An empirical research was carried out with the aim of exploring in levels of anomy, social well-being and institutional trust and their relationship. Is a descriptive correlation study with a non experimental design based on a convenience sample composed by 585 participants (34.7% males and 65.3% females, age: M = 28.50; SD = 11.02) from Buenos Aires and other Argentinian cities. Results show a general positive perception of social well being -with a lack in others confidence-, low levels of institutional trust and high punctuations inanomic frustration. Convergent validity was corroborated and group differences showed up. / La presente investigación busca conocer la percepción de frustración anómica, confianza institucional y bienestar social de los sujetos así como la relación entre estos indicadores. El estudio es descriptivo correlacional, de diseño no experimental transversal, con una muestra no probabilística intencional compuesta por 585 participantes (34.7% hombres y 65.3% mujeres. Edad: M = 28.50; SD = 11.02) de Buenos Aires y otras ciudades de Argentina. Los resultados arrojan una percepción positiva en el bienestar social con un déficit en la confianza en los otros, bajos niveles de confianza en las instituciones y niveles altos de frustración anómica. Se corrobora la validez convergente y surgen diferencias a partir de variables de agrupación.

O ambiente físico tem grande importância na fisiologia do animal, influenciando a reprodução e produção. Com as mudanças climáticas e o melhoramento genético dos animais, com ênfase no aumento da produtividade por animal, os animais passaram a sofrer mais com as altas temperaturas, alterando seu comportamento e seu bem estar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento social e ingestivo e atributos fisiológicos de vacas leiteiras durante a estação quente, com ou sem acesso à sombra. O estudo foi conduzido em Lages, SC, utilizando 14 vacas lactantes em pastejo, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos, permanecendo um grupo somente no sol sem acesso à sombra e o outro em ambiente com sombreamento. Foram observados os comportamentos ingestivo e social dos animais das 07:30 ( GMT -2:00) às 23:00h (GMT-2:00), em intervalos de 10 minutos, totalizando 650min. As frequências respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura corporal das vacas e número de movimentos ruminais foram avaliados diariamente. Os dados do comportamento animal foram previamente padronizados e posteriormente, submetidos à análise multivariada, incluindo as análises de fatores principais de agrupamento, avaliação das variáveis que determinaram os agrupamentos por análise discriminante e canônica, utilizando o programa estatístico SAS 9.2. Os grupos diferiram principalmente quanto ao número de eventos de ingestão de água, competição por sombra e número de interações agressivas, aos tempos despendidos em ócio total, ócio em pé, de permanência perto do bebedouro, frequência respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura corporal, número de movimentos ruminais, escores de ofegação às 15 (GMT -2:00) e às 19 (GMT -2:00) horas e tolerância ao calor. No entanto os grupos de animais não diferiram quanto aos tempos gastos caminhando de cabeça alta, caminhando de cabeça baixa, em estação, número de eventos de competição por água no bebedor e os dados zootécnicos de dias em lactação, ordem de parto e produção de leiteira. O fornecimento de sombra na área de pastejo mesmo em condições moderadas de estresse térmico alterou positivamente os atributos fisiológicos e comportamentais. A severidade do estresse, percebida pela alteração dos atributos fisiológicos, alterou distintamente o comportamento social e ingestivo. / The physical environment, has a great importance on animal physiology affecting breeding and production. Due to climate change and animal breeding, which enphasizes higher production per animal, animals might get heat stressed from high temperatures, changing their behavior and their welfare. This study was performed to assess the social and feeding behavior and physiological attributes of dairy cows during the warm season with or without access to shade. The study was conducted in Lages, SC, using 14 lactating cows at grazing. These animals were divided into two groups, one group remained under the sunlight, without access to shade, while the other group was kept in shade-provided environment. Ingestive and social behavior of animals was observed from 7:30 (GMT -2:00) to 23:00 (GMT -2:00), registered at 10-minutes interval totaling 650 minutes. Respiratory and heart rate, body temperature and number of ruminal movements were assessed daily. The data of animal behavior were standardized using the standard procedure and then were subjected to multivariate analysis, including the analysis of key factors (PROC FACTOR), cluster analysis (PROC FATSCLUSTER AND PROC CLUSTER), evaluation of variables that determined groups by discriminant analysis and canonical, using SAS 9.2 statistical software. The groups differed mainly on the number of events of swallowing water, shade and competition for number of aggressive interactions, the time spent in complete idleness, loitering foot, staying near the water cooler, respiratory and heart rate, body temperature, number of ruminal movements, panting scores at 15 (GMT-2:00) and 9 (GMT-2:00) hours, heat tolerance. However animal groups did not differ regarding time spent walking head high, walking head down, season, number of events per water drinker and competition in the production data of days in milk, parity order and production of milk. The provision of shade in the paddocks, even under moderate heat stress, altered positively physiological and behavioral attributes. The stress severity, noticed by the change of physiological attributes, changed distinctly social and feeding behavior.

O presente trabalho inicia com a elaboração de uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema economia e religião, inclusive analisando trabalhos empíricos recentes que pretendem testar as idéias de Weber, como a da secularização e a da relação entre o desenvolvimento capitalista e o Protestantismo. Essa revisão constatou que a tese de Weber tem se mostrado consistente, apesar de algumas falhas, ou seja, a religiosidade diminui à medida que a sociedade evolui e o protestantismo teve um papel importante, sim, no desenvolvimento do capitalismo moderno. Após essa ampla revisão bibliográfica, que serviu para amadurecer o conhecimento sobre o assunto em questão, este trabalho passa a enfocar seu objetivo principal, que é analisar o comportamento da Igreja católica brasileira, como instituição, frente a questões seculares, principalmente de cunho econômico, político e cultural. Para isso, são analisados o comportamento da Igreja católica frente ao processo de transição do Império para a República, o impacto do aumento da concorrência direta e indireta sobre a Igreja católica brasileira, ao longo do século XX, a situação do sacerdócio católico e seu impacto sobre a Igreja católica, assim como o impacto de questões financeiras sobre essa instituição. No geral, toda essa análise apresenta fortes indícios de que questões seculares de cunho econômico, político e cultural acabam influenciando amplamente essa instituição. Com isso, pode-se observar que não apenas questões doutrinárias influenciam essa instituição. Por último, analisa-se a situação atual da Igreja católica e apresentam-se possíveis motivos de a Igreja católica brasileira ter perdido expressiva quantidade de fiéis, ao longo dos últimos vinte anos. / The present work begins with a broad bibliography review about economy and religion, analyzing recent empirical works that intend to test Weber’s ideas, like the secularization and the relation between capitalistic development and the protestantism. This review evidenced that Weber’s thesis has been shown consistent, although it has some shortcomings. The consistency refers to the fact that religiosity diminishes as the society develop, and to the fact that the protestantism played an important role in the development of the modern capitalism. After this broad bibliography review, that served to mature the knowledge about the subject in discussion, this work starts to focus his main objective, that consists in analyzing the behavior of the brazilian catholic church, as an institution, vis a vis secular matters (economical, political and cultural mainly). To achieve this objective, it was analyzed the behavior of the catholic church in the process of transition from the Empire to the Republic. It was also analyzed the impact of the increase of the direct and indirect competition that the brazilian catholic church faced in the XX century, and it was analyzed the situation of the catholic priesthood and the impact of it in the catholic church, as well as the impact of financial matters in the same institution. Through the analysis of all these points, it could be observed that not only doctrine matters influences this institution. Lastly, it was analyzed the actual situation of the brazilian catholic church and exposed the likely reasons that may be driving this institution to lose an expressively sum of followers in the last twenty years.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Camila.pdf: 3043764 bytes, checksum: 9381fcced725bc795e238d84ccbb7d8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / The passage of the nineteenth to the twentieth century gave birth in São Luís-MA a climate of hope, based on republican discourse of progress. The scenery of this city, until the mid-nineteenth century, had characteristics slave and rural, the switch to a modern city, caused several changes not only political, economic and structural, but also social. And to adapt to this new scenario was the need that the population, in general, acquired habits and behaviors consistent with the purpose of civilizing and modernizing the time. It is this path that the present research seeks to analyze the education received by women lounge, particularly women from the middle and upper strata of society ludovicense. Since these transformations, as well as charges related to the symbols of "civility" and "modernity", focused mainly on women, which was necessary to retain the "eternal" feminine qualities such as gentleness, modesty, among others, enhanced through newspapers, magazines and manuals of civility and etiquette. In this sense, it was essential to keep the woman attributes such as marriage, motherhood, beauty, being trendy, relevant, above all, their social class elite, and still have school education, and especially "education room" in order to and be prepared to play the roles of wife, mother and homemaker. The study reveals that in addition to these roles, she should represent her family socially through behavioral practices that highlighted the "good manners" as a means of obtaining prestige and distinction. To this end, this study guide the following categories: modernity (Baudelaire, 1996; Hall, 1998), civilization (Elias, 1994, Starobinski, 2001), etiquette (Elias, 2001), distinction (Bourdieu, 2007) and gender (Bourdieu, 1999, Scott, 1996). For this purpose, we use sources the newspapers, the Elegant Magazine, civility and etiquette manuals and literary works, present at the Public Library Benedito Leite and Public Archives of Maranhão. / A passagem do século XIX para o século XX engendrou em São Luís-MA um clima de esperança, firmado no discurso republicano de progresso. O cenário desta cidade que, até meados do século XIX, possuía características rurais e escravistas, ao mudar para o de uma cidade dita moderna, ocasionou diversas transformações não somente políticas, econômicas e estruturais, como também sociais. E para adaptar-se a esse novo cenário havia a necessidade de que a população, de modo geral, adquirisse hábitos e comportamentos compatíveis com o propósito civilizacional e modernizador da época. É nesse percurso que a presente pesquisa busca analisar a educação de salão recebida pela mulher, em especial a mulher das camadas média e alta da sociedade ludovicense. Tendo em vista que essas transformações, bem como os encargos relativos aos símbolos de civilidade e modernidade , incidiam principalmente nas mulheres, o que fazia necessário que conservassem as eternas qualidades femininas, tais como docilidade, recato entre outras, reforçadas através dos jornais, das revistas e dos manuais de civilidade e etiqueta. Neste sentido, tornava-se fundamental a mulher manter atributos como casamento, maternidade, beleza, estar na moda, pertinentes, sobretudo, a sua camada social elite, e ainda possuir educação escolar e, especialmente educação de salão , de modo a estar preparada para bem desempenhar os papéis de esposa, mãe e dona de casa. O estudo revela que além desses papéis, a mulher deveria representar socialmente sua família por meio de práticas comportamentais que destacassem as boas maneiras como meio de obtenção de prestígio e distinção. Para tanto, norteiam este estudo as seguintes categorias: modernidade (Baudelaire, 1996; Hall, 1998), civilização (Elias, 1994, Starobinski, 2001), etiqueta (Elias, 2001), distinção (Bourdieu, 2007) e gênero (Bourdieu, 1999, Scott, 1996). E, utilizamos como fontes os jornais, a Revista Elegante, manuais de civilidade e etiqueta e obras literárias, presentes na Biblioteca Pública Benedito Leite e Arquivo Público do Estado do Maranhão.

Researchers in the field of social learning have suggested that certain biases may exist in whom animals learn from, creating a non-random flow of social information. A number of potential biases have been proposed based upon theoretical models, including biases to copy more dominant individuals or individuals who receive the best payoff from their behaviour, but empirical evidence for these biases is lacking. This thesis presents the first examination of dominance-based bias in a wild population of primates and of a payoff-based bias in captive capuchins. In two field experiments, dominant and low-ranking females from each of three wild groups of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were trained to demonstrate contrasting behaviours to their group before observers were provided with a choice between the two modelled preferences. No evidence was found for a consistent bias to copy the behaviour of the dominant female in either experiment. Instead, in both experiments, a preference for one behaviour emerged, regardless of model rank. In the latter experiment, higher-ranking females were significantly more likely to match the dominant model's action than were low-ranking females. The low-ranking models were more likely than their high-ranking counterparts to switch behaviours, despite their trained behaviour continuing to be productive. An analyses of the observations revealed that observers were biased towards attending to kin, and observer age appeared to influence access to the dominant models, but no overall preference to attend to the dominant female was found. Together these findings indicate that kinship, sex, age and preferences for specific behaviours are more important factors than model rank in vervet monkey social learning. Finally, I examined whether captive tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella) utilized a payoff-based social learning bias in their foraging decisions. Subjects did not utilize public information when choosing between demonstrated resource-rich and resource-poor sites, suggesting that the social learning abilities of capuchins may not extend to determining the profitability of feeding sites, although limitations of the study are discussed.

Behavioral and emotional disorders in the context of school and social consequences for the first grade of elementary school pupil. Abstract: This dissertation dealt with the issue of behavioral disorders with children in younger school age. Its main goal was to ascertine the extent of the behavioral disorders of pupils in the first grade of primary school from the teachers perspective and to find out which symptoms of behavioural disorders are the most frequently manifested by pupils in several elementary schools in Prague. Then to analyze the impact of these symptoms or rather behavior disorder on school results, peer relations and relational attitudes of teachers to pupils with behavioral disorders. The final aim was to find out and assess the cooperation between school and the family. Also interest and willingness of the family to collaborate on potentional correction or educational measures proposed by school. This dissertation is entirely practical because it presents a real pedagogical background and its only respondents were the class teachers, which were supposed to know the relations in the classroom. The theoretical part describes by using a specialized sources at first beavioral disorders that have educationnally, socially or personality conditioned basis, but also disorders for whose cause is...

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Interagir avec autrui est crucial pour notre survie. Différentes études ont mis en évidence le rôle de l'ocytocine (OT) dans la sociabilité et l'affiliation. La première partie de notre travail montre qu'il y a un lien entre la concentration d'ocytocine plasmatique et l'ocytocine centrale et que les deux sont corrélées au niveau d'extraversion des individus. L'OT plasmatique corrèle aussi au volume de l'amygdale et de l'hippocampe, deux régions cérébrales importantes pour le comportement social. Nous montrons également que l'administration d'OT entraine une modification (augmentation) de la perception subjective de la sociabilité. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggère que l'OT constitue un biomarqueur de la personnalité sociale et pourrait servir au diagnostic de pathologies sociales comme l'Autisme. Nous avons étudié le fonctionnement central de l'OT et particulièrement son interaction avec la sérotonine (5-HT), impliquée elle aussi dans la régulation du comportement social. Avec la Tomographie par Emission de Positon (TEP) et grâce à un radioligand ([18-F]MPPF) spécifique des récepteurs 5-HT1A de la 5-HT nous montrons que l'administration d'OT entraine, chez le sujet sain une augmentation du potentiel de liaison (BP) du MPPF traduisant une modification de l'activité de la 5 HT au niveau du raphe, de l'amygdale/hippocampe, de l'insula et du cortex orbitofrontal, régions clés pour le traitement du comportement social. Les patients Asperger démontrent une diminution du MPPF BP par rapport aux contrôles au niveau de ces mêmes régions, différence qui s'annule par la prise d'OT. Ces résultats confirment le potentiel thérapeutique de l'OT et ouvrent de nouvelles pistes de recherche visant à intégrer la relation entre les neurotransmetteurs dans les futurs traitements. L'ensemble de ce travail place l'ocytocine au coeur de la physiologie du comportement social et suggère son utilisation tant au niveau du diagnostic que de la prise en charge de l'Autisme / Interacting with others is crucial for human fitness. In the past decade, there has been a growing interest for oxytocin (OXT) and its implication in social behavior. In the first section of this work we show that peripheral and central concentrations of OXT are correlated. Peripheral and central OXT are also correlated with subjects’ extraversion and with the volume of amygdala and hippocampus, two brain regions important for the regulation of social behavior. Interestingly, we show that OXT intake increases the subjective perception of subjects’ sociability. These findings suggest that OXT can be considered a biomarker of social behavior, thus opening the possibility of using this hormone in the screening process of psychiatric disorder like Autism. In a second section, we focused on the central action of OXT and in particular its interaction with another neurotransmitter also essential for social behavior: the serotonin (5-HT). We assessed OXT effect on the central serotoninergic activity in healthy subjects using the Positon Emission Tomography (PET) thanks to a radiotracer ([18-F]MPPF) specific for the 5-HT1A receptors and known to be localised in brain regions important for social processing. Our results show that oxytocin administration increases MPPF binding potential (BP) in raphe nuclei, right amygdala, hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex. Interestingly, Asperger patients showed a decrease in MPPF BP in these regions compared to controls. This difference disappeared after oxytocin. These results strengthen the role of oxytocin in social behavior and underline the therapeutic potential of this neuromodulator for psychiatric disorders implicating both serotonin and oxytocin dysfunctions

Deficits in executive functions, specifically in response inhibition (RI), have been reported in antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), etc. Individuals with deficits in RI have a high probability to show non-adapted social behavior that can lead to crime. Many studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, modulate the activity of the prefrontal cortex and the functions involved in executive control and RI. This article aims to review the literature on the effect of tDCS on RI and executive control and to highlight research avenues to develop therapeutic alternatives to prevent onset and recidivism of crime. A systematic review of the literature was performed in the Libsearch database following PRISMA method. Ten studies were selected showing tDCS modulation of RI measured with the Stop Signal and the Go-NoGo task. Eight of the studies showed gains on RI with tDCS versus sham. The data led to consideration of tDCS as a new therapeutic alternative to improve RI and hence prevention of onset and recidivism on crime. Individual differences, targeted brain areas, the polarity of electrodes and long-term learning effects are further discussed as crucial considerations for future studies.

abstract: This dissertation seeks to understand and study the process of attention harvesting and knowledge production on typical online Q&A communities. Goals of this study include quantifying the attention harvesting and online knowledge, damping the effect of competition for attention on knowledge production, and examining the diversity of user behaviors on question answering. Project 1 starts with a simplistic discrete time model on a scale-free network and provides the method to measure the attention harvested. Further, project 1 highlights the effect of distractions on harvesting productive attention and in the end concludes which factors are influential and sensitive to the attention harvesting. The main finding is the critical condition to optimize the attention harvesting on the network by reducing network connection. Project 2 extends the scope of the study to quantify the value and quality of knowledge, focusing on the question answering dynamics. This part of research models how attention was distributed under typical answering strategies on a virtual online Q&A community. The final result provides an approach to measure the efficiency of attention transferred into value production and observes the contribution of different scenarios under various computed metrics. Project 3 is an advanced study on the foundation of the virtual question answering community from project 2. With highlights of different user behavioral preferences, algorithm stochastically simulates individual decisions and behavior. Results from sensitivity analysis on different mixtures of user groups gives insight of nonlinear dynamics for the objectives of success. Simulation finding shows reputation rewarding mechanism on Stack Overflow shapes the crowd mixture of behavior to be successful. In addition, project proposed an attention allocation scenario of question answering to improve the success metrics when coupling with a particular selection strategy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences 2019