Problem: Financial strain has been reported by families of children with cancer. However, the specific costs and their impact on these families remain unknown. Objectives: (a) to identify the costs incurred by families of children newly diagnosed with cancer in Ontario, (b) to determine the variables that influence these costs, and (c) to explore the impact of these costs on families. Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework incorporated the social, economic, disease, and treatment cost predictors with the direct and indirect cost of illness components. Setting: Two university-affiliated tertiary paediatric hospitals in Canada. Sample: English speaking parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer who were receiving treatment. Design: A prospective concurrent mixed method design. Instrumentation: The Ambulatory and Home Care Record © (AHCR) (Guerriere & Coyte, 1998) was used to record costs and an interview guide was developed to explore the impact of these costs on families. Procedure: Parents recorded the resources consumed and costs incurred during one week per month for three consecutive months beginning the 4th week following diagnosis and listed any additional costs incurred since diagnosis or between the face-to-face interviews. Parents also discussed the impact of these costs on their families in an audio taped interview. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and multiple regression modelling were used to describe families’ total costs (expressed in 2007 Canadian dollars) and to determine factors that influenced them. Descriptive qualitative content analytic methods were used to analyze the transcribed interview data. Results: In total, 99 parents including 28 fathers and 71 mothers completed three sets of cost diaries. The mean total three month expenditure was $28,475 (SD $12,670; range $2013 to $79,249) per family. There were no statistically significant factors that influenced families’ direct costs; however, 23% of the variance for indirect costs was explained by inpatient tertiary hospitalizations, language spoken at home, and distance to the hospital. Parents described the costs associated with their child’s illness and coping and management strategies used to lessen the financial impact including managing their expenses and seeking ways to increase their cash flow. Significance: Findings will inform health professionals and policy makers about families who are faced with potentially catastrophic costs following their child’s diagnosis with cancer.

Problem: Financial strain has been reported by families of children with cancer. However, the specific costs and their impact on these families remain unknown. Objectives: (a) to identify the costs incurred by families of children newly diagnosed with cancer in Ontario, (b) to determine the variables that influence these costs, and (c) to explore the impact of these costs on families. Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework incorporated the social, economic, disease, and treatment cost predictors with the direct and indirect cost of illness components. Setting: Two university-affiliated tertiary paediatric hospitals in Canada. Sample: English speaking parents of children newly diagnosed with cancer who were receiving treatment. Design: A prospective concurrent mixed method design. Instrumentation: The Ambulatory and Home Care Record © (AHCR) (Guerriere & Coyte, 1998) was used to record costs and an interview guide was developed to explore the impact of these costs on families. Procedure: Parents recorded the resources consumed and costs incurred during one week per month for three consecutive months beginning the 4th week following diagnosis and listed any additional costs incurred since diagnosis or between the face-to-face interviews. Parents also discussed the impact of these costs on their families in an audio taped interview. Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics and multiple regression modelling were used to describe families’ total costs (expressed in 2007 Canadian dollars) and to determine factors that influenced them. Descriptive qualitative content analytic methods were used to analyze the transcribed interview data. Results: In total, 99 parents including 28 fathers and 71 mothers completed three sets of cost diaries. The mean total three month expenditure was $28,475 (SD $12,670; range $2013 to $79,249) per family. There were no statistically significant factors that influenced families’ direct costs; however, 23% of the variance for indirect costs was explained by inpatient tertiary hospitalizations, language spoken at home, and distance to the hospital. Parents described the costs associated with their child’s illness and coping and management strategies used to lessen the financial impact including managing their expenses and seeking ways to increase their cash flow. Significance: Findings will inform health professionals and policy makers about families who are faced with potentially catastrophic costs following their child’s diagnosis with cancer.

Bakgrund: Tjugo procent av de som vårdar en närstående i Sverige idag är föräldrar som vårdar sina barn i hemmet. Vårdandet är så tidskrävande och omfattande att det innebär stor påfrestning för föräldrarna. Den kontinuerliga kontakten föräldrarna måste ha med sjukvården gör sjuksköterskan betydelsefull. I sjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning ingår en stödjande roll till anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa föräldrars upplevelse av att vårda sitt allvarligt sjuka barn. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs (2012) metod gjordes. Översikten är baserad på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade ur databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Teman som utkristalliserade sig i artiklarnas resultat delades in i kategorier och subkategorier.  Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i två huvudkategorier med tillhörande subkategorier. Första huvudkategorin “Diagnostillfället” beskriver föräldrarnas känslomässiga upplevelser och sjukvårdens betydelse i samband med diagnostillfället. Andra huvudkategorin “Upplevelser av det konstanta vårdandet” beskriver hur föräldrarna påverkats känslomässigt och socialt, den påverkan vårdarrollen haft på identiteten, svårigheter i kontakten med sjukvården samt det behov av hjälp och stöd som framkom. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuteras med Betty Neumans omvårdnadsteoretiska systemmodell som utgångspunkt. Föräldrarna påverkades på flera plan och sjukvården visade sig ha en betydande roll i detta. Föräldrarna beskrev behov av hjälp och stöd som sjukvården inte tillgodosåg i tillräcklig utsträckning. Sjuksköterskor behöver ha en helhetssyn med fokus på ett individ- och grupperspektiv i både bemötande och utformning av hjälp och stöd. / Background: Twenty procent of people giving care to a relative in Sweden today are parents who care for their severe ill child at home. The care is time-consuming and extensive and becomes a big strain for the parents. The continuous encounters with the health care makes the nurse’s role more significant. The nurse's competence description embrace a supportive attitude towards relatives. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parents' experience of caring for their severe ill child. Method: A literature review in accordance to Fribergs (2012) method was carried out. The review is based on twelve scientific articles retrieved from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Themes that emerged in the results of the articles were sorted into categories and subcategories. Results: The results is presented in two main categories with associated subcategories. The first main category "diagnosis" describes parents’ emotional experiences and the significance of the health care system associated with the occasion of the diagnosis. The second main category "experiences of providing constant care" describes how parents are affected emotionally and socially, the impact the caring role had on the identity, difficulties in dealing with the health care system and the need for help and support that were identified. Discussions: The results are discussed using the Neuman systems model as a framework. The parents were affected on several levels and in relation to this the health care system played a significant role. The parents described need of help and support was not fully provided for. To meet these parents in the best way possible, nurses need to have a holistic view with an individual and a group perspective both in approach and design of the health care.

Syrén, Susanne (2010). Det outsagda och ohörsammade lidandet. Tillvaron för personer med långvarig psykossjukdom och deras närstående (Being in the world with long term psychotic illness – the unspoken and unheard suffering), Linnaeus University Dissertations No 6/2010. ISBN: 978-91-86491-07-9. Written in Swedish with a summary in English. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the lived experience of being in the world with long term psychotic illness. This is described from three perspectives; the perspective of persons diagnosed with long term psychotic disorder; the perspective of their relatives; and a family perspective. Method: Three studies were conducted guided by a reflective lifeworld approach grounded in phenomenology. The data were generated through individual, group, and family interviews. Data were analyzed for essential meanings of being in the world. Results: Persons with long term psychotic illness live in a borderland of paradoxes between the usual and unusual. For the ill persons the existence is incomprehensible and defenceless with feelings of not being at home in the body and in the world. They search for themselves in a care context that is contradictory, simultaneously good and hostile. These experiences are mostly unspoken, a struggle with doubts about having health or illness, what is good or evil, and about being usual or unusual. The relatives exist in a dilemma of the possible and impossible, a continual infinite struggle. Co-existing with their ill family member is a communion and a longing for togetherness is prominent. Relatives struggle with responsibilities for themselves and for their ill family member. In these unheard struggles the relatives yearn for participation in the formal care context. Family interviews with persons with long term psychotic illness and their relatives revealed a co-existence hovering between chaos and boredom while striving for a peaceful and quiet life. Thefamilies search for constancy and predictability in the presence of incomprehensible and threatening dangers. The experience of being a We balances the unshared meanings of being in the world and the loss of being able to experience and do things together. The experience of being a We keeps their individual existence and co- existence from falling apart.Conclusion: Persons with long term psychotic illness and their relatives have to withstand extensive existential suffering, which is unspoken and unheard. Formal caring should be existential caring, supporting the ill person’s comprehensibility and understanding of life, and feelings and experiences of being at home. Further, relatives should be acknowledged both as persons and carers and invited to participate in formal care. These results also point to the importance of strengthening feelings of togetherness and of being a We through systemic oriented existential conversations, where the ill person, their relative and a formal carer converse together.

Abstract This research studied the dropouts who later attended the Cih-Huei class of Yong Ren Junior High School in Tainan County, by using methods such as document analysis, participant observation and deep interview. The goal was to assess the impact of the Cih-Huei class upon dropouts regarding their learning, daily living, family perspective and technical ability. It also examined the general courses, technical courses and living improvement activities provided by the Cih-Huei class in order to make suggestions that would improve the effectiveness of the Cih-Huei class. The growing track and family background of the dropouts were obtained through their personal information; their performance in the Cih-Huei class were assessed by the researchers who participated in the dropouts¡¦ living and teaching activities; and a semi-structured interview with the dropouts was employed to understand their true feeling about the Cih-Huei class. Finally, several suggestions were made on the course arrangement, living improvement activities and other related tasks for the Cih-Huei class. Hopefully these suggestions could serve as useful references for the future planning of general courses, technical courses, living management and improvement activities for the Cih-Huei class.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative study with a case study research design, where we studied social workers and politicians view on honor-related problems of underage girls and boys in the age 13-17. We need knowledge about honor related violence and oppression in the political community and social services to work with honor-related problems. Political decisions affect how social work is developed around the honor problem; therefore, it is also important to highlight this direction for the work. It requires a knowledge complement of honor-related problems not to risk exposing the child to further risk from the family (Hedersförtryck, 2009). This is to live up to, for example the law of Social Services, school law and Human Rights (Hussein & Kinuka-Svedberg, 2010). We conducted semi-structured interviews with two social workers, a social worker at the women's shelter, a women's safety coordinator and a chairman of the Social Welfare Committee in the selected commune. When we analyzed the results, we made a hermeneutic analysis with interpretation from an intersectional perspective based in postmodern feminist theory. The result that we have reached as regards the design of the work with honor-related problem is that it is highly influenced by the decisions of women's safety coordinator and politicians. The respondents mentioned the concepts controlling, limiting young people, married off by the family, and that they have little autonomy. Also the patriarchal family pyramid was raised in the definition and that there may be integration problems as a result of the norm-breaking lifestyle that comes with their own culture. The viewpoints which the respondents had on the honor problem we have seen influence how they wish to work. They said that they wanted to educate and inform the newly arrived adults who immigrate to the country, about Swedish laws and regulations. Social workers said that in time they have learned to apply the youth perspective as much as the family perspective which is more than they did before when they rather applied more of a youth perspective.

There is a push by governments and industries to move towards an all-electric future. With the trajectory of an all-electric vehicle future, the development and popularity of smart chargers have increased. Smart chargers are still in the infancy stage of their lifespan. Currently, there is also a lack of social sustainability research in the HCI community. Right now, is the perfect opportunity to research smart chargers. This research has focused on discovering what makes a smart charger “smart” for a family. With the use of participatory design and speculative design approaches in a workshop setting, four themes were discovered. The themes discovered are priority, habitual assistance, local sharable economy, and home environment handler. The workshop allowed the participants to draw their ideal home in the future. In the drawings and the discussions, the families highlighted that they did not see a charging station in their ideal future home. In its place, several of the families drew a computer that could act like a charger and more. This computer would assist the inhabitants of a home with their daily routines.

The researcher proposes working toward a more integrated approach of faith formation in the local church - where one's immediate family plays the central role and the congregation as the extended family functions as a support system. The church as family becomes a community where faith formation is continually nurtured as a lifelong process and by means of all the ministries of the church. The conscious furthering of faith formation should, therefore, not be confined to the ambit of the Sunday School. Its target group cannot be limited to children and adolescents, but should be be broadened to include the adult members, thus serving the totality of the congregation. The researcher proposes an approach where the different generations are not separated in the process of faith formation, but become an integrated learning community where all the different age groups and generations learn from each other and with each other. / Die navorser stel `n meer geïntegreerde benadering tot geloofsvorming binne die plaaslike gemeente voor - waar die gesin of familie die sentrale rol speel en die gemeente as geloofsfamilie as `n ondersteunende sisteem funksioneer. Die gemeente as familie word `n leergemeenskap waar geloofsvorming `n lewenslange proses is en plaasvind binne al die bedienings van die gemeente. Die navorser stel voor dat geloofsvorming nie net beperk moet word tot die tradisionele kategese of "Sondagskool" wat grootliks gerig is op kinders en adolessente nie, maar verbreed moet word om alle gelowiges van alle ouderdomme in te sluit en so die gemeente as geloofsfamilie te dien. Die navorser stel `n benadering voor waar die verskillende generasies nie van mekaar geskei word in die proses van geloofsvorming nie, maar `n geïntegreerde leergemeenskap vorm waar al die verskillende ouderdomsgroepe en generasies saam met mekaar, asook by mekaar kan leer. / Social work / M. Diac. (Youth Work)

The researcher proposes working toward a more integrated approach of faith formation in the local church - where one's immediate family plays the central role and the congregation as the extended family functions as a support system. The church as family becomes a community where faith formation is continually nurtured as a lifelong process and by means of all the ministries of the church. The conscious furthering of faith formation should, therefore, not be confined to the ambit of the Sunday School. Its target group cannot be limited to children and adolescents, but should be be broadened to include the adult members, thus serving the totality of the congregation. The researcher proposes an approach where the different generations are not separated in the process of faith formation, but become an integrated learning community where all the different age groups and generations learn from each other and with each other. / Die navorser stel `n meer geïntegreerde benadering tot geloofsvorming binne die plaaslike gemeente voor - waar die gesin of familie die sentrale rol speel en die gemeente as geloofsfamilie as `n ondersteunende sisteem funksioneer. Die gemeente as familie word `n leergemeenskap waar geloofsvorming `n lewenslange proses is en plaasvind binne al die bedienings van die gemeente. Die navorser stel voor dat geloofsvorming nie net beperk moet word tot die tradisionele kategese of "Sondagskool" wat grootliks gerig is op kinders en adolessente nie, maar verbreed moet word om alle gelowiges van alle ouderdomme in te sluit en so die gemeente as geloofsfamilie te dien. Die navorser stel `n benadering voor waar die verskillende generasies nie van mekaar geskei word in die proses van geloofsvorming nie, maar `n geïntegreerde leergemeenskap vorm waar al die verskillende ouderdomsgroepe en generasies saam met mekaar, asook by mekaar kan leer. / Social work / M. Diac. (Youth Work)