The effects of diet type, amino acid (AA), and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels in male broiler diets from d 8 to 21 on blood, small intestine, bone, and growth performance were investigated. Eight experimental diets with 2 protein sources [high inclusion of distiller's dried grains with solubles diet (hDDGS) or high inclusion of meat and bone meal diet (hMBM)], 2 AA densities (moderate or high), and 2 AME densities (2,998kcal/kg or 3,100kcal/kg), were fed to the broiler chicks from 8 to 21 days of age (d). High AME diets may lower feed cost by lowering feed intake. Intestinal morphology changes responded to dietary treatments, which may facilitate nutrients digestion and absorption in high MBM diets as well as in high DDGS diets. In addition, high AA or AME diets from 8 to 20 d improved feed conversion during experimental phase and influenced meat yields at 55 d.

Background: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a non-invasive imaging modality designed to evaluate various small bowel pathologies. Failure to reach the cecum within the battery lifespan, termed incomplete examination, may result in inadequate testing and possibly delayed therapy. Several studies have attempted to evaluate the association between CE completion and opioid use. However, their results are conflicting. The aim of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the previously published literature on the association between opioid use and CE completion. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, and ScienceDirect databases from inception through June 1, 2018, to identify all studies that evaluated the association between CE completion and opioid use. We included studies that presented an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) or presented the data sufficient to calculate the OR with a 95% CI. Statistical analysis was performed using the comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA), version 3 software. Results: Five studies with a total of 1,614 patients undergoing CE in the inpatient (IP) and outpatient (OP) setting were included in this study, 349 of which had an incomplete CE (21.6%). The pooled OR for CE completion is 0.50 (95% CI: 0.38-0.66, I2=36.9%) in opioid users compared to non-users. No publication bias was found using Egger's regression test. Conclusions: Our results indicate that patients on opioids are significantly less likely to have a complete CE examination compared to non-users. To our knowledge, this study represents the first meta-analysis to assess this association.

There are many gastrointestinal diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, which can be treated effectively with topical, localized medicine delivered to the intestinal wall through the gastrointestinal tract by the use of a targeted drug delivery capsule. The success of such a delivery method is contingent on the properties of the fluid flow near the delivery site; specifically, how well-mixed the medicine will be in the chyme so that it can act on the intestinal wall. Pursuant to understanding the mixed state of the chyme, several fluid simulations were performed with ANSYS Fluent, simulating different types of muscular contractions. Fluid particles – which were originally segregated into three sections of the simulated small intestine – were tracked, and simulation results were compared based on how well-distributed the tracked particles were at the end state, using the second moment of distribution. The results of this comparison have revealed that there is little difference between the mixing produced by segmentation in a 3.0 cm diameter small intestine and that produced in a 2.0 cm diameter small intestine. Results have also shown little difference between mixing produced when the segmentation contractions vary qualitatively in any of several ways. There is, however, some difference between distribution produced by segmentation contractions and peristaltic, or propulsive, contractions. This work could be further pursued with more simulations; of different types of contractions, of contraction patterns with different properties, and with simulations with more comprehensive particle tracking. It would also be straightforward to incorporate analysis of the large intestine into the study. / Mechanical Engineering

Nutrient transporters in the small intestine are responsible for dietary nutrient assimilation and therefore the expression of these transporters can influence the overall nutrient status as well as the growth and development of the animal. This thesis examined correlated responses to selection in the developmental gene expression of the peptide transporter PepT1, the glutamate/aspartate transporter EAAT3, the sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1, and the fructose transporter GLUT5 in the small intestine of chickens from lines divergently selected for high (HH) or low (LL) eight-week body weight and their reciprocal crosses, (HL and LH). Chicks were weighed and killed on embryonic day 20 (E20), day of hatch (DOH with no access to feed), and days 3 (D3), 7(D7), and 14 (D14) post hatch. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and liver were collected. DNA extracted from liver was used to sex birds by PCR. RNA was extracted from the intestinal segments of four males and four females from each mating combination (MC) and time point except E20 HL males (n = 3) and D7 LL females (n = 2). Expression of nutrient transporters was assayed by real-time PCR using the relative quantification method. In comparing HH and LL males and females there was a line by segment interaction in PepT1 gene expression, with no segment difference in HH and greatest expression in the ileum of the LL (P < 0.05). There was also a MC by age by sex interaction for PepT1 gene expression (P < 0.0001) with peak gene expression occurring on DOH for LL females, on D7 for HH females, on D7 for LL males and D14 for HH males. Overall, females had greater EAAT3 expression (P < 0.03). Gene expression of EAAT3 was greatest in the ileum, intermediate in the jejunum, and least in the duodenum (P < 0.0007). There was an age by segment interaction for EAAT3 expression (P = 0.0002) and a MC by segment interaction (P < 0.02), with LL having greater expression than HH in the ileum. Females had greater SGLT1 expression than males (P < 0.0001). There was a sex by age interaction for the expression of SGLT1 (P < 0.0001). Females induced SGLT1 expression on DOH and maintained this level through D14, while males gradually increased expression through D7 and decreased expression by D14. These results indicate that expression of PepT1, EAAT3, SGLT1 are differentially expressed in male and female chickens regardless of selection for high or low juvenile body weight. These results also show a sexual dimorphism in the capacity to absorb peptides, anionic amino acids, and glucose from the intestine, which has implications for the poultry industry with regard to diet formulations for straight-run and sex-separate grow-out operations. In comparing male HH, HL, LH, and LL chicks, overall LL had the greatest level of expression (P <0.06), HH had the least level of expression (P < 0.006) and HL and LH had intermediate levels of expression (P < 0.06). Greatest PepT1 gene was expression in the ileum (P < 0.0003) and there was a MC by segment interaction with expression increasing from duodenum to ileum in LL, but there was no segment difference in any other MC (P < 0.08). Within each intestinal segment there was a MC difference (P < 0.02). There was an effect of sire for PepT1 expression, with progeny from low weight selected sires (LWS) having greater expression than progeny from high weight selected (HWS) sires (P = 0.0008). There was no difference between intestinal segments in progeny from HWS sires, however, greatest PepT1 gene expression was seen in the ileum of progeny from LWS sires (P < 0.0001). Overall, expression of EAAT3 was greatest in the ileum, intermediate in the jejunum and least in the ileum (P < 0.0001) and there was a segment by age interaction for EAAT3 expression (P < 0.0001). In all MCs except HH, EAAT3 gene expression increased from duodenum to ileum (P < 0.08). Within the ileum, the LL had greatest EAAT3 gene expression, LH and HL had intermediate gene expression, and HH had least expression (P < 0.08). Expression of SGLT1 gradually increased through D7 and decreased by D14 (P < 0.0001) and overall, was greatest in the distal small intestine (P < 0.0001). There was a MC by segment interaction, with SGLT1 gene expression being greatest in the distal small intestine in LL, LH, and HL, but greatest in the jejunum of HH (P < 0.04). Within the ileum, LL had greater SGLT1 gene expression than HH (P < 0.06). Overall, greatest GLUT5 expression was in the distal small intestine (P < 0.0001) and there was a MC by segment interaction, with expression being greatest in the distal small intestine in LL and HL (P < 0.02), greatest in the ileum of LH (P < 0.08), and greatest in the jejunum of HH (P < 0.09). Within the ileum there was a MC difference (P < 0.07). These results indicate that selection for high or low juvenile body weight may have influenced the gene expression pattern of these nutrient transporters in the small intestine, which may contribute to the overall differences in the growth and development of these lines of chickens. / Master of Science

<p>Malignant tumours of the small intestine are rare. Age-standardised incidence in Europe is between 0.5-1.5 per 100 000. As the small intestine represents more than 90 % of the gastrointestinal mucosal surface, it is surprising that it gives rise to less than 2 % of gastrointestinal malignancies. The dominating histological subtypes are carcinoids and adenocarcinomas. </p><p>We used three population-based registries in Sweden to study survival, second malignant tumours, causes of death, and Crohn’s disease as a risk factor for small intestinal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid.</p><p>We evaluated tumour site, sex, age, and year of diagnosis as prognostic factors. For adenocarcinomas there was no difference in survival between duodenal and jejunal/ileal tumours. Women with jejunal/ileal adenocarcinomas showed higher probabilities of survival than men, while no such relation was found for duodenal tumours. Old age correlated with poor survival for duodenal tumours, and prognosis has improved in later years. For carcinoids, duodenal tumours had a more favourable prognosis than jejunal/ileal tumours. There was no difference in survival between sexes. Old age correlated with poor survival, and survival has improved in recent years.</p><p>Female patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of acquiring cancer in the genital organs and breasts, and both sexes had increased risks of second tumours in the gastrointestinal tract and skin. Men with carcinoid tumours had increased risk of prostate cancer. Both sexes had increased risk of malignant melanoma and malignancies of endocrine organs.</p><p>Patients with adenocarcinoma had increased risk of dying from malignant diseases other than the primary small intestinal cancer and from gastrointestinal disease. The cohort with carcinoid had higher than expected risk of dying from malignant disease, gastrointestinal disease, and cardiovascular disease.</p><p>Patients with Crohn’s disease had increased risk of small intestinal adenocarcinoma and carcinoid, and the risk has increased for patients diagnosed in recent years.</p>

The consumption of dietary supplements such as flavonoids may reduce risk of many civilization diseases. Flavonoids are able to modulate the activity of cytochromes P450 (CYPs), xenobiotic-metabolising phase I enzymes of biotransformation that are involved in the activation and detoxification of food-derived carcinogens. Inhibition of CYP activities by flavonoids has been extensively studied because of their potential use as agents blocking the initiation stage of carcinogenesis. On the other hand, flavonoids have been shown to enhance the activation of carcinogens and/or influence their metabolism via induction of specific CYPs. In the first part of this study, flavonoids dihydromyricetin and α-napthoflavone were explored for their possible effects on CYP1A1 expression and activity when administered in combination with carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). For this purpose, liver, small intestine and colon microsomal fractions were isolated from treated rats and induction of CYP1A1 was evaluated by immunodetection and EROD activity measurements. In liver and small intestine, all combinations of BaP and flavonoids led to strong induction of CYP1A1 expression. Moreover, the CYP1A1 protein levels were almost identical to levels observed when the rats were treated with BaP alone. However, in comparison...

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Evan C. Titgemeyer / Previous data suggest that greater amounts of postruminal protein increase small intestinal starch digestion in cattle. Duodenally and ileally cannulated steers were used in 5 studies to measure responses in small intestinal starch digestion to amino acids (AA) or casein. Flows of starch to the ileum from the diet were small. Small intestinal starch digestibility was 34.0% when raw cornstarch was continuously infused into the duodenum. Infusion of casein linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestibility, and small intestinal starch digestion adapted to infusion of casein in 6 d. Ethanol-soluble starch and unpolymerized glucose flowing to the ileum increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing infusion of casein. Plasma cholecystokinin was not affected by casein infusion, but circulating levels of glucose increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05). In another study, 5 steers were fed a low-starch diet and provided continuous duodenal infusion of raw cornstarch in combination with AA or casein in order to measure response of small intestinal starch digestion. Duodenal infusion of casein increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestion. When a mixture of AA with a profile similar to casein (CASAA) was infused, small intestinal starch digestion was similar (P = 0.30) to casein infusion. Infusion of only non-essential AA tended to increase (P = 0.14) small intestinal starch digestion relative to control; however, infusion of essential AA alone did not affect (P = 0.84) small intestinal starch digestion. Additionally, infusion of casein or essential AA increased ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch, but non-essential AA alone were not different than the negative control. Duodenal infusion of Glu increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestion, whereas a mixture of Phe, Trp, and Met (PTM) did not. Neither Glu nor PTM increased ileal flow of ethanol-soluble starch, but Glu and PTM provided together tended (P = 0.07) to increase ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch. Our data suggest that Glu alone can increase small intestinal starch digestion in cattle similar to casein, but increases in small intestinal starch digestion in response to Glu are not associated with an increase in ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch.

Quarenta e duas vacas Holandesas, em gestação e multíparas, e os respectivos bezerros recém-nascidos foram utilizados para determinar se as concentrações de IGF-I no colostro e secreções lácteas podem ser alteradas em resposta à mudanças na concentração sérica de IGF-I pré-parto, avaliar comparativamente a flutuação sérica pré-parto de IGF-I em relação a IgG, bem como as flutuações séricas de IGF-I e IgG nos bezerros na primeira semana de vida e, adicionalmente, alterações na mucosa intestinal dos mesmos. As vacas foram distribuídas ao acaso em dois grupos de 21 animais, o grupo tratado recebeu 500 mg de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST) e o grupo controle recebeu injeções de vitamina E. Ambos tratamentos iniciaram 35 dias pré-parto e foram administrados em intervalos de 14 dias. Semanalmente, foi observado o escore corporal e foram coletadas amostras de sangue até a data de parição. Foram coletadas amostras do colostro e das secreções lácteas, diariamente, por sete dias pós-parto. Os bezerros recém-nascidos foram distribuídos ao acaso, em um arranjo fatorial 2X3, correspondendo ao tratamento das mães (controle ou rbST) e às datas de abate (ao nascimento, aos dois dias de idade e aos sete dias de idade). Diariamente, foram coletadas amostras de sangue até a data de abate. Para as análises estereológicas amostras foram coletadas de cinco regiões do intestino delgado. O escore corporal e a concentração sérica de ácidos graxos não-esterificados não diferiram entre os grupos durante todo o período experimental (P>0,05). Os grupos rbST e controle apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto às concentrações séricas de IGF-I na segunda e quarta semanas após o início do período experimental (P<0,05), em resposta às aplicações do rbST, no entanto não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos no parto (P>0,05). A concentração de IGF-I foi superior no colostro das vacas tratadas com rbST (P<0,05), não diferindo nas secreções subseqüentes. As concentrações séricas de IgG não diferiram entre os tratamentos durante todo o período experimental, bem como as concentrações de IgG do colostro e demais secreções lácteas (P>0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos nas concentrações séricas de IGF-I dos bezerros até o sétimo dia de vida, como também não foram encontradas diferenças entre as concentrações séricas de IgG nos bezerros após 24 horas de vida (P>0,05). O peso dos órgãos e o volume parcial (Vv) da mucosa absortiva não diferiram entre os tratamentos nas três datas de abate, observando-se somente diferenças significativas entre as datas de abate. A porção do jejuno médio apresentou maior Vv em relação aos outros segmentos do intestino delgado ao nascimento e aos sete dias de vida. A aplicação de rbST no período seco influenciou somente a concentração de IGF-I no colostro, não alterando as concentrações séricas nos bezerros até o sétimo dia de vida, como também o Vv da mucosa absortiva do intestino delgado. / Forty-two Holstein cows, in gestation and multiparous, and their newborn calves were used to evaluate if insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in colostrum and subsequent mammary secretions could be influenced by changes in blood serum IGF-I and compare its temporal changes with the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) in pre-partum period, as well as the temporal changes in serum IGF-I and IgG in newborn calves during the first week of life, and also, alterations in its intestinal mucosa. Cows were randomly assigned in two groups of twenty-one animals, treated group was injected 500 mg of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), and the control group received vitamin E injection. Both treatments started 35 days pre-partum and were administered every 14 days until partum. Weekly body condition scores were measured and blood was collected until partum. Colostrum and mammary secretions were collected daily for seven days pos-partum. Newborn calves were randomly assigned to a 2X3 factorial arrangement, which the factors depended on mother’s treatment (control and rbST) and slaughter date (just after birth, two days of life and seven days of life). Blood was collected daily until slaughter. For stereological analysis samples were taken from five sites from small intestine. Body condition scores and nonesterified fatty acid concentration didn't differ between the groups during the experimental period (P>0,05). Groups differed about serum IGF-I during pre-partum (P<0,05), which showed differences on second and fourth weeks of experimental period in response to rbST administration. However, no treatment differences were found at partum (P>0,05). IGF-I concentration was higher in colostrum of cows treated with rbST (P<0,05), but it didn't differ in subsequent mammary secretions. IgG serum concentration didn't differ between treatments during the experimental period, neither IgG concentration in colostrum and subsequent mammary secretions (P>0,05). No differences were found either in calves’ IGF-I levels from birth to seven days old or in IgG serum concentration after 24 hours of life (P>0,05). Organ weight and mucosa partial volume (Vv) didn't differ between treatments in the three slaughter dates, only differences among the salughter dates were observed. Segment from the medium jejunum showed higher Vv in relation to others segments at birth and seven days old. The administration of rbST during the dry period influenced only IGF-I concentration in colostrum, however colostrum IGF-I didn’t affect calves’ serum concentration up to seven days old, neither the mucosa Vv of small intestine.

Resumo: O uso de diferentes inibidores selectivos da COX-2 em vários estudos mostraram resultados conflitantes, relacionados principalmente a uma elevada taxa de deiscências nas suturas intestinal.Basedo na hipótese de que o uso de um antibiótico de largo espectro pode reduzir a carga bacteriana no sítio de lesão e, inversamente, reduzir a migração celular de PMNLs, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos do Paracoxibe, uma droga inibidora da COX- 2,disponível comercialmente, associada ou não ao Imipenem na cicatrização de anastomoses no ileo ecólon de ratos. Trezentos e sessenta e oito ratos brancos Wistar foram submetidos a laparotomia, a transecção do cólon esquerdo e do íleo terminalreanastomose randomizados para receber paracoxibe (0,66 mg / Kg), imipenem (30mg/Kg) ou solução salina (controles) por via intramuscular por 4 dias. Os ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de 92 ratos: Grupo 1 (controle), grupo 2 (Paracoxib), grupo 3 (Imipenem) e grupo 4 (paracoxib / imipenem) Os animais em cada grupo foram sacrificados após 4,7,14 e 21 dias, sendo as anastomoses avaliadas por meio de medidas de força de ruptura e pelo exame histológico do processo de cicatrização. Doze animais do grupo paracoxibe (13%) e oito do grupo paracoxibe / Imipenem (8,7%) foram a óbito no 5° e 7° dia de pós operatóriopor deiscências da anastomose ileal. A força de ruptura nos ratos tratados com paracoxibe foi significativamente menor do que no grupo controle no 7°, 14° e 21° dias de pósoperatório das anastomoses do íleo (87,6 g, 184,3 g e 212,5 g<127,8 g, 243,6 g e 251G , P = 0,026) e no 4°,7°,14° e 21° dias de pós operatório as anastomoses de cólon (139,3 g, 170,4 g, 202,9 g e 299,9 g<203,3 g, 254,3 g, 364,2 g e 401g, p = 0,026). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos paracoxibe, imipenem e paracoxib / imipenem. A tendência de aumento da força de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of different selective COX-2 inhibitors in several studies showed conflicting results, related mostly from a high rate of dehiscence's on intestinal sutures. Based on the hypothesis that the use of a broad spectrum antibiotic can decrease the bacterial load at the injured site and conversely reduce PMNLs cell migration, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a new commercially available COX-2 inhibitor Paracoxib, associated or not to Imipenem on the healing of ileal and colonic anastomosis in rats. Three hundred and sixty eight white Wistar rats underwent laparotomy, ileal and left colon transection and reanastomosis and randomized to receive paracoxib (0,66 mg/Kg ), imipenem ( 30mg/Kg) or saline solution ( controls ) by intramuscular injections for 4 days. The rats were distributed in four groups of 92 rats: group1 (control); group 2 ( Paracoxib); group 3 ( Imipenem ) and group 4 (paracoxib/imipenem). Animals in each group were killed after 4,7,14 and 21 days, and the anastomosis evaluated by means of breaking strength measures and by histological examination of the healing process. Twelve animals in paracoxibe group (13% ) and eight on paracoxib/Imipenem group ( 8,7% ) died on on days 5 and 7 related to ileal anastomotic dehiscences. Breaking strength in rats treated with paracoxib was significantly lower than in the control group in post-operative day 7, 14 and 21 in ileal anastomoses ( 87,6g, 184,3g and 212,5g < 127,8g, 243,6g and 251g, p=0.026 ) and on days 4,7,14 and 21 in colonic anastomoses ( 139,3g, 170,4g, 202,9g and 299,9g < 203,3g, 254,3g, 364,2g and 401g, p=0.026 ). There were no significant diferences between imipenem, paracoxib and paracoxib/imipenem treated animals. A tendency of increased breaking strength were observed in paracoxib/imipenem group when compared to imipenem and paracoxib groups. The breaking strength increased progressivelly ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Alexandre Bakonyi Neto / Coorientador: Luiz Eduardo Naresse / Banca: Luiz Henrique Cury Saad / Banca: José Gulherme Minossi / Banca: Luiz Roberto Montolar Verderesi / Banca: Roberto Marius de Carvalho / Doutor

Introdução: O dióxido de titânio (TiO2) é um corante encontrado na forma de partículas em diversos produtos industrializados. Muitos estudos, a maioria envolvendo o trato respiratório, alertam sobre os efeitos prejudiciais advindos da exposição ao TiO2. Embora partículas da dieta, tais como o TiO2, sejam ingeridas diariamente, ainda existem poucos estudos investigando seus efeitos sobre o trato gastrointestinal. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desse trabalho é investigar a ação de nano (NP) e micropartículas (MP) de TiO2 sobre a resposta inflamatória no intestino delgado de camundongos. Material e Métodos: Camundongos Bl 57/6 foram divididos em 2 grupos experimentais, os quais receberam NP TiO2 (66 nm) ou MP TiO2 (260 nm) a uma dose de 100 mg/Kg/dia, e um grupo controle, o qual recebeu água destilada. O tratamento foi administrado por gavagem, durante 10 dias, uma vez ao dia. Ao final, o intestino delgado foi coletado para a análise de citocinas (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, TNFa, IFNg e TGFb) por ELISA e quantificação de células T CD4+, T CD8+, células dendríticas e natural killers por imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram maior concentração de citocinas IL-12, TNFa, IFNg, IL-4, IL-23 e TGFb, e células T CD4+ nos grupos que receberam TiO2. O aumento de citocinas foi mais importante no íleo, onde há maior concentração de células M, as quais representam a principal via de captação de partículas no intestino. Conclusão: As partículas de TiO2 provocaram uma resposta pró-inflamatória, predominantemente do tipo Th1, no intestino delgado dos camundongos, especialmente no íleo. Esses dados representam uma evidência in vivo do potencial inflamatório de partículas de TiO2 sobre o trato gastrointestinal / Introduction: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white pigment widely found as micro and nano-sized particles added to food, drugs, cosmetics, etc. Studies involving the pulmonary tract warn about adverse effects resulting from exposure to TiO2, emphasizing its inflammatory potential. Although the gastrointestinal tract is considerably exposed to TiO2 particles at daily basis there are few information regarding its adverse effects on intestine. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) and microparticles (MP) on inflammatory response in the small intestine of mice. Methods: Bl 57/6 mice received suspensions containing TiO2 (100 mg/Kg/day) as TiO2 NP (66 nm), or TiO2 MP (260 nm) by gavage for 10 days, once a day; control group received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment, the small intestine were extracted for assessment of cytokines (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, TNFa, IFNg e TGFb) by ELISA and quantification of inflammatory cells (T CD4+, T CD8+, dendritic cells, and natural killer) by immunohistochemistry. Results: We found increased levels of T CD4+ cells and cytokines (IL-12, TNFa, IFNg, IL-4, IL-23, and TGFb) on groups receiving TiO2 when compared to control group. Cytokines production was more important on the ileum, local presenting greater concentration of M cells, which represent the main pathway of particles uptake on gut. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that TiO2 particles induce a Th1 mediated inflammatory response on small bowel in mice. These results represent an in vivo evidence of the inflammatory potential of TiO2 particles on the gastrointestinal tract