Les smart grids sont considérés comme un moyen efficace pour accueillir plus largement des énergies renouvelables, de mieux maitriser la demande, d’améliorer les conditions d’exploitation du système électrique, d’augmenter sa performance et de faciliter le développement des nouveaux usages tels que le véhicule électrique. Cependant, ces bénéfices potentiels du smart grid sont également porteurs d’incertitudes pour le système électrique ainsi que pour ses acteurs. Ces incertitudes sont de nature technologique, économique, sociale, politique, entre autres.La thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet GreenLys (un démonstrateur smart grid adressant des innovations allant du producteur d’énergie jusqu’au consommateur en incluant les acteurs du réseau électrique de transport et de distribution). Elle a pour objectif de proposer des paliers techniques et économiques de transition vers le smart grid à l’horizon 2050.Dans la perspective de cette thèse, trois incertitudes qui peuvent influencer considérablement les stratégies des investissements futurs sont traitées dans trois modèles séparés. Les trois modèles sont appliqués aux scénarios de GreenLys (un scénario conservateur ‘Grenelle’ qui respecte les engagements énergétiques européens et un scénario plus ambitieux ‘100% EnR’ qui vise une production électrique totalement renouvelable) pour proposer des paliers d’investissements smart grid et des recommandations. Premièrement, l’incertitude portant sur la régulation du réseau public de distribution est étudiée dans un modèle utilisant une approche d’options réelles combiné avec un algorithme logique floue. Deuxièmement, une approche d’options réelles basée sur un arbre binomial classique est utilisée pour analyser l’incertitude sur l’évolution du gisement de flexibilité. Enfin, l’incertitude portant sur les coûts systèmes d’informations est modélisée dans un algorithme basé sur un processus de Monte-Carlo. / Smart grids are seen as an adequate way to facilitate the penetration of renewable energies, to improve the electrical power system operating conditions, to increase its performance and to promote the development of new uses such as the electric vehicle. However, the potential benefits of smart grids come with uncertainties for the electrical power system itself and for its players as well. These uncertainties are technological, economic, social, political, among others.The thesis is part of GreenLys experimentations. GreenLys is a demonstrator project which tests the operation of a smart grid over the whole electricity supply chain: from the producer to the end consumer, including all those involved in the transportation, distribution and supply of electricity. This thesis aims to provide technical and economic transition towards smart grid by 2050.In the context of this thesis, three uncertainties are considered, each within a separated model. These uncertainties can significantly influence the strategies of future investments of smart grid. The developed models are applied to GreenLys scenarios (a conservative scenario that respects the European energy commitments called 'Grenelle' and an ambitious scenario that considers electricity production is fulfilled from renewables called '100%EnR') in order to propose some investment strategies and recommendations for smart grid.Firstly, the uncertainty about the future regulation of the public distribution network is studied in a model using a real option approach combined with a fuzzy logic algorithm. Secondly, a real option approach based on the classic binomial tree is used to analyze the uncertainty about the evolution of electrical loads flexibility. Finally, the uncertainty about the costs of smart grid information systems (Software) is modeled using a statistical Monte Carlo process.The results of the models developed in this thesis are combined and analyzed within techno-economic framework in order to spot the best smart grids deployment strategy with respect to GreenLys scenarios and experimentation zone. The highlighted strategies optimize the economic value of the investment while minimizing future risks.

Les engagements étatiques relatifs au secteur du transport promouvoient lapopularisation des véhicules rechargeables conformément aux exigences actuelles qu’ellessoient environnementales, techniques ou encore économiques. Ipso facto, ces travaux dethèse, assimilés à la thématique des Smart Grids, exposent une contribution à une gestionorientée du tryptique réseaux électriques, véhicules rechargeables et secteurs résidentiels.La première étape du travail consiste en l’évaluation des impacts liés à un taux de pénétrationélevé. Les travaux se sont ensuite focalisés sur deux problèmes importants qui sont latenue du plan de tension et le vieillissement accéléré des transformateurs de distributionHTA/BT, plus particulièrement ceux alimentant des secteurs résidentiels. Partant, desstratégies de modulation de la charge des batteries embarquées sont proposées et évaluées.Dans une seconde partie, en se basant sur l’hypothèse de bidirectionnalité énergétique duvéhicule électrique hybride rechargeable (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle - PHEV), estexploré les possibilités d’effacement de pointe et de diminution des puissances souscrites ;conformément au concept Vehicle-to-Home. Les aspects économiques ne sont pas évacués ;à ce titre la minimisation de la facture énergétique d’un logement fait l’objet d’un regardparticulier sous contrainte d’une tarification variable, le V2H servant de levier. Le véhiculebidirectionnel est enfin mis à contribution via une algorithmique adaptée à des fins deréglage du plan de tension et contribue ainsi au concept Vehicle-to-Grid. / The national commitments concerning terrestrial transport are promotingrechargeable vehicles according to actual environmental, technical or economicexigencies. To this end, the contribution of this thesis, related to the Smart Grids, coverssimultaneously the fields of electric utility grids, rechargeable vehicles, and residentialareas. The first step consists in the assessment the impacts caused by a highpenetration level. The research then focuses on two major problems : the voltage plan andthe aging rate of low voltage transformer, particularly those supplying residential areas.Therefore, unidirectional Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) charging strategieshave been proposed and evaluated. In the second part, based on the bidirectional PHEV,the possibility of consumption peak shaving and decrease of subscription contracts bothunder the concept Vehicle-to-Home are explored. The economics aspects are notignored, so a particular attention is paid of energy cost minimization for a housing undervariable pricing of energy constraint. The bidirectional vehicle is finally used in an adaptedalgorithmic for voltage plan control, thus contributing to the concept Vehicle-to-Grid.

Dans le cadre des débats sur la transition énergétique, l'implémentation des Smart Grids est avancée comme une part de la solution pour répondre à la fois aux questions climatiques et aux enjeux énergétiques. Les modèles de prospective constituent des outils d'aide à la décision permettant d'orienter les trajectoires énergétiques afin de satisfaire aux futures demandes en tenant compte de contraintes environnementales et techniques. Ces modèles historiques, caractérisés principalement par l'adéquation de l'offre à la demande doivent désormais évoluer pour intégrer les développements futurs attendus du système électrique. Dans ce travail, nous avons implémenté dans une approche de long terme différentes fonctionnalités propres aux Smart Grids (gestion de la demande, stockage, énergies renouvelables). Cette approche nous permet d'évaluer les bénéfices liés à chacune d'entre elles séparément, ou bien conjointement au travers de bouquets de solutions, tenant ainsi compte des possibles interactions entre ces fonctionnalités. Nous avons également intégré un indicateur reflétant le niveau de fiabilité du système électrique dans notre modèle. Ce paramètre supplémentaire permet de contraindre les futurs systèmes électriques afin qu'ils garantissent un niveau de service en terme de fourniture électrique identique à celui des systèmes existants. Cette étude est illustrée par le cas de l'île de la Réunion, qui s'est donné pour objectif de produire d'ici 2030 son électricité à partir de sources uniquement renouvelables, et pour qui les fonctionnalités de Smart Grids pourraient constituer un levier intéressant. / In the context of discussions on the energy transition, the general consensus is that part of the solution could come from Smart Grids to deal both with climate and energy issues. Prospective energy systems models may be used to estimate the long-term development of the energy system in order to meet future energy demands while taking into account environmental and technical constraints. These historical models are demand driven and should from now on evolve to considerate future developments of the electricity system. In this study, we have implemented some functionalities related to the concept of Smart Grids in a long-term planning model (demand-side integration, storage, renewable energy). This approach makes it possible to evaluate their benefits separately or collectively, taking into account possible interactions between these functionalities. We have also implemented an indicator reflecting the level of reliability of the electricity system in our model. This additional parameter enables to constrain future electricity systems to ensure a level of reliability identical to the existing one. Our analysis is demonstrated by the case of the Reunion Island, which aims to produce electricity using 100% renewable sources by 2030, and for which Smart Grids functionalities are also potential solutions for reaching this objective.

La demande en énergie dans les réseaux de téléphonie mobile augmente en raison de l’émergence de nouvelles technologies et de nouveaux services aux exigences de plus en plus élevées (débits de données, délais, etc.). Dans ce contexte, l'opérateur de réseau mobile (ORM) doit fournir d'avantage de ressources radio et de capacité de traitement dans son réseau, entraînant ainsi des coûts financiers plus élevés. L’ORM n’a pas d’autre choix que de mettre en œuvre des stratégies d’économie d’énergie sur plusieurs niveaux de son infrastructure, notamment au niveau du réseau d’accès radio (RAN).En parallèle, le réseau électrique devient plus intelligent, avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités pour équilibrer l'offre et la demande en faisant varier les prix de l'électricité, permettant ainsi à certains agrégateurs d'énergie de faire partie du processus d'approvisionnement et en signant des accords de réponse à la demande avec ses clients les plus important. Dans le contexte d'un réseau électrique intelligent et fiable, l'ORM, qui compte des milliers de evolved NodeB (eNB) répartis sur tout le pays, doit jouer un rôle majeur dans le réseau en agissant en tant que consommateur potentiel capable de vendre de l'électricité. Toutefois, dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne, le réseau peut ne pas être fiable, voire même inexistant, l'ORM n'a d'autre choix que de déployer une centrale électrique virtuelle (VPP) qui l'alimente partiellement ou totalement.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les interactions entre l’opérateur de réseau et le réseau électrique, qu’il soit fiable ou non, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en cours de développement. Nous étudions la gestion optimale de l'énergie à long et à court terme, dans le but de minimiser le coût total de possession (TCO) en énergie de l'opérateur par station de base, qui correspond à la somme de ses dépenses d'investissement (CAPEX) et de ses dépenses opérationnelles (OPEX), en assurant la satisfaction des besoins croissants en trafic de ses utilisateurs dans la cellule.L'étude à long terme nous permet de prendre des décisions d'investissement semestrielles pour le dimensionnement de la batterie et des sources énergies renouvelables, en tenant compte de la dégradation des performances des équipements, des prévisions de la croissance du trafic des utilisateurs et de l'évolution du marché de l'électricité sur une longue période de temps comptée en années.Dans le cas où elle est alimentée par un réseau intelligent fiable, la politique à court terme aide l’opérateur à définir quotidiennement une stratégie de gestion optimale de la batterie assurant l'arbitrage ou à le trading d’électricité tout en exploitant les fluctuations horaires des prix de l’électricité afin de minimiser la facture énergétique journalière de l'ORM tout en respectant certaines règles d'utilisation de ces équipements.Dans le cas d'un réseau électrique non fiable ou complètement inexistant, l'opérateur est alimenté par des sources hybrides couplant stockage (batteries), générateurs diesel, énergie solaire et le réseau électrique si ce dernier est opérationnel. Ici, nous définissons un ordre de priorité fixe sur l’utilisation de ces sources qui vise à étendre la durée de vie de la batterie et maintenir ses performances / The energy demand in mobile networks is increasing due to the emergence of new technologies and new services with higher requirements (data rates, delays, etc). In this context, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) has to provide more radio and processing resources in its network leading for higher financial costs. The MNO has no choice but to implement energy saving strategies in all the parts of its infrastructure and especially at the Radio Access Network (RAN).At the same time, the electrical grid is getting smarter including new functionalities to balance supply and demand by varying the electricity prices, allowing some aggregators to be part of the supply process and signing demand response agreements with its clients. In the context of reliable smart grid, the MNO having thousands of evolved NodeB (eNB) spread over all the country, has to play major role in the grid by acting as a prosumer able to sell electricity. In African Sub-Saharan countries however, the grid may be not reliable or even non existent, the MNO has no choice but to deploy a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) and rely partially or totally on it.In this thesis, we study the interactions between the network operator and the grid either reliable or not in both developed and developing countries. We investigate both long term and short term optimal energy related management, with the aim of minimising the operator's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for energy per base station which is the sum of its Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX) while satisfying the growing needs of its user traffic in the cell.The long term study enables us to make semestral based investment decisions for the battery and renewable energy sources dimensioning considering equipment performance degradation, predictions on users traffic growth and electricity market evolution over a long period of time counted in years.In the case of being powered by a reliable smart grid, the short term policy helps the operator to set on a daily basis, an optimal battery management strategy by performing electricity arbitrage or trading that takes advantage of the electricity prices hourly fluctuations in order to minimize the MNO daily energy bill while respecting some rules on the usage of its equipments.In the case of a non reliable or off-grid environment, the operator is powered by hybrid sources coupling storage, diesel generators, solar power and the grid if the latter is operational. Here, we define a fixed order of priority on the use of these sources that extends the battery lifetime and maintain its performance

Avec la montée de la connectivité entre les appareils (internet des objets), nouvelles possibilités de coordination entre les différentes entités ont ouvert. En même temps, des résultats récents, issus de la théorie de l'information, ont fourni des limites pour la performance optimale que tout système de coordination pourrait atteindre sous certaines structures d'information. Dans cette thèse, nous développons ces résultats théoriques dans le but de les rendre plus facilement applicable aux problèmes pratiques. À cet égard, la contribution de cette thèse est double : 1) En outre développer les résultats théoriques pour fournir un aperçu de la structure des solutions au problème d'optimisation posés dans les travaux antérieurs, ainsi que la généralisation des résultats. 2) Développer des algorithmes qui exploitent le cadre théorique fourni par les travaux antérieurs pour concevoir des mécanismes de coordination pratiques, décentralisées et robustes. La généralité de l'approche se prête à diverses applications, dont les éléments suivants ont été traités: optimisation de puissance dans les réseaux sans fil, planification de la consommation d'énergie dans les applications de réseau intelligent, ainsi que Witsenhausen contre-exemple, un problème important issu de la théorie du contrôle. Diverses possibilités sont encore à venir pour exploiter le cadre et les outils développés ici. En effet, ils pourraient être utiles même dans des domaines qui ne sont pas abordés dans cette thèse, mais qui nécessitent une coordination entre les agents avec des informations différentes à la disposition de chacun. / With the rise in connectivity between appliances (Internet of Things), new avenues for coordination between various entities have opened up. At the same time, recent information theoretical results have provided bounds for the performance that any coordination scheme could achieve under certain information structures. In this thesis, we further develop those information theoretical results with the aim of making them applicable more easily to practical problems. In this regard, the contribution of this thesis is twofold: 1) Further developing the aforementioned information theoretical results to provide insights into the structure of the solutions to optimization problem posed in them, as well as generalizing some results. 2) Developing algorithms which exploit the theoretical framework provided by Information theory to devise practical, decentralized and robust coordination schemes. The generality of the approach lends itself to various applications, of which the following were treated: power optimization in wireless networks, power consumption scheduling in smart grid applications, as well as Witsenhausen counterexample, an important toy problem in control theory. Various opportunities still lie ahead to exploit the framework and tools developed herein. Indeed, they could be useful even in domains which have not been explored in this thesis but which require coordination between agents with different information available to each.

A computação em nuvem tem sido vislumbrada como a principal tecnologia capaz de integrar e gerenciar os diversos sistemas envolvidos em uma Smart Grid. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver uma infraestrutura de computação em nuvem capaz de armazenar e manipular dados em sistemas de distribuição. Analisando a infraestrutura das principais aplicações que utilizam computação em nuvem nesse contexto, foi proposta uma arquitetura com serviços essenciais, que pode ser estendida, para abrigar serviços e aplicações voltadas aos sistemas de distribuição inteligentes. A partir dessa proposta, uma infraestrutura de computação em nuvem foi implementada, utilizando ferramentas open source. Essa infraestrutura permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma nova aplicação para auxílio à localização de faltas, utilizando mineração de dados sobre os dados provenientes de smart meters, que é capaz de reduzir o problema da múltipla estimação nos sistemas de distribuição radial, auxiliando na definição do ramal faltoso. Para isso, uma versão otimizada da ferramenta de mineração de dados DAMICORE (Data Mining of Code Repositories) foi implementada estendendo os serviços básicos da arquitetura proposta. A aplicação desenvolvida foi avaliada utilizando centenas de simulações de falta sujeitas ao problema da múltipla estimação, aplicadas ao longo de um alimentador de testes, sendo capaz de reduzir mais de 80% das extensões de falta susceptíveis ao problema da múltipla estimação. Os resultados apresentados mostraram que a arquitetura proposta e a infraestrutura de computação em nuvem desenvolvida são capazes de suportar novas aplicações para os sistemas de distribuição inteligentes contribuindo para o desenvolvimento das smart grids e para a difusão da computação em nuvem nesse contexto. Como contribuição adicional, a aplicação em nuvem desenvolvida permitirá reduzir a múltipla estimação na localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição. / Cloud computing has been envisioned as the main technology capable to integrate and manage many systems on a Smart Grid. Thus, this research aims to develop a cloud computing infrastructure to store and manipulate smart distribution system data. By analyzing the infrastructure of the main applications using cloud computing for smart distribution systems, an extensible architecture with essential services was proposed to host smart distribution systems services and applications. Based on this proposition, a cloud computing platform was developed using open source tools. A new application to reduce multiple estimation for fault location in radial distribution systems using datamining techniques over smart meter data was implemented using this infrastructure. An optimized version of the datamining tool known as DAMICORE (Data Mining of Code Repositories) was implemented as an extension to the proposed architecture basic services. The new cloud application was tested using hundreds of fault simulations through a test feeder, being able to reduce the line extensions with multiple estimation by more than 80% in the simulated fault cases. The results show that the proposed cloud computing architecture and infrastructure enable new smart distribution systems applications, contributing to the development of smart grids and diffusion of cloud computing in this context. As an additional contribution, the cloud application developed will help to reduce the multiple estimation for fault locations in distribution systems.

Este trabalho apresenta o estado da arte das técnicas mais aplicadas para localização de faltas e modelagem de faltas de alta impedância e propõe a utilização de uma recente técnica baseada na decomposição dos sinais em componentes ortogonais. Este estudo avalia a aplicabilidade da técnica proposta utilizando dados reais de um sistema de distribuição de energia brasileiro, além de apresentar os conceitos teóricos sobre a decomposição em componentes ortogonais. / This work presents the state of the art of the most used techniques for locating and modelling high impedance faults and proposes the use of a recent technique based on the decomposition of the signals in orthogonal components. The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of the proposed technique using real data from a Brazilian distribution network, and presents the theory on orthogonal decomposition.

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die Stabilität und Regelung von Stromnetzen mit hohem Anteil Erneuerbarer Energien (EE). Dabei stehen drei Forschungsfragen, zu den neuartigen Herausforderungen für die zukünftige Stromnetzstabilität im Zuge der Energiewende, im Vordergrund. Erstens soll untersucht werden wie die Resilienz von Stromnetzen gemessen und im zweiten Schritt auch verbessert werden kann. Dabei zeige ich den notwendigen Detailgrad für transiente Stabilitätsuntersuchungen auf. Die zweite Frage lautet wie, trotz des zunehmenden Ausbaus von EE in Verteilnetzen, die statische Spannungsstabilität garantiert und Leitungsüberlastungen verhindert werden können. Hierfür analysiere ich mit einem konzeptionellen hierarchischen Verteilnetzmodell das zukünftige Potential für die Erzeugung von Blindleistung aus dezentralen Ressourcen am Beispiel Deutschlands. Die dritte Frage, wie eine dynamisch-stabile Integration von EE möglich ist, bildet den Hauptfokus meiner Dissertation. Dabei untersuche ich wie neuartige dynamische Aspekte EE, wie intermittente Fluktuationen oder auch Mess- und Reaktionszeiten von Leistungselektronik, die dynamische Netzstabilität beeinflussen und wie mögliche Instabilitäten durch Konzepte der Nachfragesteuerung behoben werden können. Dabei stoße ich bei der Analyse lokaler intermittenter Fluktuationen in ohmschen Verteilnetzen auf ein bemerkenswertes Wechselspiel zwischen Eigenschaften der Netzdynamik und -topologie. Als Zweites zeige ich wie mit der Einführung von Leistungselektronik und den damit verbundenen Mess- und Reaktionszeiten Resonanzkatastrophen hervorrufen werden können. Schließlich präsentiere ich wie die dezentrale Nachfragesteuerung von Elektroautos dynamische Instabilitäten, hervorgerufen durch Fluktuationen von EE, bereinigen kann. Zusammenfassend behandelt diese Arbeit verschiedene Aspekt zur Stabilität zukünftiger Stromnetze und integriert dabei sukzessive neuartige dynamische Aspekte von EE. / This PhD thesis is centered around the "Stability and Control of Power Grids with high Renewable Energy Share". With a conceptual modelers approach, I tackle three overarching questions related to the novel challenges the energy transition poses for the stability of future power grids. The first question focuses on how to measure and subsequently improve the resilience of a power grid. Here, I contribute important insights on the necessary model detail for transient stability assessments. The second question concerns how to ensure static voltage stability and avoid capacity overloading while the deployment of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the distribution grid layers is massively increasing. As a possible solution to this problem I analyze the future technical potential of reactive power provision from decentral resources in Germany. The third question, and main focus of this thesis, is on how to integrate renewable energies in a dynamically stable way. Specifically, I investigate the influence of intermittent RES and measurement delays from power electronic resources on frequency stability and how the latter can be restored by concepts of demand control. First, for local intermittent fluctuations in lossy distribution grids I find a remarkable and subtle but robust interplay of dynamical and topological properties, which is largely absent for lossless grids. Second, I show how delays may induce resonance catastrophes and how the existence of critical delays sets an upper limit for measurement times. Third and last, I present how the right parameterization of decentral electric vehicle control can completely overcome issues of short-term dynamic instability related to RES fluctuations. This control avoids demand synchronization and high battery stress. Altogether, this thesis investigates the stability of future power grids moving towards integrating more aspects of renewable energy dynamics. Finally, I point out open questions to encourage further research.

A computação em nuvem tem sido vislumbrada como a principal tecnologia capaz de integrar e gerenciar os diversos sistemas envolvidos em uma Smart Grid. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver uma infraestrutura de computação em nuvem capaz de armazenar e manipular dados em sistemas de distribuição. Analisando a infraestrutura das principais aplicações que utilizam computação em nuvem nesse contexto, foi proposta uma arquitetura com serviços essenciais, que pode ser estendida, para abrigar serviços e aplicações voltadas aos sistemas de distribuição inteligentes. A partir dessa proposta, uma infraestrutura de computação em nuvem foi implementada, utilizando ferramentas open source. Essa infraestrutura permitiu o desenvolvimento de uma nova aplicação para auxílio à localização de faltas, utilizando mineração de dados sobre os dados provenientes de smart meters, que é capaz de reduzir o problema da múltipla estimação nos sistemas de distribuição radial, auxiliando na definição do ramal faltoso. Para isso, uma versão otimizada da ferramenta de mineração de dados DAMICORE (Data Mining of Code Repositories) foi implementada estendendo os serviços básicos da arquitetura proposta. A aplicação desenvolvida foi avaliada utilizando centenas de simulações de falta sujeitas ao problema da múltipla estimação, aplicadas ao longo de um alimentador de testes, sendo capaz de reduzir mais de 80% das extensões de falta susceptíveis ao problema da múltipla estimação. Os resultados apresentados mostraram que a arquitetura proposta e a infraestrutura de computação em nuvem desenvolvida são capazes de suportar novas aplicações para os sistemas de distribuição inteligentes contribuindo para o desenvolvimento das smart grids e para a difusão da computação em nuvem nesse contexto. Como contribuição adicional, a aplicação em nuvem desenvolvida permitirá reduzir a múltipla estimação na localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição. / Cloud computing has been envisioned as the main technology capable to integrate and manage many systems on a Smart Grid. Thus, this research aims to develop a cloud computing infrastructure to store and manipulate smart distribution system data. By analyzing the infrastructure of the main applications using cloud computing for smart distribution systems, an extensible architecture with essential services was proposed to host smart distribution systems services and applications. Based on this proposition, a cloud computing platform was developed using open source tools. A new application to reduce multiple estimation for fault location in radial distribution systems using datamining techniques over smart meter data was implemented using this infrastructure. An optimized version of the datamining tool known as DAMICORE (Data Mining of Code Repositories) was implemented as an extension to the proposed architecture basic services. The new cloud application was tested using hundreds of fault simulations through a test feeder, being able to reduce the line extensions with multiple estimation by more than 80% in the simulated fault cases. The results show that the proposed cloud computing architecture and infrastructure enable new smart distribution systems applications, contributing to the development of smart grids and diffusion of cloud computing in this context. As an additional contribution, the cloud application developed will help to reduce the multiple estimation for fault locations in distribution systems.

O presente trabalho visa propor uma metodologia para desenvolvimento e aplicação de um inovador emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes (REIs) para testes sistêmicos de funcionalidades de Smart Grids envolvendo dispositivos inteligentes (hardware) e sistemas de tecnologia da informação (software) em ambiente laboratorial. Além de dar uma dimensão da importância dos laboratórios de redes elétricas inteligentes para a pesquisa do tema, o levantamento bibliográfico apresentado neste trabalho permite concluir que as pesquisas envolvendo hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tendem a concentrar suas análises nos equipamentos de hardware testados, como dispositivos de medição, equipamentos de potência (inversores de frequência e outros), dispositivos de controle e seus algoritmos e não em estudos que envolvam análises mais sistêmicas e interações dos dispositivos com sistemas de TI normalmente presentes nos Centros de Operação da Distribuição (COD), os quais cumprem papéis cada vez mais importantes nas funcionalidades de Redes Inteligentes. A metodologia proposta parte da premissa de que um ambiente para testes de funcionalidades de Smart Grids deve permitir análises sistêmicas, não apenas focadas nos dispositivos de controle de uma porção particular da rede ou sistemas de automação específicos, mas devem envolver a maior porção de rede possível e necessária para a correta representação das redes elétricas inteligentes. Neste sentido, a metodologia define e caracteriza os principais módulos e etapas de desenvolvimento de um emulador de redes elétricas inteligentes, ao mesmo tempo em que propõe soluções para os desafios de integração destes módulos, aplicando conceitos de hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), e simulação com sincronização orientada a evento, além de propor soluções com simulação de sistemas de potência em regime permanente e hardware de baixo custo que permitiram o desenvolvimento do emulador de redes em laboratório de Smart Grid. As principais características do emulador de REIs desenvolvido e implementado no laboratório de Smart Grid, conforme a metodologia proposta, também são descritas neste trabalho. Por fim, são apresentados os casos teste, mais especificamente provas de conceito, envolvendo redes de teste IEEE/PES e redes reais das concessionárias do grupo EDP, financiador do projeto de implantação do laboratório no âmbito do Programa de P&D ANEEL, os quais serviram de base para a avaliação do desempenho do emulador e discussões finais sobre as contribuições da metodologia de desenvolvimento proposta neste trabalho. / This work aims to proposing a methodology for the development and application of an innovative Smart Grid emulator for systemic testing of Smart Grids functionalities involving intelligent devices and information technology systems in a laboratory environment. Besides demonstrating the importance of the Smart Grid for the subject research, the literature review clarifies that the research involving hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) tends to concentrate its analyses in the equipment under test, such as power devices, control devices and their algorithms. Instead, it should consider systemic studies involving the interaction of these devices with Operation Centre IT systems, so relevant to the Smart Grid functionalities. The proposed methodology is based on the premise that an environment for testing Smart Grids functionalities should allow systemic analysis instead of focusing only on control devices of a specific area or specific automation systems. Instead, it should involve a more detailed representation of the network that is necessary for the correct representation of the Smart Grid. In this direction, the methodology defines and characterizes the development stages and main modules of a Smart Grid emulator and proposes solutions for integration issues. It applies concepts of hardware-in-the-loop, software-in-the-loop (SIL), simulation with event-driven synchronization, besides steady-state power simulation and low-cost hardware solutions that enabled the development of the Power grid emulator at a Smart Grid laboratory. The main features of the Smart Grid emulator developed and implemented at the Smart Grid laboratory, according to the proposed methodology, are also described in this work. Finally, the description of the Smart Grid laboratory, test cases and proofs of concepts involving IEEE/PES test feeders and real networks of the EDP utility, sponsor of the project for laboratory implementation under the ANEEL R&D Program, are presented to prove the Emulator performance and to discuss the contribution of the methodology herein proposed.