No description available.

No description available.

Konceptet "smarta hem" blir mer och mer en del av vår vardag. På grund av den hastigautvecklingen och med tanke på att trådlös kommunikation har blivit normen, har säkerhetoch integritet blivit mer av ett bekymmer. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilkentyp av information som kan utvinnas ur ett underhållning-baserat smart hem med inriktning på en off -the-shelf spel-konsol, Playstation 4, ansluten till Internet. Detta scenario har undersökts med ett experiment som fokuserar på avlyssning av nätverkstrafik som inträffar vid användning av en sådan enhet i det dagliga livet. Resultatet av studien visar att känslig data såsom bilder är i själva verket möjligt att utvinna från nätverkskommunikationen. / The concept of smart home technology becomes more and more a part of our everydaylife. Because of the hasty evolution and considering that wireless communication has become the norm, the security and privacy problems have become more of a concern. The purpose of this work is to examine what kind of information can be extracted from anentertainment-based smart home involving an o -the-shelf game-console, Playstation 4,connected to the Internet. This scenario has been investigated with experiments focusingon the interception of networking tra c occurring when using such a device under everyday operations. The results of the study shows that sensitive data such as images is in fact possible to extract contrary to popular belief.

I denna rapport undersöks vattenförbrukningen i svenska flerbostadshus. Sveriges medvetenhet är generellt sett låg när det kommer till vattenförbrukning. Dessutom har vi en ökad problematik med vattenbrist på grund av klimatförändringar. Studien fokuserar på de tre boendeformerna; bostadsrätter, hyresrätter och studentboenden. Vattenförbrukning i dessa typer av lägenheter analyseras och även privatpersoners tankar kring sin egen förbrukning undersöks. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har flera olika metoder, såsom en litteraturstudie, digitalenkätundersökning och datainsamling kring vattenförbrukningen från de tre olika boendeformerna, använts. En analys av den insamlade data har genomförts, och till sist har även intervjuer med två relevanta företag utförts, för att få en uppfattning om ämnet ur ett företagsperspektiv. Resultaten som framkommit under projektet innefattar bland annat att det finns olika faktorer som påverkar vattenförbrukning i de olika boendeformerna, exempelvis lägenhetsstorlek, betalningssätt och medvetenhet. Det visade sig att den största drivkraften hos privatpersoner till att vilja minska sin vattenförbrukning är en kombination av att vilja uppnå låga kostnader och samtidigt ta hänsyn till miljön. Enligt enkäten som utformats under arbetets gång framkom det att endast 8 % av respondenterna hade insikt i sin vattenförbrukning. En anledning till Sveriges låga medvetenhet när det kommer till vattenförbrukning, kan vara att fyra av tio svenskar inte vet hur de betalar för sitt vatten. Utifrån vår dataanalys har det identifierats att studentlägenheter är den boendeform med lägst vattenförbrukning, samt att hyresrätterna är den boendeform med högst vattenförbrukning. Detta kan bero på att studentlägenheterna generellt sett är de lägenheter med lägst boarea. Utöver detta är oftast dessa lägenheter belägna centralt och närheten av campus. Anledningen till att hyresrätterna har högst vattenförbrukning kan bero på att betalningen för vattnet ingår i hyran och att man då är mindre medveten om sin vattenförbrukning. I fallet för bostadsrätter visade våra resultat att vattenförbrukningen för dessa oftast är högre än hos studentbostäder men lägre än hos hyresrätter. Det finns ett stort intresse när det kommer till smarta-hem funktioner kopplat till vatten. Det största fokuset för en sådan applikation bör vara ekonomin samt perspektiven om vattenbrist. Ett effektivtsätt för att kunna öka medvetenheten hos privatpersoner är genom att använda sig av gamification i en smarta-hem app. / This report examines the water consumption in Swedish apartment buildings. Sweden generally has a low level of awareness when it comes to water consumption. In addition, we have an increased problem with water shortages due to climate change. This study focuses on three forms of housing, condominiums, tenancies and student housing. The water consumption in these types of apartments is analyzed and the thoughts of individuals’ water consumption are examined. To answer the study's questions, several different methods have been used such as literature study, a digital survey and a collection of data on water consumption from the three different forms of housing. An analysis of the collected data has been carried out, and finally, to get an insight of the subject from a company's perspective, interviews were conducted with two relevant companies. The results in this study shows that there are various factors that affect water consumption in the various forms of housing, such as size of apartment, payment method and awareness. The biggest driving force for reducing the water consumption among private individuals is a combination of achieving low costs and environmental considerations. According to the survey designed during the course of work, it emerged that only 8 % of the respondents had insight into their water consumption. One reason behind Sweden's low awareness when it comes to water consumption may be that four outof ten Swedes do not know how they pay for their water.Based on our data analysis, it has been identified that student apartments are the form of housing withthe lowest water consumption, and that rental apartments are the form of housing with the highest water consumption. This may be because the student apartments are generally the apartments with the lowest living area. In addition to this, these apartments are often located centrally and close to the campus. The reason why the tenancies have the highest water consumption may be due to the fact that the payment for the water is included in the rent and that you are then less aware of your water consumption. In the case of condominiums, our results showed that the water consumption for these is often higher than in student housing but lower than in rental apartments. There is a great interest in smart-home features connected to water. The biggest focus for such an application should be the economy and how to minimize the risk of water shortages. An effective way to increase the awareness among private individuals is by using gamification in a smart-home app.

We are at the threshold of a great change in architectural design. With cheaper and more ubiquitous computing, ?smart? spaces and responsive environments are increasingly becoming plausible and affordable. Are we as architects prepared? Can the profession of architecture respond to current computing technologies? Most critics agree that one of the first (most important) problems that ?smart? homes will help to address is that of spiraling costs of elderly healthcare and care giving. But what is the problem with healthcare? Even if there is a problem, the rural home is different from an urban home. Will the technologies that are designed for the urban home work in a rural setting? What are the differences between urban and rural healthcare models? In this thesis, we address the above questions through research of current problems and models of rural healthcare and through a documentation of studies and reports published over the last decade. This research helps us to understand if architecture can really augment healthy aging in rural home settings. In conclusion, we will examine the role of architecture (and architects) in the context of ubiquitous computing and ?smart? spaces in rural areas and propose a possible solution for this problem.

Yes / The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has continued to provide valuable services across various domains. However, guaranteeing the safety assurance of the IoT system is increasingly becoming a concern. While the growing complexity of IoT design has brought additional safety requirements, developing safe systems remains a critical design objective. In earlier studies, a limited number of approaches have been proposed to evaluate the safety requirements of IoT systems through the generation of static safety artefacts based on manual processes. This paper proposes a model-based approach to the safety analysis of the IoT system. The proposed framework explores the expressiveness of UML/SysML graphical modelling languages to develop a dynamic fault tree (DFT) as an analysis artefact of the IoT system. The framework was validated using a hypothetical IoT-enabled Smart Fire Detection and Prevention System (SFDS). The novel framework can capture dynamic failure behaviour, often ignored in most model-based approaches. This effort complements the inherent limitations of existing manual static failure analysis of the IoT systems and, consequently, facilitates a viable safety analysis that increases public assurance in the IoT systems. / The full text of this accepted manuscript will be available at the end of the publisher's embargo: 11th Feb 2025

The smart home era is inevitably arising towards our everyday life. However, the scarcity of publicly available data remains a major hurdle in the domain, limiting people's capability of performing data analysis and their effectiveness in creating smart home automations. To mitigate this hurdle and its influence, our research explored three research directions to (1) create a better infrastructure that effectively collects and visualizes indoor-environment sensing data, (2) create a machine learning-based approach to demonstrate a novel way of analyzing indoor-environment data to facilitate human-centered building design, and (3) conduct an empirical study to explore the challenges and opportunities in existing smart home development. Specifically, we conducted three research projects. First, we created an open-source IoT-based cost-effective, distributed, scalable, and portable indoor environmental data collection system, Building Data Lite (BDL). We deployed this research prototype in 12 households, which deployment so far has collected more than 2 million records that are available to public in general. Second, building occupant persona is a very important component in human-centered smart home design, so we investigated an approach of applying state-of-the-art machine-learning models to data collected by an existing infrastructure, to enable the automatic creation of building occupant persona while minimizing human effort. Third, Home Assistant (HA) is an open-source off-the-shelf smart home platform that users frequently use to transform their residences into smart homes. However, many users seem to be stuck with the configuration scripts of home automations. We conducted an empirical study by (1) crawling posts on HA forum, (2) manually analyzing those posts to understand users' common technical concerns as well as frequently recommended resolutions, and (3) applying existing tools to assess the tool usefulness in alleviating users' pain. All our research projects will shed light on future directions in smart home design and development. / Doctor of Philosophy / My research aims to address the gaps in the smart home systems domain in terms of data availability, utilization, and, development issues. In this dissertation, I developed an IoT-based wireless sensor network to mitigate the lack of publicly available actual building data. I used machine learning tools for developing building occupant persona with real-world data which is a necessary element in human-centered smart home design. I conducted an empirical study to understand the automation configuration issues in smart home systems and presented a root-cause taxonomy of the issues investigated. The combined findings of this research can help the smart home development community and open new doors in research directions.

The design of a residential building to maximize comfort and energy savings is nowadays anchored in technical guidelines, although it is clear that individual preferences and subjective experiences play an undeniable role. Starting from this conflict, this study investigates the potential of new data sources (Internet of Things) and smart home technology as tools to better investigate and understand the real needs and preferences of individual inhabitants and, at the same time, to help the building adapt and respond to its occupants. In many countries, environmental energy monitoring systems for residential buildings remain unregulated and are not mandatory, a situation attributed to the high costs, perceived invasiveness, limited flexibility, and ambiguous benefits to the end-users; consequently, even in optimal scenarios, their application is confined primarily to building managers rather than the actual occupants. With smart homes, the ability to collect data and information has exploded, as the number of low-cost sensors now available on the market. This has also led to widespread automation, with the ability not only to monitor but also to "control" the built environment. Alongside these advancements, however, lies the risk of accumulating vast amounts of data that are unmanageable and useless, lacking tangible significance. Concerns over privacy and loss of control over one's private living space are raising, coupled with skepticism regarding the true efficacy of these systems. To truly optimize building performance, particularly within the residential sector, it is imperative to first gain an in-depth understanding of the intricate interplay between the built environment and its occupants, select the right aspect to optimize, and then provide the necessary information for optimization to stakeholders. Therefore, some questions arise: Is it possible, in the right situations, to use this less invasive and less expensive technology in place of more structured monitoring systems, the same ones also used in academic research? Is it a reliable technology? Can a monitoring system bring real benefits to the inhabitant and the building in terms of energy savings and quality of life improvement? Can it be adapted to the specific preferences and needs of both the building manager and the occupant? The present study begins by examining the concepts of indoor comfort and energy use in residential settings from a new perspective, incorporating a systematic literature review that delves into socio-cultural aspects. Adopting an interdisciplinary “learning by doing” approach, it deepens the topics of user-centered monitoring, the human-building interactions, and the wide-ranging resources and potential challenges that come with domestic environments. To concretely answer the theoretical and technical questions raised, the study paired its theoretical analysis with the design and prototyping from scratch of a plug-and-play, low-cost, and non-invasive monitoring and automation system called MOQA, which leverages smart home technologies. This process facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the data lifecycle  from its production and collection to its management, presentation to key stakeholders, and final evaluation by the end-users  essentially assessing its utility. The deployment of MOQA across different case studies, alongside its evaluation against more conventional monitoring systems, enabled an examination of the system’s acceptance, functionality, user interaction, stability, and overall performance. These experiences, despite some limitations, highlighted the user's pivotal role in effectively utilizing and truly benefiting from these systems. Support from individuals with in-depth knowledge of the system and its benefits is crucial, leading to satisfaction even among people who were initially skeptical. Over time, the system proved to be stable, accurate, accepted and, eventually, integrated into daily routines. Prioritizing hands-on solutions over theoretical debates about comfort and energy norms, the smart home system is perceived, in a personal parallel with the theory of salutogenesis in architecture, as a tool capable of connecting the inhabitant with the resources available in the building. Advancement in the spontaneous and beneficial exchange between humans and the environments they live in, spanning built and natural, leads to an uplift in the quality of life. Overall, the doctoral study contributed to exploring the potential of smart homes by merging the perspectives of research and users and broadening the strictly economic and business vision currently associated with the topic. Scientific, industrial, social, and environmental implications were addressed, suggesting future lines of research.

Das Internet of Things (IoT) ist aktuell ein junger Wachstumsmarkt, dessen Bedeutung für unsere Gesellschaft in naher Zukunft vielen Menschen erst noch wirklich bewusst werden wird. Die Subdomänen Smart-Home, Smart-Grid, Smart-Mobility, Industrie 4.0, Smart-Health und viele mehr sind wichtig für unsere zukünftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, die Herausforderungen zur Bewältigung des Klimawandels, unsere Gesundheit, aber auch für trivialere Dinge wie Komfort. Andererseits ergibt sich hierbei bereits dasselbe große Problem, das in einer ähnlichen Form schon bei klassischem Cloud-Computing bekannt ist: Vendor-Silos, die keinen hersteller- oder anbieterübergreifenden Austausch von Gerätedaten ermöglichen, verhindern eine schnelle Verbreitung dieser neuen Technologie. Diensteanbieter müssen ihre Produkte aufwendig für unzählige Technologien bereitstellen, was die Entwicklung von Diensten unnötig teuer macht und letztendlich das Dienstangebot insgesamt einschränkt. Cloud-Computing wird dabei in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich daher mit dem Problem IoT-Gerätedaten an IoT-Clouds plattformübergreifend und anbieterübergreifend nutzbar zu machen. Die Motivation und die adressierte Forschungslücke zeigen die Notwendigkeit der Beschäftigung mit dem Thema auf. Ausgehend davon, wird das Konzept einer dezentral organisierten IoT-Intercloud vorgeschlagen, welches in der Lage ist heterogene IoT-Clouds zu integrieren. Die Analyse des Standes der Technik zeigt, das IoT-Clouds genügend Eigenschaften teilen, um in Zukunft eine Adaption zu einer einheitlichen Schnittstelle für die IoT-Intercloud zu schaffen. Das Konzept umfasst zunächst die Komponentenarchitektur eines Intercloud-Brokers zur Etablierung einer IoT-Intercloud. Ausgehend davon wird in vertiefenden Teilkonzepten ein Discovery-Service zum Finden von Gerätedaten und einem Push-Stream-Provider, für die Zustellung von IoT-Event-Notifications in Echtzeit, behandelt. Eine Evaluation zeigt letztlich die praxistaugliche Realisierbarkeit, Skalierbarkeit und Performance der Konzeption und des implementierten Prototyps.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung und Motivation 1.2 Ziele der Dissertation 1.2.1 Thesen 1.2.2 Forschungsfragen 1.3 Aufbau der Dissertation 2 Grundlagen zu Cloud-Computing im Internet of Things 2.1 Definition von Cloud-Computing 2.1.1 Generelle Eigenschaften 2.1.2 Architekturschichten 2.1.3 Einsatzformen 2.2 Internet of Things 2.2.1 Middleware im IoT 2.3 Architekturen verteilter Systeme zur Bereitstellung der IoT-Middleware 2.3.1 Geräte-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.2 Gateway-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.3 Cloud-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung 2.4 Eigenschaften von verteilten Event-basierten Systemen 2.4.1 Interaktionsmodelle 2.4.2 Filtermodelle von Subscriptions 2.4.3 Verteiltes Notfication-Routing 2.5 Discovery im IoT 2.5.1 Grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten 2.5.2 Topologien von Discovery-Services 2.5.3 Funktionale Anforderungen für Discovery-Services im IoT 2.5.4 Ausgewählte Ansätze von Discovery-Services im IoT 3 Stand der Technik 3.1 Device-as-a-Service-Schnittstellen von IoT-Clouds 3.1.1 Gerätedatenmodell 3.1.2 Datenabruf mit Pull-Semantik 3.1.3 Datenabruf mit Push-Semantik 3.1.4 Steuerung von Gerätedaten 3.1.5 Datenzugriff durch Drittparteien 3.2 Analyse der DaaS-Schnittstellen verschiedener IoT-Clouds 3.2.1 Google Nest 3.2.2 Samsung Artik 3.2.3 AWS IoT 3.2.4 Microsoft Azure IoT Suite 3.2.5 Kiwigrid IoT-Plattform 3.2.6 Digi Device Cloud 3.2.7 DeviceHive 3.2.8 Eurotech Everyware Cloud 3.3 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion des Standes der Technik 4 Intercloud-Computing für das IoT 4.1 Intercloud-Computing nach Toosi 4.1.1 Ansätze zur Interoperabilität 4.1.2 Szenarien zur Cloud-übergreifenden Interoperabilität 4.1.3 Herausforderungen für Komponenten 4.2 Intercloud-Computing nach Grozev 4.2.1 Klassifikation der Architekturen 4.2.2 Klassifikation des Brokering-Mechanismus 4.2.3 Klassifikation verteilter Cloudanwendungen 4.3 Verwandte Arbeiten 4.3.1 Intercloud-Architekturen außerhalb der IoT-Domäne 4.3.2 Intercloud-Architekturen für das IoT 4.4 Analyse der verwandten Arbeiten 4.4.1 Systematik zur Bewertung 4.4.2 Bewertung und Abgrenzung 5 Anforderungsanalyse 5.1 Akteure in einer IoT-Intercloud 5.1.1 Menschliche Akteure 5.1.2 Systemakteure 5.2 Anwendungsfälle 5.2.1 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Diensten 5.2.2 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Clouds 5.2.3 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Geräten 5.2.4 Anwendungsfälle von Intercloud-Brokern 5.3 Anforderungen 5.4 Ausschlusskriterien 6 Intercloud-Architektur für das IoT 6.1 Systemmodell einer IoT-Intercloud 6.1.1 IoT-Datenmodell für die Intercloud 6.1.2 Etablierung einer Vertrauensbeziehung zwischen zwei Clouds 6.2 Komponentenarchitektur des Intercloud-Brokers 6.2.1 Service-Connector, IC-DaaS-IF und Service-Protocol 6.2.2 Intercloud-Proxy, ICC-IF und Protokoll 6.2.3 Cloud-Adapter und IC-DaaS-Adapter-IF 6.3 Zusammenfassung 7 Verteilter Discovery-Service 7.1 Problembeschreibung 7.1.1 Topologie des Discovery-Service 7.2 Einfache Cloud-Discovery mit Broadcasting-Weiterleitung 7.2.1 Schnittstelle und Protokoll des einfachen Discovery-Service 7.2.2 Diskussion des einfachen Discovery-Service 7.3 Cloud-Discovery mit Geräteverzeichnis und Multicast-Weiterleitung 7.3.1 Geeignete Geräteinformationen für das Verzeichnis 7.3.2 Struktur und Schnittstelle des Verzeichnisses 7.3.3 Verzeichnissynchronisation und erweitertes Protokoll 7.4 Zusammenfassung beider Ansätze des Discovery-Service 8 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider 8.1 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider im Modell des Broker-Overlay-Netzwerks 8.2 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider mit einfachem Routing-Modell 8.2.1 Systemmodell 8.2.2 Integration der Subkomponenten in die verteilte ICB-Architektur 8.3 Redundanz und Redundanzvermeidung des Push-Stream-Providers 8.3.1 Beschreibung des Redundanzproblems und des Lösungsansatzes 8.3.2 Lösungsansatz 8.4 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider mit vereinigungsbasiertem Routing-Modell 8.4.1 Erkennen von ähnlichen Filtern 8.4.2 Konstruktion eines Vereinigungsfilters 8.4.3 Rekonstruktion der Datenströme 8.4.4 Komponente: Merge-Controller 8.4.5 Komponente: Stream-Processing-Engine 8.4.6 Integration in die bisherige Architektur 8.4.7 Diskussion des Ansatzes zur Redundanzvermeidung 8.5 Zusammenfassung zum Konzept des Push-Stream-Providers 9 Evaluation 9.1 Prototypische Implementierung der Konzeptarchitektur 9.1.1 Intercloud-Broker 9.1.2 IoT-Cloud und IoT-Geräte 9.1.3 IoT-Dienste 9.1.4 Grenzen des Prototyps und Fokus der experimentellen Evaluation 9.2 Aufbau der Evaluationsumgebung 9.3 Experimentelle Untersuchung der prototypischen Implementierung des Konzepts 9.3.1 Ermittlung einer Performance-Baseline 9.3.2 Experiment 1: Performance bei variabler Nachrichtengröße und Nachrichtenanzahl 9.3.3 Experiment 2: Performance bei multiplen Subscriptions 9.3.4 Experiment 3: Ermittlung des maximalen Durchsatzes und Skalierbarkeit des ICB 9.3.5 Experiment 4: Effizienzvergleich zwischen einfachem und vereinigungsbasiertem Routing 9.4 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Evaluation 10 Zusammenfassung 10.1 Beiträge der Dissertation 10.2 Ausblick A Abbildungen B Tabellen Inhaltsverzeichnis C Algorithmen D Listings Literaturverzeichnis

There is a push by governments and industries to move towards an all-electric future. With the trajectory of an all-electric vehicle future, the development and popularity of smart chargers have increased. Smart chargers are still in the infancy stage of their lifespan. Currently, there is also a lack of social sustainability research in the HCI community. Right now, is the perfect opportunity to research smart chargers. This research has focused on discovering what makes a smart charger “smart” for a family. With the use of participatory design and speculative design approaches in a workshop setting, four themes were discovered. The themes discovered are priority, habitual assistance, local sharable economy, and home environment handler. The workshop allowed the participants to draw their ideal home in the future. In the drawings and the discussions, the families highlighted that they did not see a charging station in their ideal future home. In its place, several of the families drew a computer that could act like a charger and more. This computer would assist the inhabitants of a home with their daily routines.