Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, 2009. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-26T14:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Rejected by Sabrina Andrade(sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br), reason: on 2012-07-03T21:53:04Z (GMT) / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-03T22:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-07-28T18:09:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-28T18:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao bayer.pdf: 2478924 bytes, checksum: 33f205025a71c11cffe9f266603a9980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A pesca do siri é uma das principais adaptações da pesca artesanal no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. A pesca artesanal no estuário tornou-se uma atividade não sustentável a partir da década de 80 do século passado com o colapso dos estoques pesqueiros mais explorados, tornando esta atividade mais vulnerável à variabilidade climática. Os principais objetivos desta pesquisa foram: descrever a pesca do siri e analisar a importância sócio-econômica desta atividade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com pescadores artesanais e analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Embora o siri tenha sido uma fonte de alimentação dos indígenas Umbus, somente na década de 80 do século passado este se tornou importante economicamente para os pescadores artesanais. O siri é rejeito de pesca de quase todas as artes, seja da pescaria de malha, de arrasto ou de saquinho. Na porção mais ao sul do estuário a pesca do siri esta mais relacionada à captura do e ao norte à pesca de peixes. Em anos desfavoráveis à produção de camarão no estuário o siri é um recurso importante para a economia familiar dos pescadores, devido a maior tolerância à variabilidade da salinidade do estuário. No entanto o siri é vulnerável às variações físicas e químicas da água no período de reprodução, o que força a migração para a boca da barra, onde ocorre a pesca predatória. Outra pratica predatória é a realizada na primavera, com rede de arrasto, impactando o estoque de siri no período em que está copulando e o estoque de camarão que está se desenvolvendo no estuário. Para concluir, a pesca do siri é uma importante adaptação das comunidades pesqueiras, principalmente entre os pescadores que possuem pequena infra-estrutura, tal citação também evidencia que a pesca do siri é rentável quando exercida juntamente com outra espécie ou pescado com equipamentos rudimentares. Assim constituindo recurso fundamental para a existência da pesca artesanal no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. / Fishing for crab is one of the main adaptations of artisan fisheries in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon. The artisan fishing in the estuary has become an unsustainable activity from the 80´s of last century with the collapse of fish stocks exploited more, become this activity more vulnerable to climate variability. The objectives of this research are: to describe fishing for crab and analyze the socio-economic importance of this activity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with fishermen and analyzed by the technique of content analysis. Although the crab has been a source of food for indigenous Umbus, only in the 80s of last century it has become economically important. The crab is fishing reject almost all of the gear, both the fisheries the mesh, trawl or bag. Estuary in south the fishing for crab is more related to the capture of shrimp, while further north is related to capture of fish. In bad years the production of shrimp in the estuary crab is an important resource for the subsistence of the families of fishermen, because of greater tolerance to variability of salinity of the estuary. But the crab is vulnerable to physical and chemical changes of water during the breeding season, what the force migrate to the channel (Boca da Barra), which is predatory fishing. Another predatory practice is held in spring, with the trawl, impacting the stock of crab in the period that is to copulate and shrimp stock that is developing in the estuary. Finally, the fishing for crab is an important adaptation of fishing communities, especially for fishermen who have fishing equipment more rudimentary, this quote also evidence that the crab fishery is profitable when carried out together with other species or fish with rudimentary equipment. Therefore constitute resource for the existence of the artisan fisheries in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / In the Western Cape, snoek (Thyrsites atun) is a target for small scale fisheries. This fishery is comprised of recreational, subsistence and traditional line fisheries in the province. Snoek contributes 40% to 50% of the line fish which is landed. This thesis sought to identify the roles which are performed by informal snoek traders in certain Cape Town coloured1 townships in the snoek value chain. There are various aspects of this fish which heightens its importance in the Western Cape. Snoek is significant in the provision of food security for many poor and working class individuals and households within the coloured townships of Cape Town. Snoek is an omega 3-rich fish and is one of the Cape’s most well-known gastronomic traditions. It provides affordable and easily absorbable proteins, vitamins and minerals for township people. Poor people mostly rely on starches and fail to afford the most expensive protein sources like red meat. The snoek trade also helps in the creation of jobs and enables people to earn cash income. The study revealed that there is specialisation and division of labour between snoek traders and fishers. Snoek is sold via the auction system at the various landing zones scattered all over the Western Cape. It was observed that the snoek value chain is dominated by men and there are few women in the value chain who sell or clean snoek. Informal snoek traders ply their business next to shops or on the sides of busy roads using ‘bakkies’2 from where the fish is flayed and sold to the waiting customer to emphasise its freshness. Snoek traders create convenience by bringing fresh fish to customers in the townships. They also assume risks which come with venturing in business. Some snoek traders engage in multiple livelihood strategies by diversifying income generating activities rather than relying on one income source. Among the several challenges which snoek traders confront, one pressing challenge they need to address is their lack of organisation which prohibits them from speaking with one voice. The snoek value chain should be more efficient so that it keeps supplying the much needed nutrients in the townships. Both primary and secondary data collection techniques were used. Snoek traders face a myriad of challenges which require the authorities to address. They have no access to infrastructure with sanitary facilities. The other problem they face is that they are disorganised amongst themselves which weaken their cause. Traders and fishers would like to see the real transformation taking place within this snoek fishery. Traders are convinced that there is corruption within the fisheries department and many have lost faith in the system.

Orientador: Cristiana Simão Seixas / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T09:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_LucianaGomesde1970-_D.pdf: 2786103 bytes, checksum: dc55f738a90ecb9389fdab07cece72e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo :Esta tese trata da análise institucional da pesca artesanal de Paraty, baseada na abordagem da cogestão de recursos naturais de uso comum. Os objetivos da tese incluem: (i) análise da legislação que influencia a pesca artesanal em Paraty; (ii) análise de stakeholders da pesca artesanal de Paraty com enfoque nas interações entre governo e pescadores, oportunidades de parcerias e relações de poder; (iii) análise da proposta de implantação dos Acordos de Pesca da Baía da Ilha Grande, com base em fatores que orientam sistemas de cogestão e; (iv) avaliação da participação de pescadores e representantes de organizações comunitárias de Trindade em dois Conselhos Consultivos de Áreas Protegidas em Paraty. Os resultados mostram que o sistema institucional que influencia a gestão da pesca é complexo, incluindo legislações de pesca, de Unidades de Conservação e de populações tradicionais. Esse sistema inclui espaços institucionalizados que permitem a construção de diálogos para a gestão colaborativa da pesca, como os Conselhos Gestores de Unidades de Conservação. A atual gestão da pesca artesanal está baseada em um sistema centralizado por stakeholders do governo federal ¿ MPA, ICMBio e IBAMA. As arenas socias da pesca são protagonizadas por esses stakeholders e pescadores, que têm pouco poder de influência sobre a gestão. As parcerias e lideranças existentes estão representadas por organizações não governamentais e pelo poder legislativo municipal, no entanto há a necessidade de desenvolvimento de organizações-ponte e redes de trabalho. A proposição dos Acordos de Pesca da Baía da Ilha Grande não teve continuidade após 2012, mas deixou lições como o desafio de envolver os pescadores, a criação de arenas deliberativas para a pesca e o planejamento de processos de cogestão a longo prazo. Os Conselhos Gestores de Unidades de Conservação são importantes espaços de negociação do tema da pesca, mas com inúmeros desafios à participação efetiva das representações da pesca e das comunidades tradicionais, em tomada de decisões. O desenvolvimento de processos mais participativos na gestão da pesca de Paraty requer que os direitos de acesso aos territórios de pesca pelos pescadores artesanais sejam claramente definidos e garantidos por instituições formais. Diversas ações são necessárias para transformar o atual modelo centralizado de gestão da pesca em processos colaborativos de gestão, entre elas o apoio e compromisso das agências do governo (municipal, estadual e federal) envolvidas com a pesca, a capacitação para a cogestão e o fortalecimento de lideranças e organizações locais que representam os interesses da pesca artesanal. / Abstract: This thesis is about the institutional analysis of small scale fisheries in Paraty, based on commons co-management approach. The objectives of the thesis include the analysis of: (i) the legislation concerning small scale fisheries; (ii) stakeholders, focusing on the interactions between government and fishers, partnerships opportunities and power relations; (iii) the implementation of the Fishing Agreements of Ilha Grande Bay, based on factors that guide co-management systems and; (iv) the participation of fishers and community-based organizations representatives in two Advisory Councils of Protected Areas. Results show that the institutional system which influences fisheries management is complex, including institutions regarding fisheries, protected areas and traditional people. This system includes institutionalized arenas which allow negotiations for collaborative management, such as the Advisory Councils of Protected Areas. The current management of small scale fisheries is centralized by federal government represented by the Fisheries Ministry and the two federal Environmental Agencies ¿ ICMBio and IBAMA. The existing partnerships and leaderships are represented by non-governmental organizations and by the municipal legislative power, however, there is a need for the development of bridging organizations and networks. The proposition of the Fishing Agreements of Ilha Grande Bay did not have a continuation after 2012, but has left lessons such as the challenge for fishers¿ involvement, the establishment of deliberative arenas and the planning of co-management processes in the long run. The Advisory Councils of Protected Areas are important arenas for fisheries negotiation, although they are faced by many challenges to achieve the effective participation of fisheries representatives and traditional communities in decision making. The development of more participative processes linked to fisheries management in Paraty requires that the rights to fishing territories by the artisanal fishers are clearly defined and guaranteed by formal institutions. Several actions will be necessary to transform the current centralized management system in collaborative management processes, among which the support and commitment of the governmental agencies (municipal, state and federal) related to fisheries, capacity building for co-management and strengthening of local leaderships and organizations which represent the interests of small scale fisheries / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutora em Ambiente e Sociedade

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第24866号 / 経博第673号 / 新制||経||304(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 久野 秀二, 准教授 IVINGS Steven, 講師 岩島 史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The marine fishery in Kenya is predominantly small-scale and artisanal with about 11,000 fishers intensely fishing near shore coastal reefs using minimally selective fishing gears. A large majority (88%) of fishers use outdated equipment such as basket traps, beach seines, hand lines (hook and lines), fence traps, gillnets, spearguns and cast nets. Handmade canoes propelled by paddles (kasia) or sail power are used to access offshore waters, while only a few fishers have motorized boats. Although fishers along this coast know and express the potential of offshore fishing, most of them are disempowered and unable to access any of the largely untapped offshore pelagic resources. Using a unique dataset from four distinct coastal areas: Funzi-Shirazi bay area, Diani-Chale area, Mombasa-Kilifi north coast area and the Malindi-Ungwana bay area, containing species level length frequency catch data from the multi-gear and multi-species fishery, abundance of specific species, gear use comparisons in various regions, catch per unit effort and total catch estimate over a nine year period (2001 – 2009) were evaluated. Despite high diversity in the fishery, five species (Lethrinus lentjan, Siganus sutor, Leptoscarus vaigiensis, Lethrinus harak and Parupeneus macronemus) represented over 75% of the catch. A total of 11 legitimate gears were observed in this coastal artisanal fishery with basket traps (42%) being the most popular. Fishers along the Mombasa-Kilifi area predominatly used beach seines while those in Diani-Chale, Malindi-Ungwana bay and Funzi-shirazi bay predominaltly used spearguns, gillnets and basket traps, respectively. Apart from gillnets, a general declining trend for most of the gear types was observed since 2004. Beach seines recorded the lowest (20.9±0.2 cm) mean length while gillnets recorded the highest (34.2±0.3 cm). The highest catch (~26,000 metric tons) came in 2001 and the lowest (~15,000 metric tons) in 2005. The highest number of fishers was observed in 2008 while 2009 recorded the highest (4.8±2.3) mean number of hours per outing. The mean annual CPUE per region ranged from (1.5 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Diani-Chale to (1.0 kg.fisher-1.hr-1) in Malindi-Ungwana bay. Making use of questionnaire data, the attitudes towards offshore fishing strategies, FADs in particular, were evaluated. Some communities (about 25% in every location) were not even aware of FAD fisheries. With the imminent introduction of a FAD fishery in Kenya, it was concluded that, for this fishery to realize its full potential, training on FAD fishing techniques has to be done. Finally, effective management is necessary if small-scale fisheries are to continue providing food security for many poor coastal communities. Gear-based management in Kenya, although under represented and under studied, has the potential to be adaptive, address multiple objectives, and be crafted to the socio-economic setting. Management effectiveness in near shore fisheries has generally been evaluated at the scale of the fish community. However, community level indicators can mask species-specific declines that provide significant portions of the fisheries yields and income. This thesis seeks to identify ways in which the Kenyan artisanal fishery can be sustained and managed from within coastal communities, giving them the resources and education to effectively improve their lives. The introduction of a offshore FAD fishery and hence access to offshore pelagic species provides an opportunity to not only alleviate pressure on coastal resources but also to empower coastal communities and contribute to the growth of Kenya’s national economy as a whole.

Community-based conservation includes natural resource or biodiversity protection by, for and with the local community. However, surprisingly little is known about what enables community-based conservation. The aim of this research was to explore and identify potential motivations of a community-based organization in choosing, in this case, conservation of endangered olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) as their flagship project. Samudram Women’s Federation, a State-level organization working with small-scale fishing communities in Odisha, India, was used as a case to explore questions around collective action for communitybased conservation. Using qualitative methodologies, the study analyzed how the interactions and interests of multiple actors shaped the goals and activities for the conservation initiative. Government prohibition of killing turtles, or any other single factor, could not explain conservation behavior. Rather, many complementary factors (economic, political, environmental, social cultural and spiritual) enabled and/or motivated community conservation and environment / February 2016

Marine vertebrate species face unprecedented and ever increasing pressures as a result of human activity, primarily fishing, in the global oceans. One area of growing concern has been for the impacts of small-scale fisheries on these species. Over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that these under-studied fisheries have sizeable levels of catch and bycatch of many threatened and endangered species of sea turtles, seabirds and small cetaceans. This thesis presents a collection of chapters that investigate aspects related to the interactions of small-scale fisheries with threatened marine vertebrates. We identify sizeable rates of bycatch of small cetaceans and seabirds for multiple small-scale longline and gillnet fisheries in both Peru and Ecuador. Catch rates of small cetaceans by the Peruvian small-scale driftnet fleet are estimated to exceed 10,000 dolphins and porpoises annually. A trial of acoustic alarms (pingers) in this same fishery showed a 37% reduction in small cetacean bycatch while not reducing target catch and represents a promising bycatch mitigation measure. Seabird bycatch was also found to be high in both longline and gillnet fisheries and included a wide range of seabird species including the critically endangered waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata). Through post-capture satellite tracking of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) we show that these turtles are present in pelagic waters off the coasts of Peru and Chile for extended periods during which they are at risk of repeat interactions with small-scale longline fisheries operating throughout their foraging habitat. Through scan and focal sampling of the endangered marine otter (Lontra felina) we also show that otters making den sites in human fishing communities face additional risks due to entanglement in fishing gear or interactions with feral animals but, if properly managed, these sites could serve as stepping stones for marine otters along the coast. The results presented here, gathered using a wide range of techniques, including onboard observer and shore-based monitoring, satellite tracking, bycatch quantification, and bycatch mitigation experiments, represent an attempt to better characterize and quantify the interactions of small-scale fisheries with threatened marine vertebrates toward identifying solutions that can lead to sustainable fisheries and populations of these protected marine species.

The sustainability of grouper culture as an alternative livelihood option for coastal fishers was investigated in the southern provinces of Thailand. A sequenced approach using qualitative and quantitative research methods was used to explore factors that could undermine the potential for grouper culture to contribute to a sustainable livelihood. A study was initially conducted in 28 villages in 6 provinces in southern Thailand to provide baseline information on grouper aquaculture and fisheries, focusing on culture practice, the actors and institutions involved in grouper culture and beneficiaries. Factors contributing to the variation in levels of uptake of grouper culture between provinces was explored. This initial overview facilitated the description of the grouper culture system in terms of its boundaries, hierarchies, interconnections and processes and the development of a framework for the assessment of the sustainability of the grouper culture system. A case study approach was used to investigate in-depth the role and sustainability of grouper culture at the community and household level. Three communities were selected for study in Trang and Satun provinces. Research was guided by the sustainability assessment framework, which comprised five components: Livelihoods, Institutions, Environment, Markets and Production Systems. Data was collected using qualitative, participatory methods and a quantitative survey. The research found that grouper culture has the potential to contribute to a sustainable livelihood for coastal fishers in southern Thailand, although problems with fish disease and mortality, fluctuations in the availability of seed fish and water quality undermine the ability of most farmers to obtain the maximum benefit from grouper culture. Non-technical factors including motivation and incentive, access to financial capital and levels of social capital were also observed to influence sustainability of grouper culture. Grouper culture was found to be an activity in which members of all wealth groups could participate with institutional support, access to credit, and access to wild sources of seed and feed. It is unlikely to provide a suitable alternative to fishing, as the two activities contribute in different ways to the livelihoods of coastal households, but may support livelihood diversification.

<p>The need for effective multi-level governance arrangements is becoming increasingly apparent because of the high functional interdependencies between biophysical and socioeconomic factors in the realm of natural resource governance. Such arrangements provide a basis for the exchange, discussion, and deliberation of information, knowledge, and data across diverse user groups and entities. Multi-level governance is operationalized by using a microinstitutional analysis that links decision-making arenas across three distinct levels: operational, collective-choice, and constitutional. Within this context, I argue that the effectiveness and success of actors' participatory processes across these three levels depend on the amount of social capital among actors within the governance system. I assessed the concept of social capital using two different models: (1) a structural approach focused on resources embedded within an individual's network, and (2) a combined structural-cultural approach that incorporates various aspects of group membership with relations of trust, rules, and norms. To explore the effects of social capital on participatory processes related to the implementation and management of natural resources, I analyzed different small-scale fisheries governance regimes from the Gulf of California, Mexico. I collected data using surveys (n=371), interviews (n=82), and participant observation techniques conducted among the residents of four small-scale fishing communities that live adjacent to marine protected areas along the Baja California, Mexico, peninsula. Data analysis included both quantitative (logit regression model), and qualitative (narrative analysis) approaches. Overall, my results suggest that both social capital models reveal the multidimensional nature of social capital where none of its individual types form a consistent and statistically significant relationship with the six outcomes that I measured. However, these types are related in different ways to fishers engagement in participatory processess across the three levels. The extent of fishers' engagement in participatory processess across different levels was not high. Qualitative analysis revealed that participatory processes related to fisheries conservation and management, although present do not reach their full potential and are stymied by a historical context and a lack of general participatory culture.</p> / Dissertation

Small-scale fisheries represent an important sector for Tanzania’s economy and the contribution to the livelihood of people. In Lake Babati, fish stocks are decreasing, mainly because of illegal fishing methods. This study therefore aims at examining how the problems of illegal fishing affect the fishermen, as well as their perceptions of the implemented fish ban. By using semi-structured interviews, a seasonal calendar and a Venn diagram, the data was analysed through a Critical Institutionalist lens. The results show that the fish ban has not improved the situation and that the fisheries co-management in Lake Babati is weakly practiced. Furthermore, the complexity of socially embedded relations constrains the organisation among the fishermen. As a response to the inadequate management, the fishermen suggest other solutions for preventing illegal fishing.