L’appareil digestif est un organe vital qui assure la digestion des aliments, l’absorption des nutriments et l’élimination des déchets. Une des propriétés essentielles du tube digestif est la motricité digestive qui est définie comme l’ensemble des contractions nécessaires au transit du bol alimentaire depuis la bouche jusqu’à l’anus. Les acteurs de la motricité digestive sont le système nerveux entérique, les cellules interstitielles de Cajal, et les cellules musculaires lisses. Les cellules musculaires lisses et les cellules interstitielles de Cajal ont pour origine un progéniteur mésenchymateux commun. Les cellules dérivées du mésenchyme présentent une certaine plasticité et sont capables de transiter d’un état différencié contractile et fonctionnel à un état prolifératif et immature. Toutefois, un déséquilibre de cette balance au profit de l’état d’immaturité est à l’origine de désordres de motricité digestive. Les travaux de recherches développés par l’équipe ont pour objectifs d’étudier les mécanismes qui gouvernent la différenciation des progéniteurs mésenchymateux digestifs afin d’étudier ces mécanismes en conditions pathologiques. Dans cet optique, l’équipe a identifié le gène LIX1 (LImb eXpression 1) comme le premier marqueur moléculaire de l’immaturité du muscle lisse digestif et a mis en évidence son rôle dans le contrôle de la différenciation des progéniteurs mésenchymateux au travers de la régulation de l’oncogène YAP1 (McKey et al, 2016). Dans ce contexte, le travail de recherche que j’ai réalisé s’est principalement concentré sur l’étude de LIX1 et de ses protéines partenaires dans le contrôle de la différenciation des cellules musculaires lisses gastriques et leur plasticité en conditions pathologiques.Dans un premier temps, j’ai étudié la fonction de LIX1 dans un cancer mésenchymateux du tube digestif, les GISTs (GastroIntestinal Stromal Tumor). J’ai mis en évidence le rôle et la fonction de LIX1 dans l’agressivité et dans l’immaturité des GISTs. Dans un deuxième temps, j’ai participé à la caractérisation moléculaire de cellules dérivées de patients POIC (Pseudo Obstruction Intestinale Chronique) pour lesquelles nous avons mis en évidence un défaut de différenciation associé à une expression anormale de PDGFR-A. Dans un troisième temps, j’ai développé un modèle de cellules musculaires lisses gastriques humaines dont la différenciation est maîtrisable pour étudier le métabolisme au cours de la différenciation. L’ensemble des travaux montre que LIX1 et sa mécanistique participent à la plasticité des SMCs. / The digestive tract is a vital organ ensuring food digestion, nutrient absorption and waste excretion. One of the main properties of digestive tract is the motricity which is defined as the set of contractions that allows the transition of the food from the mouth to the anus. Cells involved in the regulation of digestive plasticity are the enteric nervous cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal and the smooth muscle cells. The interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth muscle cells derived from a common mesenchymal progenitor. Mesenchyme-derived cells have the unique capacity to switch from the contractile and functional state to an immaturity state. This plasticity is responsible for motricity disorders. Our work aims to identify the mechanisms involved in the differentiation of the mesenchymal progenitors and to study those mechanisms in pathological conditions. The team previously identified the LIX1 gene (LImb eXpression 1) as the first molecular marker of the digestive smooth muscle immaturity and demonstrated its role on the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors through the control of YAP1 (McKey et al., 2016). In this context, during my thesis, I focused on LIX1 and the mitochondrial remodeling as a putative regulatory mechanism of mesenchymal-derived cells differentiation. First, I investigated and demonstrated the role and function of LIX1 in the aggressiveness and the immaturity of the GastroIntestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) cells. In parallel, I participated to the characterization of cells derived from CPIO (Chronic Pseudo Intestinal Obstruction) patients. Finally, I developed a new model of human gastric smooth muscle cells to evaluate the metabolism during the SMC differentiation. Altogether, we showed that LIX1 and its downstream pathways control SMC plasticity.

Abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Adipocytes produce several paracrine bioactive substances that can affect VSMC growth and migration. Our study focused on the ability of epicardial adipocytes to produce bioactive substances together with studying of direct effect of these substances on the VSMC proliferation rate. The gene expression of human cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, RANTES and MCP-1) and adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) was measured in primary cell lines of epicardial and visceral adipocytes, both in undifferentiated and mature statuses. Moreover, adipokine production (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, VEGF and adiponectin) in conditioned media obtained from above mentioned primary cell cultures of adipocytes was measured by a Luminex assay. The VSMC proliferation rate was measured after co-culturing with CM obtained from primary cell cultures of adipocytes. The epicardial preadipocytes showed an increased expression of IL-8 (3,25-fold, p<0,05) compared with visceral preadipocytes. The expression of the adiponectin in epicardial preadipocytes was markedly decreased in comparison of the expression in visceral preadipocytes (p< 0,0001). Moreover, the gene expression was dependent on the differentiation...

Diabetes mellitus, which is largely driven by nutritional and behavioral factors, is characterized by accelerated atherosclerosis with impaired plaque stability. Atherosclerosis and associated complications are the major cause of mortality in diabetic patients. Efficient therapeutic concepts for diabetes-associated atherosclerosis are lacking. Atherosclerosis among diabetic patients is associated with reduced endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression and impaired activated protein C (aPC) generation. Here, we demonstrate that atherosclerotic plaque stability is reduced in hyperglycemic mice expressing dysfunctional TM (TMPro/Pro mice), which have a pro-coagulant phenotype due to impaired thrombin inhibition and markedly reduced aPC generation. The vessel lumen and plaque size of atherosclerotic lesions in the truncus brachiocephalic were decreased in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice compared to diabetic ApoE-/- mice. While lipid accumulation in lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice was lower than that in diabetic ApoE-/- mice, morphometric analyses revealed more prominent signs of instable plaques, such as a larger necrotic core area and decreased fibrous cap thickness in diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Congruently, more macrophages and fewer smooth muscle cells were observed within lesions of diabetic TMPro/Pro ApoE-/- mice. Thus, impaired TM function reduces plaque stability, a characteristic of hyperglycemia-associated plaques, thus suggesting the crucial role of impaired TM function in mediating diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.

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This work identifies the Fragile X-related protein (FXR1) as a reciprocal regulator of HuR target transcripts in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). FXR1 was identified as an HuR interacting protein by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The-HuR-FXR1 interaction is abrogated in RNase-treated extracts, indicating that their association is tethered by mRNAs. FXR1 expression is induced in diseased, but not normal arteries. SiRNA knock down of FXR1 increases abundance and stability of inflammatory mRNAs, while overexpression of FXR1 reduces their abundance and stability. RNA-EMSA and RIP demonstrate that FXR1 directly interacts with an ARE and a previously uncharacterized element in the 3’UTR of TNFa. FXR1 expression is increased in VSMC challenged with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-19, and FXR1 is required for IL-19 reduction of HuR. This suggests FXR1 is an anti-inflammation responsive, HuR counter-regulatory protein that reduces abundance of pro-inflammatory transcripts. Additionally, we observed significantly increased poly-A-Binding protein (PABP) expression localizing to discrete punctate structures in both vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and endothelial cells (EC) of the aortic arch of Ldlr-/- mice, as compared to WT controls. EIF2α phosphorylation, requisite for SG formation, was also induced by clotrimazole and oxLDL in these cells. Interestingly, VSMCs pre-treated with anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-19 followed by clotrimazole significantly reduced the formation of SGs and eIF2a phosphorylation, suggesting a relationship between inflammation and SG formation in vascular cells. Reduction of SG component G3BP1 by siRNA knockdown significantly reduced stress granule formation and inflammatory gene abundance in hVSMC. Microtubule inhibitors reduced SG formation in hVSMC. These results support the hypothesis that SG formation in atherosclerosis is driven by inflammation, SG may mediate the cellular response to inflammation, and that anti-inflammatory treatment may lessen atherosclerosis progression and plaque formation by reduction of SGs. / Biomedical Sciences

H2S is a biologically relevant signaling gas that is endogenously produced throughout the body. The (patho)physiological roles of H2S have led researchers to develop various compounds that decompose to release H2S (H2S donors) for exogenous H2S administration. However, many small molecule H2S donors suffer from poor solubility, low stability, and lack of control over H2S release rates. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing supramolecular materials for exogenous H2S delivery. With growing potential applications of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials, it is important to explore their properties, e.g., solubility and stability under physiological conditions. We investigated the hydrolytic stability over a range of pH conditions of a series of peptides containing H2S-releasing S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs). The SATO-peptides showed structure–reactivity relationships with SATO ring substituents playing a crucial role in hydrolysis rates. Electron-donating substituents accelerate the rate of hydrolysis while electron-withdrawing substituents slows it down. We also explored their hydrolysis mechanisms at different pH values. SATO-peptides were then used to form hydrogels at 1 wt.% triggered by Ca2+. Hydrogels can be applied directly at a site of interest, potentially improving the efficacy of H2S compared with small molecule donors that diffuse away. We developed a H2S-releasing hydrogel capable of slowly releasing H2S locally to test its efficacy on intimal hyperplasia. The hydrogel delivered H2S over the period of several hours and inhibited the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly better than fast-releasing NaSH salts. This study shows a promising application of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials over widely used sulfide salts. The macroscopic properties of peptide hydrogels could be further modulated to achieve additional control over the H2S release properties. We synthesized a series of peptide hydrogels incorporating different linker segments to study their effects on hydrogelation properties. Most peptides formed hydrogels but with significantly different rheological behavior. We found that peptides with flexible linkers such as ethyl, substituted O-methylene, and others, formed stronger hydrogels compared to those with more rigid linkers. Interestingly, we found that stiffer hydrogels released H2S over longer periods than softer ones by retarding the diffusion of a thiol trigger, likely due to bulk degradation of the soft gels but surface erosion of the stiff gels as they release H2S. / Doctor of Philosophy / H2S has long been known as a foul smelling gas until it was discovered that it is endogenously produced throughout the body and plays many (patho)physiological roles. Therapeutic benefits of H2S have led researchers to develop various compounds that release H2S (H2S donors) for exogenous H2S administration. However, many small molecule H2S donors suffer from poor solubility, low stability, and unregulated H2S release. As a result, there has been an increasing interest in utilizing materials for exogenous H2S delivery. With growing potential applications of H2S-releasing materials, it is important to explore their properties, e.g., solubility and stability under physiological conditions. We investigated the stability of a series of peptides containing H2S-releasing S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs) over a range of pH conditions. The stability of SATO-peptides was dependent on chemical makeup of the SATO part of the peptides. We also explored their hydrolysis mechanisms at different pH values. SATO-peptides were then used to form hydrogels triggered by Ca2+. Hydrogels can be applied directly at a site of interest, potentially improving the efficacy of H2S compared with small molecule donors that diffuse away. We developed a H2S-releasing hydrogel capable of slowly releasing H2S locally to test its efficacy on intimal hyperplasia. The hydrogel delivered H2S over the period of several hours and inhibited the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) significantly better than fast-releasing NaSH salts. This study shows a promising application of supramolecular H2S-releasing materials over widely used sulfide salts. The macroscopic properties of peptide hydrogels could be further modulated to achieve additional control over the H2S release properties. We synthesized a series of peptide hydrogels incorporating different linker segments to study their effects on hydrogelation properties. Most peptides formed weak to strong hydrogels with calcium chloride.We found that peptides with flexible linkers formed stronger hydrogels compared to those with more rigid linkers. Interestingly, we found that stiffer hydrogels released H2S over longer periods than softer ones.

Résumé : L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie rare dans laquelle les artères pulmonaires subissent un important remodelage et un recrutement de cellules proinflammatoires dans la paroi. Généralement les patients atteints sont diagnostiqués tardivement. Or, à son stade avancé, l’HTAP est irréversible. Aucun traitement actuel ne permet de soigner définitivement les patients. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que l’inflammation pourrait être à l’origine de plusieurs dysfonctions cellulaires et que sa résolution pourrait probablement prévenir l’HTAP. Deux modèles d’HTAP expérimentale ont été utilisés. Le premier met en jeu des artères pulmonaires humaines (APH) cultivées in vitro et rendues hyperréactives et sur lesquelles les effets des Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs respectifs ont été évalués. Le deuxième est un modèle in vivo bien connu de rats hypertendus à la monocrotaline (MCT) sur lesquels le rôle curatif du MAG-DHA (un monoacylglycéride de l’acide docosahexaénoïque) a été étudié quand l’HTAP est déjà installée. Les résultats démontrent que 24 h de prétraitement in vitro avec le TNFalpha, l’IL-6 ou l’ET-1 augmente la réactivité pharmaco-mécanique et la sensibilité au Ca2+ des APH stimulées avec 80 mM de KCl, 1 µM de 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 et 1 µM de PDBu. En revanche, 300 nM de RvD1 ou de RvE1 ainsi que 1µM de MAG-DHA ou de MAG-EPA (monoacylglycéride de l’acide éicosapentaénoïque) renversent les effets induits par les traitements proinflammatoires et vasoconstricteurs. De plus, in vivo, il a été démontré que 7 jours de traitement avec le MAG-DHA peuvent permettre de résoudre le statut inflammatoire dans un modèle d’hypertension pulmonaire induite par la MCT chez le rat. Dans les deux modèles, l’expression de biomarqueurs inflammatoires (TNFalpha, COX-2, STAT3) et les niveaux de phosphorylation des activateurs nucléaires du remodelage tels que c-Fos, c-Jun, NFkB et MMP9 étaient augmentées par les traitements proinflammatoires. Cependant, les expériences d’immuno-buvardage montrent que la RvD1, la RvE1 et leurs précurseurs normalisaient les niveaux de détections de ces marqueurs de l’inflammation. En conclusion, l’ensemble des données montrent que les Résolvines D1 et E1 ainsi que leurs précurseurs sont des candidats efficaces pour résoudre l’inflammation induite pour prévenir l’hyperréactivité pharmacologique des artères pulmonaires. / Abstract : Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is rare disease characterized by an important remodelling and proinflammatory cells recruitement into the pulmonary artery wall. Because of the late diagnostic, the patient care is often performed when PH is at its irreversible and most severe stage. Unfortunatly, none of the actual treatments are able to cure the patients for the long term. We hypothesize that inflammation could be a major event at the origin of all the other cellular dysfunctions that characterise PH. Resolvins; metabolites from Oméga-3 could resolve inflammation and potentially prevent or reverse PH. In the present study, two models of PH have been used. The first one is an in vitro model involving cultured human pulmonary arteries (HPA) in which inflammatory or hyperreactive conditions have been induced to evaluate the effects of Resolvin D1 and E1 and their precursors. The second model is a well-known in vivo model of monocrotalineinduced PH in rats, treated with MAG-DHA (monoacylglyceride form of docosahexaenoic acid) to evaluate the curative ability of this compound to resolve the disease at its severe stage. Results show that 24-h pre-treatment with TNFα, IL-6 or ET-1 increased the reactivity and Ca2+ sensitivity of HPA as revealed by agonist challenges with: 80 mM KCl, 1 μM 5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 30 nM U-46619 and 1 μM PDBu. However, 300 nM RvD1 or RvE1, as well as 1 μM MAG-DHA or MAG-EPA (monoacylglyceride form of eicosapentaenoic acid) strongly reversed the over responsiveness induced by proinflammatory and hyperreactive treatments.Moreover, a 7-day treatment with MAG-DHA is able to resolve the inflammatory status in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. In both models, the inflammatory status enhanced the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, COX-2, STAT-3) as well as the detection of MMP9 and phosphorylated nuclear factors such as P-c-Fos, P-c-Jun and P-NF-κB involved in the activation of wall remodeling. Hence, RvD1, RvE1 and their precursors normalized the expression of these inflammatory biomarkers. In conclusion, Resolvin D1 and E1 and their respective precursors MAG-DHA and MAGEPA could inhibit inflammation status to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension.

Oxidative stress (OS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis potentially through interaction with nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathway. Although considerable literature supports a pro-atherogenic role for iNOS-induced NO, recent evidence suggest an anti-atherogenic property for this enzyme where iNOS-induced NO attenuates atherosclerotic lesions after immune injury, enhancing endothelial integrity, survival, protecting against OS-induced apoptosis and necrosis. We therefore hypothesize that iNOS may have a cardio-protective role in the atherosclerotic vessel and that under conditions of OS, expression and function of this enzyme may be impaired, thus contributing to the deleterious consequences of OS. Experiments have therefore been conducted to establish whether pro-oxidants regulate iNOS expression/function in rat cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). These cells were induced for 24 hours with LPS and IFN-γ to mimic inflammatory conditions. Oxidative stress inducers may modulate iNOS-induced NO production through alteration of the expression and/or function of the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway. We examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antimycin A and diethyl maleate (DEM) on this pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. H2O2 had little effect on NO production or L-arginine transport while antimycin A and DEM independently caused a concentration dependent inhibition of both processes. Only DEM induced hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, monitored by western blotting as a marker of OS. The effects of statins on NO synthesis and L-arginine transport in the presence and absence of OS were also investigated. The benefits of statins therapy in cardiovascular medicine are ascribed in part to their lipid-lowering effect by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methoxyglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. However, statins may possess anti-inflammatory properties and are able to improve endothelial function, stabilize atherosclerotic plaque, and inhibit platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and vessel wall inflammation. These effects may be exerted through novel actions of statins that include interaction with specific signalling pathways in cells which may be associated with the induction of iNOS and/or cationic amino acid transporters (CATs). Thus, we have extended our investigations to include an examination of the effects of statins on both iNOS and CAT function and expression under control conditions and following exposure of cells to OS. Atorvastatin caused a bell shaped response on NO production and iNOS expression and also enhanced L-arginine transport but in a non-concentration dependent manner. Simvastatin only affected NO synthesis without altering transporter activity. Pravastatin was without effect on either system. Further studies demonstrated that that atorvastatin was able to reverse the effects of antimycin A and DEM but only on NO production. These findings confirm that the inducible L-arginine-NO pathway can be downregulated by pro-oxidants. This mechanism may therefore contribute to the deleterious effects observed in disease states associated with OS. Moreover, statins (in particular atorvastatin) appear to be effective in reversing the inhibition of NO production caused by inducers of OS. This, together with the fact that atorvastatin and simvastatin can potentiate iNOS-induced NO production and indeed L-arginine transport (with atorvastatin), highlights a potential novel mechanism through which the cardio-protective actions of these compounds could be mediated.

Pre-cellularised scaffolds are limited in volume due to the constraints of the time delay required for angiogenic cells ingrowth forming a vascular network and allowing for delivery of nutrients and waste exchange. Channels have the potential to improve the time taken for cellular penetration. The effectiveness of channels in improving angiogenic cells penetration was assessed in vitro and in vivo in porous 3-D collagen scaffolds. Initial studies conducted in vitro demonstrated that the scaffolds supported angiogenic cells ingrowth in culture and the channels improved the depth of penetration of cells into the scaffold. The cells reside mainly around the channels and migrate along the channels. In vivo, channels increased cell migration into the scaffolds and in particular angiogenic cells resulting in a clear branched vascular network of micro vessels in the channelled samples which was not apparent in the non-channelled samples. This correlated well with macrophage invasion into scaffolds since angiogenesis in vivo is usually accompanied by infiltration of macrophages which participate in organization of angiogenesis, and in regulation of tissue regeneration. Thus, macrophage-mediated biodegradation of collagen scaffolds in vitro was also assessed. Furthermore, pre-seeding channelled collagen scaffolds with endothelial cells implantation has potential of speeding up vascularisation of scaffolds compared to human bone marrow stromal cells.