Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-01T20:55:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 01.pdf: 467061 bytes, checksum: 568a6d926d07aeeb32c7c2d7594432f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T20:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01.pdf: 467061 bytes, checksum: 568a6d926d07aeeb32c7c2d7594432f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo apresenta como objetivo geral compreender a adaptação organizacional das empresas associadas às redes de cooperação com base nas tipologias estratégicas de Miles e Snow. Para responder ao problema de pesquisa, bem como aos objetivos específicos da proposta de trabalho, houve a definição pela abordagem qualitativa exploratória com análise de conteúdo comparativa entre duas redes de cooperação. A coleta de dados sucedeu através das entrevistas entregues a todos as 17 empresas associadas a duas redes de cooperação no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as duas redes de cooperação pesquisadas adotam como adaptação organizacional a tipologia reativa, seguida da tipologia analista, sendo em menor frequência para a adaptação organizacional prospectora e defensiva. Com os dados obtidos, conclui-se que as empresas associadas às redes de cooperação analisadas possuem uma tendência em manter-se sem uma estratégia definida e principalmente, adaptando-se às outras três estratégias, dependendo do mercado, das questões políticas e da atuação dos concorrentes em relação ao mercado, produtos e serviços. / The main objective of this dissertation is to understand the organizational adaptation of the companies, associated to the cooperation networks, based on the strategic typologies of Miles and Snow. In order to answer the problem of this study, as well as its specific objectives, we chose an exploratory and qualitative approach, in which was applied a content analyzes to compared the two cooperation networks.Data were collected through interviews, applied to 17 companies, associated to two cooperation networks in Rio Grande do Sul State. Thus, we observed that the two cooperation networks use, as an organizational adaptation, the reactive, analyst and prospective typologies, but the defensive and prospective were not frequently applied. We concluded that the companies, associated to the cooperation networks analyzed, do not maintain a defined strategy, particularly, adaptingthemselves to the other three strategies, considering the market, political issues and the behavior of the competitors related to market, products and services.

There is an undisputed need to increase accuracy of snow cover estimation in regions comprised of complex terrain, especially in areas dependent on winter snow accumulation for a substantial portion of their annual water supply, such as the Western United States, Central Asia, and the Andes. Presently, the most pertinent monitoring and research needs related to alpine snow cover area (SCA) are: (1) to improve SCA monitoring by providing detailed fractional snow cover (FSC) products which perform well in temporal/spatial heterogeneous forested and/or alpine terrains; and (2) to provide accurate measurements of FSC at the watershed scale for use in snow water equivalent (SWE) estimation for regional water management. To address the above, the presented research approach is based on Landsat Fractional Snow Cover (Landsat-FSC), as a measure of the temporal/spatial distribution of alpine SCA. A fusion methodology between remotely sensed multispectral input data from Landsat TM/ETM+, terrain information, and IKONOS are utilized at their highest respective spatial resolutions. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are used to capture the multi-scale information content of the input data compositions by means of the ANN training process, followed by the ANN extracting FSC from all available information in the Landsat and terrain input data compositions. The ANN Landsat-FSC algorithm is validated (RMSE ~ 0.09; mean error ~ 0.001-0.01 FSC) in watersheds characterized by diverse environmental factors such as: terrain, slope, exposition, vegetation cover, and wide-ranging snow cover conditions. ANN input data selections are evaluated to determine the nominal data information requirements for FSC estimation. Snow/non-snow multispectral and terrain input data are found to have an important and multi-faced impact on FSC estimation. Constraining the ANN to linear modeling, as opposed to allowing unconstrained function shapes, results in a weak FSC estimation performance and therefore provides evidence of non-linear bio-geophysical and remote sensing interactions and phenomena in complex mountain terrains. The research results are presented for rugged areas located in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, and the hilly regions of Black Hills of Wyoming, USA.

The objective of this research is to map snow cover in the Quebec area using passive microwave and other remote sensing data. The areal snow extent and snow water equivalent are determined and a twelve year snow water equivalent map is produced for the purpose of analyzing interannual snow variability. / The presence of vegetation cover will affect the data obtained with passive systems. For heavily vegetated areas such as Quebec, the vegetation effect should be predetermined and classified to reduce the error on snow water equivalence calculation. / In dry snow conditions, forest coverage and snow density are the two major error parameters in passive microwave snow mapping. The error on snow water equivalence estimation is directly proportional to the error in estimated snow density and forest coverage. For Quebec, ignoring the fraction of the forest cover may cause up to 49% snow depth or water equivalence underestimation. / The ground measured snow depth and snow density data are necessary for calibrating satellite derived snow depth and mean snow density within forest covered regions.

Every late autumn and winter, lake-effect snow (LES) disrupts the livelihoods of those who reside in the lee of the Great Lakes. This phenomenon often generates significant localized snowfalls that can cripple one section of a community while the remainder is spared. Detrimental impacts on travel from snowfall rates of 1 inch hour-1 or greater are not uncommon. Storm-total snowfall gradients of 6 to 8 inches mile-1 have also been documented. Twenty four-hour snowfall measurements taken by National Weather Service (NWS) observers during Lake Ontario LES events were collected. Utilizing a geographic information system, snowfall was interpolated from spotter reports with the kriging method. Then, the area of warning-criteria snowfall was compared to the area of the corresponding county-based LES warning for calculation of percent of false alarm. This warning performance evaluator identified the proportion of a county-based LES warning that received sub-warning-criteria snowfall and was therefore unnecessary. A total of thirteen events from the 2009-2010 through 2011-2012 LES seasons were analyzed. The average percent of false alarm was approximately 90%. This suggests the NWS should consider smaller warning polygons. Limited-size warnings would enable meteorologists to provide greater specificity regarding the location of anticipated significant snowfall, while simultaneously reducing the number of people who are unnecessarily warned. / Department of Geography

Les interactions dynamiques des conditions d'enneigement avec l'activité touristique des stations de sport d'hiver reposent sur de multiples enjeux sociaux, économiques, environnementaux et climatiques intégrés par les élus chargés du développement des territoires de montagne et industriels responsables de l'exploitation des domaines skiables. Depuis l'expérience vécue de la vulnérabilité des domaines skiables au déficit d'enneigement au début des années 1990 et plus encore depuis l'introduction des problématiques du changement climatique dans le débat public au début des années 2000, l'attente de la part des décideurs politiques et des professionnels de la neige pour des éléments fiables et pertinents sur l'impact du climat sur l'activité des sports d'hiver - dans laquelle s'intègre ce travail - n'a cessé de croître.Ce travail s'est attaché à la compréhension du rôle intégrateur de l'opérateur de domaine skiable dans son approche socio-économique d'une part et nivo-climatologique d'autre part de la gestion de la neige dans sa station dans le but de développer une chaîne de modélisation de la dynamique des interactions entre les conditions d'enneigement (variabilité, imprévisibilité) et les activités humaines (objectifs, moyens).Un état des lieux a été établi sur les priorités poursuivies, les moyens mis en œuvre (damage, neige de culture) et les contraintes subies (météorologiques, organisationnelles, structurelles) par les gestionnaires de domaines skiables dans leurs opérations quotidiennes de gestion de la neige grâce à une enquête auprès de 55 stations françaises et aux échanges réguliers avec quatre stations partenaires de ce travail (Autrans, Tignes, Chamrousse et Les Deux Alpes).Une modélisation physique des impacts de la gestion de la neige a été développée sur la base d'un modèle de neige et confrontée à des observations réalisées au cours de deux saisons hivernales consécutives dans ces quatre stations partenaires.Ces éléments ont été intégrés dans une chaîne de modélisation couplée permettant des études spatialisées des conditions d'enneigement et in fine la détermination d'indicateurs de la viabilité de l'enneigement à l'échelle de la station, dans l'ensemble des Alpes françaises. Cette méthode extrapolable à l'ensemble des massifs français a été appliquée dans les Alpes françaises sur la période passée 1958 – 2014 et a révélé la corrélation des indicateurs d'enneigement avec les données économiques des stations de sport d'hiver. Notre approche a ainsi montré sa pertinence pour des études prospectives de l'impact du changement climatique et/ou des infrastructures des domaines skiables sur la viabilité de l'enneigement et ses conséquences pour l'activité économique des stations de sport d'hiver. / The industrial activity of ski resorts is based upon multiple concerns including social, economic, environmental and climatic issues which ski resorts stakeholders have to cope with.In the early 1990's ski resorts experienced several consecutive seasons with poor snow conditions in the European Alps when climate and environmental questions were discussed as a global concern after the United Nations held their first international conferences on climate change. This raised the interest of ski resorts stakeholders and representatives of host communities for reliable and relevant indicators of climate induced impacts on snow conditions and on the related economic activity of ski resorts.This research focused on the role played by ski resorts operators in crossing socio-economic concerns with meteorological and snow concerns, to provide a modelling approach of dynamics and interactions between snow conditions (variability, low predictability) and human activities (defined by purposes and means). The objectives pursued by operators, the means they employ (grooming, snowmaking) and constraints they face (meteorological, structural or organization issues) have been investigated through a survey of 55 French ski resorts and frequent discussions with four partner ski resorts (Tignes, Autrans, Les Deux Alpes, Chamrousse). A physically based modelling approach of the impact of grooming and snowmaking on snow properties was integrated in a snowpack model and evaluated with respect to field observations in the four partner ski resorts over two consecutive winter seasons. This was crossed with a socio economic database of ski resorts to provide an explicit spatial modelling of managed snow conditions on ski slopes for the entire French Alps ski resorts. This method was applied for the 1958 - 2014 period and snow indicators were defined and computed, revealing a significant correlation of snow reliability indicators with economic data on ski resorts. This approach therefore proved its ability to provide relevant indicators of snow conditions in ski resorts with respect to economic implications and may be used for further prospective investigations of evolutions of facilities and/or climate change impacts on snow conditions and the related economy of the ski industry.

För att ta fram vårflodsprognoser används idag en hydrologisk modell, HBVmodellen, som används operationellt både i Sverige och i andra länder för att ta fram tillrinningsprognoser. Ett av problemen med dessa prognoser är dock att de ofta har felaktigheter i beräkning av tillrinningsvolymer. I den här studien undersöks Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Ett prognosområde där HBV-modellens tillrinningsprognos tidigare gett stora volymfel. Rapporten undersöker därför om det går att korrigera den operationella modellens snömängd genom snödjupsobservationer, för att ta fram mer tillförlitliga vårflodsprognoser. I rapporten har snödjupsobservationer och densitetsmätningar från Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF), tillsammans med snödjupsobservationer från Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut (SMHI), analyserats för att se om de kan användas för att förbättra tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Studien visar att det finns potential till att använda snödjupsobservationer för att minska osäkerheter i tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Det bästa resultatet gavs genom att använda tre stationer från SMHI tillsammans med två stationer från VRF. Resultatet för dessa fem stationer gav ett volymfel i uppmätt vattenekvivalent på 6 %, 7 %, 22 % och 17 % för mars månad perioden 2014-2017, vilket gav en markant förbättring mot det modellerade prognosvärdet med volymfel på 40 %, 77 %, 24 %, och 49 % för samma period. / Today, spring flood forecasts are calculated through a hydrological model, the HBVmodel. It is a model that is used operationally both in Sweden and in other countries to obtain catchment forecasts. One problem with these forecasts is that they often give errors in calculations to the inflow volume. In this study the Vängelsjö sub catchment will be examined. A forecast area where the HBV-model flow forecasting has given large volume errors. In the report it is therefore examined if the operational model can be corrected with snow measurement data. In this report snow depth observations and density measurements from Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF) have been analyzed, together with snow depth observations from the Swedish Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (SMHI) to see if the data can be used to improve the forecasting for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The study shows that there is a potential in using snow measurement observations to reduce insecurities in the flow forecast for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The best result was received by using three snow stations from SMHI and two from VRF. The result from those five stations gave a volume error in measured snow water equivalent (SWE) at 6 %, 7 %, 22% and 17 % for Mars during the period 2014-2017, which gave a significant improvement against the modelled forecast value with volume errors of 40 %, 77 %, 24 % and 49 % for the same period.

This thesis analyses the impacts of winter snowpack and subsequent spring and summer liquid precipitation on low flows in the warm season. Meltwater is an important source of groundwater recharge. From groundwater storage streams are donated during summer months. Snow accumulation during cold season is reduced and snowmelt occurs earlier, which is a result of climate change and leads to lower groundwater recharge rates. That is the reason why change in snow cover dynamics affects summer low flows. Main goals of this thesis are to analyse how snow cover affects low flows I warm season and to compare it with impact of spring and summer precipitation. A conceptual runoff model HBV-light has been used to simulate the snow water equivalent (SWE) and streamflow from three mountain catchments. The integrated multi-variable model calibration procedure was used to calibrate the model. The model was used to simulate the snow and streamflow from 1981 to 2014. Besides the mentioned simulation, two hypothetical scenarios have been performed. These two scenarios accounted for reduced spring and summer liquid precipitation. In the first scenario, precipitation after maximum annual SWE was reduced to 75% of the real measured precipitation. In the second scenario, precipitation was reduced to 50% of the real...

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-15T16:25:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) VERSAO CD BIBLIOTECA SEM ASSINATURA CATALOGRAFICA.pdf: 5607519 bytes, checksum: 6b7a25983f15a1c84bd473fb9ce7b521 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T16:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) VERSAO CD BIBLIOTECA SEM ASSINATURA CATALOGRAFICA.pdf: 5607519 bytes, checksum: 6b7a25983f15a1c84bd473fb9ce7b521 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / FACEPE / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um framework voltado à inserção de estratégias de responsabilidade social visando à sustentabilidade baseadas na norma ISO 26000 e nos Relatórios de Sustentabilidade GRI G4 em pequenas e médias empresas do ramo hoteleiro. Para tal foi utilizada a tipologia estratégica proposta por Miles e Snow (1978) que propõe quatro perfis estratégicos de acordo com o perfil do gestor, são eles: os perfis prospector, analítico, defensivo e reativo. Estas tipologias podem ser empregadas em empresas de todos os portes, e devido à baixa complexidade de sua identificação e ao relacionamento destas com o perfil do gestor foi a mais indicada para ser aplicada em empresas de pequeno porte. A identificação desta tipologia estratégica visou observar como se comportam estes empreendimentos de acordo com as variações administrativas e se possuem conhecimento e ações voltadas à sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social para direcionar o framework de acordo com a demanda de cada perfil estratégico. Como resultados observou-se que independente do porte das empresas, todas apresentaram interesse em inserir em suas estratégias ações voltadas à sustentabilidade mesmo que não houvesse um conhecimento amplo sobre a temática. As empresas demonstraram saber que tais ações podem trazer benefícios aos seus negócios, mas apontam os custos como um dos entraves, especialmente as empresas de perfil reativo e defensivo, o que condiz às características do perfil. Empresas com o perfil Prospectivo e Analítico mostraram-se mais propensas à adoção de estratégias de responsabilidade social, porém todas as empresas afirmaram ter dificuldades na implementação dado que consideram os modelos padrões complexos e exaustivos. Considerando este relato, o framework proposto tem caráter genérico e possui uma fase inicial de identificação da empresa seguida, de questões relacionadas aos princípios de responsabilidade social até a seleção de um dos fatores da triple botton line como inicial o framework que pode ser aplicado em empresas de qualquer perfil, variando de acordo com a familiaridade destas empresas sobre os fatores ambiental, social e econômico. Espera-se com o framework que as PMEs consigam iniciar o processo de adoção destas estratégias alcançando vantagem competitiva e à medida que os fatores estejam consolidados nas ações de sustentabilidade consigam evoluir para a consideração de todos os fatores dispostos na ISO 26000 e nos Relatórios de Sustentabilidade GRI. Almeja-se que o framework contribua para PMEs as quais possuem características peculiares devido ao seu porte. Vale ressaltar que até o momento de finalização da pesquisa uma das empresas iniciou a utilização do framework e apontou resultados positivos. Para trabalhos futuros recomenda-se a ampliação das avaliações em outras empresas e a aplicação do framework em diversas empresas para uma avaliação mais ampla e consistente. / This study aimed to propose a focused approach to the inclusion of social responsibility strategies for sustainability based on ISO 26000 and GRI G4 Sustainability Reports in small and medium business. To do this we used the strategic typology proposed by Miles and Snow (1978) proposes four strategic profiles according to the profile manager, are they the profile Prospector, analytical, Defensive and Reactive. These types can be employed in all sizes, and because of low complexity of its identification and the relationship of these to the profile manager was the most suitable to be applied to small businesses. The identification of this strategic typology aimed to observe how they behave these projects in accordance with the administrative changes and these developments have knowledge and actions towards sustainability and social responsibility and direct approach according to the demand of each strategic profile. As a result it was observed that regardless of the size of the companies all showed interest in entering in their actions strategies for sustainability even though there was a broad knowledge on the subject. The companies demonstrated know that such actions can bring benefits to your business but point out the costs as one of the obstacles, especially those of reactive and defensive profile companies, which matches the profile features. Companies with Prospective and Analytical profile were more likely to adopt social responsibility strategies, but all businesses stated they had difficulties in implementing the difficulty of using standard models that consider complex and exhaustive. Considering this report the approach has generality of the approach has an initial phase of identification of the then company, issues related to social responsibility principles to the selection of one of the triple bottom factors line as starting to approach that can be applied in business any profile, varying according to the familiarity of these companies on environmental, social and economic factors. It is hoped that the approach that SMEs are able to start the adoption process of these strategies achieving competitive advantage and as the approach factors are consolidated in sustainability initiatives able to evolve into consideration of all the factors laid out in the ISO 26000 and reports GRI Sustainability. One hopes that the approach will contribute to this type of business that has unique characteristics due to its size. It is noteworthy that by the time of completion of the survey of the companies started using the approach and showed positive results. For further work recommended the expansion of the evaluations in other companies and the application of the approach in various companies for a broad and consistent evaluation.

Purpose: When introducing new construction standards arises some uncertainties due to overlapping with the old construction standards. Because of these uncertainties’ roofs have collapsed due to excessive snow loads. To ensure a safe workplace for companies responsible for snow removal, accepted means in connection with snow removal and the work environment will be studied. The final goal is to find and study new methods to make the work safer and more efficient. Method: The work contains both qualitative and quantitative data. The method is a case study with the data collection techniques measurement, observation, personal communication and document and literature study. All of these are necessary to be able to answer the questions and achieve the goal. Findings: The techniques used today regarding snow removal give a good result, but the majority are very time-consuming and risky for the employers who perform the work on the roofs. Several new techniques and means have been described that would be able to perform the same work in a more efficient and sustainable way seen from a work environment point of view. Implications: To limit the time spent on the roof would contribute to a safer workplace. Today there are several means and techniques that after being installed, can operate, and remove snow on its own. This would be safe and efficient. The only danger for the staff is when installing and maintenance. Limitations: The report is limited by the fact that not all types of roofs have been examined. The study focuses on roofs that are within a snow zone of 2.5 kN/m2 or lower. Keywords: Snow removal, working environment, low-sloping roofs, handle snow loads. / Syfte: Överlappningar när nya konstruktionsregler tagits fram har skapat osäkerhet kring dimensioneringar och tyvärr lett till att takras uppstår på grund av allt för stora snölaster. För att skapa en tryggare arbetsplats för företag som ansvarar för snöröjning kommer vedertagna hjälpmedel och tekniker i samband med snöröjning och hur arbetsmiljön ser ut vid pågående arbete studeras. Slutligen är målet att studera nya metoder som bidrar till ett effektivare och säkrare arbete. Metod: Arbetet består av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data. Metoden som användas är fallstudie med datainsamlingsteknikerna mätning, observation, personlig kommunikation och litteraturstudie. Alla datainsamlingsteknikerna är nödvändiga för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna och uppnå målet. Resultat: Teknikerna som är vedertagna idag gällande snöröjning ger ett bra resultat men majoriteten är mycket tidskrävande och riskfyllda för personer som utför arbetet. Främst när det gäller arbetsmomenten som utförs uppe på tak. Flera nya tekniker och hjälpmedel har redovisats som skulle bidra till att företag kan utföra samma arbete på ett sätt som anses betydligt effektivare och mer hållbart ur arbetsmiljösynpunkt. Konsekvenser: Ett minskat arbete på tak skulle bidra till en säkrare arbetsplats. Det finns flertalet tekniker och hjälpmedel ute på marknaden som efter viss installation skulle kunna utföra snöröjningen på egen hand, vilket innebär en effektivisering. Detta innebär också att den enda risken som finns för personal är vid installation och underhåll och därmed är arbetsmiljön så säker som är möjligt. Begränsningar: Rapporten begränsas av att inte alla typer av tak undersökts. Studien fokuserar på tak som finns inom snözon 2,5 kN/m2 eller lägre. Nyckelord: Snöröjning, arbetsmiljö, låglutande tak, hantering snölaster.

The master´s thesis deals with snow cover monitoring especially in area Orlické mountains. For identification changes, which are related to variable loads on snow cover of temperature, humidity and gravity, has been selected indirect electrical method of measuring electrical impedance spectrometry. This method is described in the work and the results of monitoring are published in graphical form and are commented.