, several different feasible configurations of Hydro, PV, Wind and Battery hybrid system has been displayed with a range of 0.049 to 0.067 $/kWh cost of energy. The optimum configuration becomes Hydro/PV/Battery hybrid system with 0.049 $/kWh levelized COE which is closer to the national energy tariff, 0.032 USD/kWh. The optimum Hydro/PV/Battery hybrid system generates annually 18,647,372 kWh with 0.18% capacity shortage and 0.15% unmet load. The hydropower supports the base load and the PV supplies for the peak load demand in the daytime which shares 19% of the total electric production.

Os reservatórios hidrelétricos, além da geração de energia, apresentam outros benefícios socioeconômicos como a estocagem de água para usos futuros, controle de inundação, e abastecimento de água. Dentre os recursos naturais, a água é um dos que mais sofre alterações em suas características naturais, estas mudanças são devido às formas de exploração, degradação e erosão da bacia de captação. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar a variação espaço-temporal dos constituintes opticamentes ativos, a partir da integração de dados de Sensoriamento Remoto orbital, em Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Ivaí-RS, as PCHs Ernesto Dreher, Cascata do Ivaí e Henrique Kotzian. Para a análise espaço-temporal foram utilizadas nove imagens do satélite Landsat 8-OLI. A área de estudo foi amostrada considerando o período de um ano hidrológico (junho de 2015-maio de 2016). Os dados de sólidos em suspensão foram obtidos em trabalhos de campo na mesma data de passagem do satélite. A partir das imagens Landsat obteve-se os dados de reflectância e foi aplicada a análise dos componentes principais. Dados de precipitação pluviométrica nas PCHs foram utilizados para complementar dados da área de estudo. Verificou-se que os valores de precipitação pluviométrica devem ser levados em consideração na análise dos dados de Sensoriamento Remoto e limnológicos, pois associados ao uso da terra apresentam fortes influências no transporte de material para a bacia de captação. No que se refere a análise dos componentes principais esta mostrou-se ser uma ferramenta estatística de extrema importância em estudos físico-químicos de águas, pois possibilitou a identificação de compartimentos aquáticos bem definidos. Outro item abordado foi a estimativa dos Totais de Sólidos Suspensos (TSS) em função da imagem de reflectância, sendo que nesse cenário de pequenos barramentos o modelo proposto mostrou-se indicado para a estimativa da concentração de sólidos suspensos. Desta forma, verificou-se que o estudo nos reservatórios das PCHs utilizando técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto foi de grande importância na extração e espacialização de informações, pois facilita o armazenamento e manipulação dos dados, favorecendo as análises como a disponibilização de produtos cartográficos, tais como mapas e figuras contendo os resultados. / The hydropower plants, besides generating power, present other social-economic benefits such as the water storage for future uses, flood regulation and water supply. Amongst all the natural resources, water is one that most suffers changes on its natural characteristics. These changes are due to forms of exploitation, degradation and erosion of the river basin. Seen in these terms, the present study aims to characterize the temporal variation of the optically active constituents from the data integration of the Orbital Remote Sensing in Small Hydropower Plants (SHPs) in Ivaí River - Rio Grande do Sul: Ernesto Dreher, Cascata do Ivaí and Henrique Kotzian. For spatiotemporal analysis, 9 images from the Landsat 8-OLI satellite were used. The area of study was sampled considering the period of a hydrological year (june 2015-may 2016). The data from the suspended solids were obtained in field research on the same date of the satellite passage. From the Landsat images, the reflectance data and the Analysis of the Main Components was obtained. Rainfall data in the SHPs were used to complement field research data. The rainfall data values should be taken into consideration in the Remote Sensing and Limnological data, as those, associated to land use, present strong influence on the transportation of material for the river basin. In relation to the Analysis of the Main Components, it shows to be a statistic tool of extreme importance in physical-chemical studies of water, as it enables the identification of well-defined water compartments. Another item approached was the total suspended solids (TSS )estimation in relation to the image of reflectance being that in the scenario of small plants, the proposed model shows itself to be indicated for the concentration of Suspended Solids estimation. Thus, it was verified that the study in the reservoirs of the SHPs using techniques of Remote Sensing was of great importance in the extraction and spatialization of information as it facilitates storage and manipulation of data, promoting analysis such as the provision of map products, for example: maps and figures on the results.

As pequenas centrais hidrelétricas construídas na primeira metade do século XX, no município de Espírito Santo do Pinhal, são exemplos representativos do período inicial da eletrificação no Estado de São Paulo. Constituem-se de três usinas de pequeno e médio porte instaladas nas margens do Rio Mogi-Guaçu com grande potencial de patrimonialização em virtude dos valores histórico, arquitetônico, paisagístico, tecnológico de uma tipologia industrial pouco reconhecida no âmbito cultural. A pesquisa tem como objetivo propor um delineamento dos limites paisagísticos desse conjunto hidrelétrico, considerando os resultados de parâmetros ecológicos da paisagem como área, número de fragmentos de habitat, índice de fragmentação maior, distância do vizinho mais próximo, forma e área núcleo, analisados a partir do mapeamento de uso e cobertura da terra na escala 1:5.000. Também foram considerados aspectos de visibilidade da paisagem, calculados a partir de pontos determinados na barragem e na casa de máquinas das usinas, para verificar o alcance e direção do panorama a partir desses locais. A área de estudo foi delimitada com auxílio de cartas topográficas na escala 1:10.000 e ortofotos coloridas de 2010 considerando as características físicas e culturais da paisagem. Foram identificadas 17 classes de uso e cobertura da terra, recobrindo área total de 2.075,96 hectares. Apesar da predominância de classes de origem cultural, verificou-se que os remanescentes de vegetação nativa da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) ocupam 45,47% do total da paisagem. O limite proposto para proteção da paisagem hidrelétrica abrange as PCHs Salto de Pinhal, Pinhal e Eloy Chaves; significativos remanescentes da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, diversos cursos d água e nascentes das subbacias do Rio Mogi-Guaçu, significativos fragmentos de vegetação nativa, totalizando 1.185,37 ha. / Small hydropower plants (SHP) built in the first half of the 20th century, in the municipality of Espírito Santo do Pinhal, are representative examples of the initial electrification process in São Paulo State. This complex of SHPs comprises three small and medium-scale plants installed on the margins of the Mogi-Guaçu River, with a high patrimonialization potential due to the historical, architectural, landscape and technological values of an industrial building type scarcely understood within the cultural scope. The research aims to propose a delineation of the limits of this hydroelectric set landscape, considering landscapes ecological parameters results, such as area, number of fragments of habitat, fragmentation index largest, average nearest neighbor, form index, and core area, analyzed from land use and cover maps at a scale of 1:5,000. Landscape visibility aspects, calculated from certain points located on the dam and the powerhouse, were also considered in order to verify the extent and direction of the panoramic view of these sites. The study area was delimited using 1:10,000 scale topographic maps and colored orthophotos of 2010, considering physical and cultural aspects of the landscape. Seventeen (17) classes of land use and cover have been identified, with a total area of 2,075.96 ha. Despite the predominance of cultural classes, it was found that the remaining native vegetation of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (SSF) covers 45.47% of the current landscape. The limits proposed for the hydropower landscape protection encompasses the Salto de Pinhal, Pinhal and Eloy Chaves Small Hydropower Plants, as well significant remaining native vegetation of the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest, several water bodies and sources of Mogi-Guaçu River sub-basin, and significant native vegetation fragments, totaling 1,185,37 ha.

Renewable energy sources are getting much more important to reduce the increasing threat coming from greenhouse gases. Hydropower is the most important source of renewable energy. However, development of a hydropower project is a challenging engineering process. Several computer programs have been developed to make initial estimations on hydropower schemes. A computer program named RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model has been developed with the objective to make complete pre-feasibility studies including costing and financial analysis. Two case studies, which have been under construction in Turkey, will be used to check the accuracy of software in Turkish practice. Then in light of the results, RETScreen software will be used to make a pre-feasibility report on an existing multipurpose dam in Turkey. Electricity can be generated at existing dams which requires minor civil works. Porsuk Dam which is a 36 year old dam used for domestic, industrial and irrigation water supply will be evaluated for energy generation by constructing a penstock, powerhouse and installing electromechanical equipment.

High greenhouse gas emissions increased the importance of renewable energy resources. Hydropower is among the most widely used type of renewable energy. Oppositions to big hydropower projects with reservoirs increased the use of small hydropower plants. Development of a small hydropower project is a challenging engineering task. Different software&rsquo / s are developed and used to make initial estimations of energy generation and initial costs of the project. RETScreen Clean Energy Analysis Software which can be used worldwide allows the user to estimate initial energy output and costs. In this study, three consecutive hydropower projects (HEPP), namely, Kemer&ccedil / ayir, &Uuml / &ccedil / hanlar and &Uuml / &ccedil / harmanlar HEPP&rsquo / s and four alternative project formulations to these projects are evaluated using RETScreen. The results of the evaluations are compared and best formulation for the projects is identified. In addition to economical profitability, hydropower plants need to be evaluated in terms of their environmental impacts and sustainability aspects. Sustainable development is a fundamental concept of natural resources management. International Hydropower Association prepared the Sustainability Assessment Protocol to evaluate new or existing hydropower facilities with respect to various environmental, social and economic sustainability aspects. The Sustainability Assessment Protocol of IHA is used to evaluate Kemer&ccedil / ayir HEPP. Due to lack of necessary information, rather than conducting a sustainability assessment of a small hydropower project (SHP), necessary information required to conduct such a study is identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-04-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 furchi_sal_dr_botfca.pdf: 604102 bytes, checksum: ad6ff6bf497a1187666c993565410242 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A exploração dos recursos hídricos, para fins de geração de eletricidade no Brasil, se deu a partir do final do século XIX, com base em centrais de pequeno porte, da ordem de algumas centenas de quilowatts, construídas e operadas principalmente por prefeituras e empresas particulares. Este modelo, apropriado à demanda da época, prosperou até a década de 1960, quando o cenário econômico vigente deu lugar a grandes empresas estaduais e federais que passaram a incorporar as pequenas empresas geradoras de sistemas isolados que evoluíram para os grandes sistemas interligados. Neste período as centrais hidrelétricas de pequeno porte cederam espaços para os grandes empreendimentos. Nos últimos anos, a potência instalada do país não acompanhou o crescimento demográfico da população. A falta de planejamento e equívocos nas gestões do setor hidrelétrico ocasionaram as crises energéticas. Novamente, as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) entram em destaque com a reestruturação e transição para o novo modelo do setor elétrico brasileiro. Nessa nova configuração setorial o governo conduz suas políticas públicas, que procura atrair novos investimentos privados para sua própria expansão e modernização. Com este objetivo as empresas estatais foram desverticalizadas e distribuídas de acordo com suas atividades de geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. Sendo esta última um novo ajuste do setor energético. Sendo assim, nota-se uma significativa mobilização do setor elétrico nacional, em torno de um novo incentivo, a novas alternativas de produção de energia elétrica, como por exemplo, pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, em uma circunstância em que o Estado também modifica sua compreensão acerca de suas funções econômicas. Setores que, no passado, foram tidos como estratégicos... / The exploitation of the water natural resources, aiming electricity generation in Brazil, happened from the end of XIX century based upon small size power stations which generated only a few hundreds of kilowatts, built and operated mainly by cities and private companies. This model, which was adequate to that time demand, remained into effect until the 1960 decade, when the in place economic scenario gave space to large state and federal companies which incorporated the small individual power stations evolving to big interconnected systems. In this period, the small hydroelectric power stations gave space to the large-scale investments. The energy related crisis observed in the last recent years, were originated by the following facts: the installed electric energy capacity of the country didn't grew at the same rate as the population growth; lack of planning and mistakes in the hydroelectric sector management. Again, the small hydroelectric power stations (SHPS) emerge with the sector re-structuration and in the transition for the new Brazilian electric sector model. In this new sector configuration, the government dictates its public policies with the intention of bringing new private sector investments for the sector expansion and modernization. With this goal, the state companies have been split and distributed according to their core activities: generation, transmission, distribution and trade, this last one being a new adjustment in the energy sector. In this way, one can observe an important mobilization of the national electric sector in the direction of a new incentive to new alternatives for electric energy generation as, for example, small hydroelectric power stations, in one circumstance that also the state modifies its comprehension about its own economic rules/functions. Sectors that in the past were considered as strategic for the country's economic development... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Nelson Miguel Teixeira / Banca: Angelo Cataneo / Banca: Marcio Massashiko Hasegawa / Banca: Ivo Reis Fontes / Banca: Eduardo Antonio Sleiman / Resumo: A exploração dos recursos hídricos, para fins de geração de eletricidade no Brasil, se deu a partir do final do século XIX, com base em centrais de pequeno porte, da ordem de algumas centenas de quilowatts, construídas e operadas principalmente por prefeituras e empresas particulares. Este modelo, apropriado à demanda da época, prosperou até a década de 1960, quando o cenário econômico vigente deu lugar a grandes empresas estaduais e federais que passaram a incorporar as pequenas empresas geradoras de sistemas isolados que evoluíram para os grandes sistemas interligados. Neste período as centrais hidrelétricas de pequeno porte cederam espaços para os grandes empreendimentos. Nos últimos anos, a potência instalada do país não acompanhou o crescimento demográfico da população. A falta de planejamento e equívocos nas gestões do setor hidrelétrico ocasionaram as crises energéticas. Novamente, as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs) entram em destaque com a reestruturação e transição para o novo modelo do setor elétrico brasileiro. Nessa nova configuração setorial o governo conduz suas políticas públicas, que procura atrair novos investimentos privados para sua própria expansão e modernização. Com este objetivo as empresas estatais foram desverticalizadas e distribuídas de acordo com suas atividades de geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização. Sendo esta última um novo ajuste do setor energético. Sendo assim, nota-se uma significativa mobilização do setor elétrico nacional, em torno de um novo incentivo, a novas alternativas de produção de energia elétrica, como por exemplo, pequenas centrais hidrelétricas, em uma circunstância em que o Estado também modifica sua compreensão acerca de suas funções econômicas. Setores que, no passado, foram tidos como estratégicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The exploitation of the water natural resources, aiming electricity generation in Brazil, happened from the end of XIX century based upon small size power stations which generated only a few hundreds of kilowatts, built and operated mainly by cities and private companies. This model, which was adequate to that time demand, remained into effect until the 1960 decade, when the in place economic scenario gave space to large state and federal companies which incorporated the small individual power stations evolving to big interconnected systems. In this period, the small hydroelectric power stations gave space to the large-scale investments. The energy related crisis observed in the last recent years, were originated by the following facts: the installed electric energy capacity of the country didn't grew at the same rate as the population growth; lack of planning and mistakes in the hydroelectric sector management. Again, the small hydroelectric power stations (SHPS) emerge with the sector re-structuration and in the transition for the new Brazilian electric sector model. In this new sector configuration, the government dictates its public policies with the intention of bringing new private sector investments for the sector expansion and modernization. With this goal, the state companies have been split and distributed according to their core activities: generation, transmission, distribution and trade, this last one being a new adjustment in the energy sector. In this way, one can observe an important mobilization of the national electric sector in the direction of a new incentive to new alternatives for electric energy generation as, for example, small hydroelectric power stations, in one circumstance that also the state modifies its comprehension about its own economic rules/functions. Sectors that in the past were considered as strategic for the country's economic development... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:51:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilson_de_Carvalho_Lopes.pdf: 7432351 bytes, checksum: d458620f10f992cc9b8580a580a847ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / This research addresses the environmental impacts resulting from the implementation of Small Hydro Power (SHP) in the occidental west border of Paraná. For the case study were selected as spatial area, the River Basin Piquiri and the Paraná Basin 3. These two basins were selected because of the plans for the construction of several SHPs in their covered area. SHPs are considered by energy planners linked to the public sector or private companies as alternative sources of electricity production from low impact to the environment. Nevertheless, if several of them are built in the same river or watershed there may be an impairment of the environment equivalent to the installation of a hydroelectric plant. To better understand the magnitude of this argument, the research focused on the study of examples of cumulative impacts resulting from the construction of several plants in the same basin, already observed in other Brazilian states. It is important to inform that, until the completion of this research was the cropping area of study only one SHP in operation - it is the SHP San Francisco, located on the border of the cities of Toledo and Ouro Verde do Oeste, in the western region of the state Paraná. In order to achieve the proposed objectives were analyzed issues related to SHP such as: laws of the electricity sector and environmental, policies of financial incentives to the sector, as well as programs and projects of incentives for generation of alternative energy in Brazil. Although not operate at wire of water, in other words , do not require large reservoirs, still does not have a effective billing by the environmental agencies of a global study of all the plants on the same river or watershed. The study provided a check on what stage are SHPs existing or planned for the covered area by the two watersheds selected , which resulted in the making of maps that help understanding the topic / A presente pesquisa aborda os impactos socioambientais resultantes da implantação de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) na faixa de fronteira ocidental paranaense. Para o estudo de caso foram selecionadas, como recorte espacial, a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Piquiri e a Bacia Hidrográfica do Paraná 3. Estas duas bacias foram selecionadas em razão da previsão de construção de diversas PCHs na sua área de abrangência. As PCHs são consideradas pelos planejadores de energia ligados ao setor público ou de empresas privadas como fontes alternativas de produção de eletricidade de baixo impacto ao meio ambiente. Contudo, caso sejam construídas várias delas em um mesmo rio ou bacia hidrográfica, pode haver um comprometimento do entorno equivalente à instalação de uma usina hidrelétrica. Para entender melhor a dimensão desse argumento, a pesquisa concentrou-se no estudo de exemplos de impactos cumulativos resultantes da construção de várias usinas em uma mesma bacia hidrográfica, já constatados em outros Estados brasileiros. É importante informar que, até a conclusão desta pesquisa, havia na área de recorte de estudo somente uma PCH em operação - trata-se da PCH São Francisco, localizada na divisa dos municípios de Toledo e Ouro Verde do Oeste, na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. A fim de alcançar os objetivos propostos, foram analisadas questões referentes às PCHs tais como: legislações do setor elétrico e ambiental, políticas de incentivos financeiros ao setor, além de programas e projetos de incentivos à geração de energias alternativas no Brasil. Apesar de não operarem em fio d água, ou seja, não necessitam de grandes reservatórios, ainda não se tem uma cobrança efetiva por parte dos órgãos ambientais de um estudo global de todas as usinas em um mesmo rio ou bacia hidrográfica. O estudo proporcionou a verificação do estágio em que se encontram as PCHs existentes ou previstas para a área de abrangência das duas bacias hidrográficas selecionadas, que resultaram na confecção de mapas que auxiliam a compreensão do tema

The aim of this master’s thesis is the optimal design of swirl turbines for small water power plant. It is described a different possibilities of turbine‘s install for locality Vrchlabí. It presents a design of turbines and draft tubes. For the installation of turbines is computed theoretical production of annual electric energy. Furthermore it describes a design of supply channel and intake structure.

This diploma thesis deals with a study of a small hydropower plant in Osík on the Desná river. Part of the work is the calculation of the produced energy and the estimation of the return on investment.