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Art has the ability to give voice to the vast number of ordinary citizens suffering undertotalitarian rule in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, both past and present. Thispaper uses a mixed-analysis approach to examine three selected examples of visualrepresentations concerning the North Korean Refugee Movement in order to illustrate howArt functions as a strategic component of C4D, and how it can be effectively used by socialmovements as a way of framing movements’ identities in collective action, promotingawareness and enhancing resource mobilisation through the emotive communication ofknowledge. Art has been found to play an important role in the communication and transferof knowledge by creating powerful emotions and providing a voice to the otherwisevoiceless. Visual texts can be used strategically by social movements in the area of C4D toreinforce/create a collective identity and aid in movement participation by enhancingsolidarity and self-assurance while creating motivation for collective action.

The Marcellus Shale is a sedimentary rock formation that lies beneath most of Pennsylvania as well as portions of Ohio, West Virginia, New York, and Maryland, and holds one of the world’s largest natural gas reserves. It has been known that the Marcellus is a sizeable gas reservoir, but until the recent development of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, it had not been economically feasible to exploit it. These unconventional drilling methods currently used in Pennsylvania and other Marcellus regions are deeply controversial, with both experts and laypersons disagreeing over their threat to the environment and public health. The result has been great scientific and public uncertainty over the risks and rewards of Marcellus Shale development. This dissertation explores how Marcellus Shale development in Western Pennsylvania impacts the social lives of residents, and the ways in which residents respond to these impacts. In particular, I emphasize the social and cultural challenges of communities and how place-based meanings influence resident behavior. The data come from a comparative case study of two rural areas in Western Pennsylvania with differing intensity and duration of local shale gas development, Washington and Lawrence Counties. Washington County had its first unconventional shale well in 2004 and had 709 shale wells at the start of my fieldwork in October 2013. In contrast, Lawrence County had its first shale well in 2011, and had 20 shale wells when I began my research. Through multi-sited ethnography—which included field observations, participant observation at various public events, and open-ended interviews with residents and community stakeholders—I examine how variations in the duration and intensity of development may influence resident experiences and response with local shale development. This research finds that the main social and cultural challenges for Washington County residents were conflicts between old-timers and newcomers. Specifically, old-timers and newcomers experienced discord over the differences or perceived differences of opinion on local shale gas development. In Lawrence County, there was less conflict between old-timers and newcomers, and the conflicts that arose were often in response to the actions of outspoken anti-drilling activists. In both study counties, residents with primary ties to the physical aspects of place were dissatisfied with landscape changes brought about by local shale development and engaged in collective action in the attempt to change the way shale development was occurring, or to stop it altogether. While residents in Washington and Lawrence Counties had similar motivations for engaging in collective action—the protection of family, others, and home—they differed in their actions and strategies. Resident experiences with and actions toward local shale development varied between the two counties, which may be due to the differing intensities and duration of development. Washington County residents focused their collective strategies on encouraging local industry to conduct drilling more responsibly and Lawrence County, where collective action emerged at the exploratory stages of drilling, aimed to stop intense shale development before it began. The place-based variations uncovered between the two study counties raised important questions that warrant further study. In particular, is Washington County a unique case because it was the first county to experience shale development, or will we see similar experiences in communities with similarly long duration of drilling and intensity? How do counties in other Marcellus Shale regions respond to the occurrence of shale development? What other place-based characteristics should be taken into account when examining response to local shale development? / Sociology

This dissertation, a study of Christian rock music and musicians in Southern Ontario, Canada, examines issues related to religion, music and youth culture. In doing so it explores similarities and differences between subcultures and new social movements particularly in relation to issues around practices, identity and authenticity. The dissertation begins with examinations of the literature on subcultures and social movements, followed by brief looks at the literature on fields, habitus, legitimacy, individual and collective authenticity and identity, issues of authenticity within popular music and Christian rock music literatures. Following this it looks at the research methods used, detailing the interviews with Christian rock musicians and participant observation conducted from 2008-2010. The substantive chapters of the study look at practices and the uses of space, Christian rock identities over time and finally the question of whether Christian rock should be categorized as a subculture or a new social movement. The first of these chapters examines how spaces, particularly performance spaces are used within Christian rock, how these connect to worship, entertainment and art, and how these attempt to manifest themselves as transgressive. The second substantive chapter looks at how Christian rock musicians enact their individual and collective Christian rock identity in recruitment, participation and exiting of Christian rock. In doing so, it looks at how identities and the goals associated with those identities connect to Howard and Streck’s Christian rock typologies of separational, integrational and transformational (Howard & Streck, 1999). The third substantive chapter examines whether Christian rock should be considered a subculture or a new social movement by looking at how it deals with recruitment, mobilization, insiders and outsiders, structure, leadership, strategies, goals, uses of space and material cultures. In doing so the dissertation argues that Christian rock is composed of many different identities and approaches. It then explores the specific identities and approaches of Worshipcore and Worship Rock. This is followed by a conclusion and brief post-script detailing speculation around the changes that have occurred since the research was conducted. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation looks at Christian rock in Southern Ontario, drawing on interviews with over 30 Ontario based Christian rock musicians, as well as participant observation of close to a dozen Christian rock performances conducted from 2008 to 2010. The dissertation focuses on issues related to how Christian rock is practiced (with particular focus on performance), how Christian rock influences identity over time and how Christian rock reflects aspects of both subcultures and new social movements. The research adds to understandings of Christian rock, and the use of identity and practice in religion, music and youth culture. It also explores similarities and differences between subcultures and new social movements particularly in relation to issues around practices and identity.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the overall rhetorical structure of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during 1960-1968. The criteria used in this study were adapted from: Joseph R. Gusfield, "Protest, Reform, and Revolt - A Reader in Social Movements;" Dan F. Hahn and Ruth Gonchar, "Studying in Social Movements: A Rhetorical Methodology;" Kurt Lang and Gladys Lang, "Collective Dynamics;" Leland M. Griffin, "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements;" Herbert W. Simons, "Requirements, Problems, and Strategies: A Theory of Persuasion for Social Movements." Gusfield's definition of a movement as "socially shared activities and beliefs directed toward the demand for change in some aspect of the social order" is utilized. To examine the rhetorical structure, it is necessary to divest it from the complex structural aspects of a movement. Simons' theory of the "grand flow" of a movement's persuasion guided this study. The rhetorical requirements of a movement are introduced in Chapter I. The requirements tend to fall into the following sub-categories: the ideology, the strategy, the goals, the membership, and the leadership. Chapter II is devoted to the setting during which the movement was founded. It includes a brief history of social unrest in civil rights struggles in the United States between the years 1950-1960. Chapter III examines the structure of SNCC based upon the philosophy of love and nonviolence, approximately 1960-1964. Chapter IV examines the structure of SNCC based upon a philosophy of hatred and rejection, approximately 1964-1968. The chapter also includes a postscript discussing SNCCts progressive movement away from the philosophy of nonviolence after 1968.

Communities of resistance are increasingly turning to radical tactics, including acts of civil disobedience, to fight back against encroaching fossil fuel infrastructure. The fight against the Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is no exception. The MVP is a 303-mile long proposed fracked gas pipeline in Virginia and West Virginia. I apply radical flank effect (RFE) theory and the theory of movement dynamism to understand the role of civil disobedience, as a radical flank, in the MVP resistance movement. I contribute to the literature on RFEs by focusing primarily on how the radical flank of this movement has affected within-movement social dynamics, like trust, unity, and interpersonal relations. I rely on 15 semi-structured interviews with pipeline fighters, both those who have and have not participated in acts of civil disobedience, to gain insight into the use of civil disobedience, as a radical flank in the movement. This movement has used diverse tactics to challenge construction of the MVP, making it a strong case for understanding the role of radical tactics, and their relationship to moderate tactics. I find several positive RFEs (energizing effects, connecting effects, engaging effects, uniting effects, and movement outcome effects) and some potential negative RFEs (conflict/alienation, fear of consequences and organizational risks). I also find evidence of movement dynamism in the form of an ecosystem of tactics which emerged in the MVP resistance movement. Movement actors kept moderate and radical flanks publicly separate for strategic reasons while overlapping membership bridged the social dynamics of the movement, encouraging cohesion and collective movement identity. / Master of Science / Communities concerned about climate change are increasingly breaking the law in order to make their voices heard and stop dangerous coal, oil and natural gas projects. These actions are called civil disobedience and they have been used for decades in the United States, most prominently in the Civil Rights Movement. One such example in the fight against climate change is the resistance to the Mountain Valley Pipeline, a 303-mile long proposed natural gas pipeline in Virginia and West Virginia. I use social movement theories to understand the role that civil disobedience has played in the Mountain Valley Pipeline resistance movement. Specifically, I look at how the use of civil disobedience in this movement has affected the social dynamics of the movement, like trust, unity, or relationships in the movement. I spoke with 15 community members who have been active in fighting this pipeline to learn more. This movement has involved a wide range of different tactics, including civil disobedience, so it is a strong example to study for this research. My interviews with the community members revealed several positive effects as a result of the use of civil disobedience in the movement as well as a few potential risks/dangers. I also found that civil disobedience was able to work together with other types of tactics in a vibrant ecosystem that included mutual benefit. At the same time, I find that community members sought to keep some of the illegal tactics separate from more moderate tactics, like lawsuits or public comment submissions, in order to keep the moderate tactics safe. Despite this separation, I find that significant overlap of community members across different types of tactics was able to maintain a cohesive, common identity and unify people who were participating in different tactics, but fighting the same pipeline.

Set in the very near future against the ticking clock of climate change, In the Belly Past the Teeth follows a cast of characters who deal with the carceral state and presence of surveillance in their lives. A mother in family court for domestic violence asks herself what is justice in love; a prison guard questions himself after a relationship changes how he sees solitary confinement; a young woman becomes an abolitionist after experiencing the school to prison pipeline; a grandmother find a second chance in foster guardianship; a girl killed by police spurs a movement; a man imprisoned in Attica is haunted by a ghost of the riot. These characters intersect as systems of oppression intersect under the carceral state.