Traditionally, it has been the cognitive-developmental approach that has dominated moral judgment research. Specifically, it has been Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1969, 1986) that has provided the theoretical framework for much of the research in the field. According to the Kohlbergian perspective, individuals are rational agents who engage in conscious deliberation in order to reach a moral judgment or decision. In contrast to this, the social intuitionist model of moral judgment (Haidt, 2001; Haidt & Bjorklund, 2007) proposes that it is the individual’s immediate affective reactions to events are the overriding cause of moral judgment. In addition to this, the model proposes that the social context is an equally important determinant of moral judgment. Emergent group norms are said to directly shape the moral judgments of the individual, with the moral judgments of friends, allies and acquaintances having a direct bearing on the moral judgments one makes, even those made and held privately. In the current thesis, the impact of social persuasion - group norms, audience, and social identity - on moral judgment was investigated, using the methods and meta-theoretical framework of the social identity approach. In Studies 1 (N = 98) and 2 (N = 60) the influence of group norms and level of identification with the reference group on participants’ moral evaluations was assessed. The results of these studies revealed that participants’ evaluation of the target issue (the sex selection of children) was not influenced by the group norms to which they were exposed. In both studies, the interaction between norm and identification was also found to be non-significant. Under investigation in Studies 3, 4, and 5 was the impact of normative influence on participants’ moral evaluations. In Study 3 (N = 186) the impact of group norms, level of identification, and audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluations of morally-tinged scenarios and issues were assessed. Those exposed to a norm portraying the reference group as judgmental tended to be harsher in their evaluations than those exposed to a non-judgmental norm, but the effect was weak and inconsistent. Contrary to expectation, identification and audience were not found to interact with the norm manipulation. Study 4 (N = 93) focused exclusively on the impact of audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluation. Participants evaluated a number of morally-tinged scenarios either alone, under the expectation that their responses would be visible to an audience (with either the opportunity to justify their evaluations, or not), or under the pretext of being connected to a lie-detector. Contrary to expectation, no significant difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found across the four audience conditions. To discount the possibility that the lack of normative influence on moral evaluation obtained in Study 4 was due to methodological limitation (i.e., the audience category was too broad), the selection of participants and the choice of audience were modified for Study 5 (N = 54). In Study 5, Christian students were required to make their moral evaluations under the expectation that their responses would be made visible to either a Christian or student audience. Contrary to expectation, only a subtle effect of audience was found in relation to both the morally tinged issues and the morally tinged scenarios. Participants in the Christian audience condition were found to evaluate only a small number of the issues (3 of 10), and only one of the four scenarios more negatively than those in the student audience condition. In Studies 6 and 7 the impact of social identity factors on participants’ moral evaluations was investigated. In Study 6 (N = 45), the extent to which participants’ moral evaluation were influenced by their social identity was assessed. In this study, participants had either their Christian identity or their student identity made salient when making their evaluations. No difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found between the Christian identity and student identity salience conditions. In Study 7 (N = 68), the extent to which participants’ political identity influenced their moral evaluation of government policy was assessed. Participants (who were either Australian Labor Party supporters or Australian Liberal Party supporters) were led to believe that the policies had been proposed by either the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Liberal Party. It was found that participants’ political affiliation contributed to their moral evaluation of the presented policies. Overall, the current program of studies provides a first step toward understanding the impact that group norms, audience, and social identity factors have on the evaluation component of moral judgment. It suggests that morality is complex, and that moral judgments may be amenable to social influence, albeit weakly. Theoretical and practical implications for this research are discussed with reference to social identity theory and the broader literature on moral psychology.

Traditionally, it has been the cognitive-developmental approach that has dominated moral judgment research. Specifically, it has been Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1969, 1986) that has provided the theoretical framework for much of the research in the field. According to the Kohlbergian perspective, individuals are rational agents who engage in conscious deliberation in order to reach a moral judgment or decision. In contrast to this, the social intuitionist model of moral judgment (Haidt, 2001; Haidt & Bjorklund, 2007) proposes that it is the individual’s immediate affective reactions to events are the overriding cause of moral judgment. In addition to this, the model proposes that the social context is an equally important determinant of moral judgment. Emergent group norms are said to directly shape the moral judgments of the individual, with the moral judgments of friends, allies and acquaintances having a direct bearing on the moral judgments one makes, even those made and held privately. In the current thesis, the impact of social persuasion - group norms, audience, and social identity - on moral judgment was investigated, using the methods and meta-theoretical framework of the social identity approach. In Studies 1 (N = 98) and 2 (N = 60) the influence of group norms and level of identification with the reference group on participants’ moral evaluations was assessed. The results of these studies revealed that participants’ evaluation of the target issue (the sex selection of children) was not influenced by the group norms to which they were exposed. In both studies, the interaction between norm and identification was also found to be non-significant. Under investigation in Studies 3, 4, and 5 was the impact of normative influence on participants’ moral evaluations. In Study 3 (N = 186) the impact of group norms, level of identification, and audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluations of morally-tinged scenarios and issues were assessed. Those exposed to a norm portraying the reference group as judgmental tended to be harsher in their evaluations than those exposed to a non-judgmental norm, but the effect was weak and inconsistent. Contrary to expectation, identification and audience were not found to interact with the norm manipulation. Study 4 (N = 93) focused exclusively on the impact of audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluation. Participants evaluated a number of morally-tinged scenarios either alone, under the expectation that their responses would be visible to an audience (with either the opportunity to justify their evaluations, or not), or under the pretext of being connected to a lie-detector. Contrary to expectation, no significant difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found across the four audience conditions. To discount the possibility that the lack of normative influence on moral evaluation obtained in Study 4 was due to methodological limitation (i.e., the audience category was too broad), the selection of participants and the choice of audience were modified for Study 5 (N = 54). In Study 5, Christian students were required to make their moral evaluations under the expectation that their responses would be made visible to either a Christian or student audience. Contrary to expectation, only a subtle effect of audience was found in relation to both the morally tinged issues and the morally tinged scenarios. Participants in the Christian audience condition were found to evaluate only a small number of the issues (3 of 10), and only one of the four scenarios more negatively than those in the student audience condition. In Studies 6 and 7 the impact of social identity factors on participants’ moral evaluations was investigated. In Study 6 (N = 45), the extent to which participants’ moral evaluation were influenced by their social identity was assessed. In this study, participants had either their Christian identity or their student identity made salient when making their evaluations. No difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found between the Christian identity and student identity salience conditions. In Study 7 (N = 68), the extent to which participants’ political identity influenced their moral evaluation of government policy was assessed. Participants (who were either Australian Labor Party supporters or Australian Liberal Party supporters) were led to believe that the policies had been proposed by either the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Liberal Party. It was found that participants’ political affiliation contributed to their moral evaluation of the presented policies. Overall, the current program of studies provides a first step toward understanding the impact that group norms, audience, and social identity factors have on the evaluation component of moral judgment. It suggests that morality is complex, and that moral judgments may be amenable to social influence, albeit weakly. Theoretical and practical implications for this research are discussed with reference to social identity theory and the broader literature on moral psychology.

Traditionally, it has been the cognitive-developmental approach that has dominated moral judgment research. Specifically, it has been Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1969, 1986) that has provided the theoretical framework for much of the research in the field. According to the Kohlbergian perspective, individuals are rational agents who engage in conscious deliberation in order to reach a moral judgment or decision. In contrast to this, the social intuitionist model of moral judgment (Haidt, 2001; Haidt & Bjorklund, 2007) proposes that it is the individual’s immediate affective reactions to events are the overriding cause of moral judgment. In addition to this, the model proposes that the social context is an equally important determinant of moral judgment. Emergent group norms are said to directly shape the moral judgments of the individual, with the moral judgments of friends, allies and acquaintances having a direct bearing on the moral judgments one makes, even those made and held privately. In the current thesis, the impact of social persuasion - group norms, audience, and social identity - on moral judgment was investigated, using the methods and meta-theoretical framework of the social identity approach. In Studies 1 (N = 98) and 2 (N = 60) the influence of group norms and level of identification with the reference group on participants’ moral evaluations was assessed. The results of these studies revealed that participants’ evaluation of the target issue (the sex selection of children) was not influenced by the group norms to which they were exposed. In both studies, the interaction between norm and identification was also found to be non-significant. Under investigation in Studies 3, 4, and 5 was the impact of normative influence on participants’ moral evaluations. In Study 3 (N = 186) the impact of group norms, level of identification, and audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluations of morally-tinged scenarios and issues were assessed. Those exposed to a norm portraying the reference group as judgmental tended to be harsher in their evaluations than those exposed to a non-judgmental norm, but the effect was weak and inconsistent. Contrary to expectation, identification and audience were not found to interact with the norm manipulation. Study 4 (N = 93) focused exclusively on the impact of audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluation. Participants evaluated a number of morally-tinged scenarios either alone, under the expectation that their responses would be visible to an audience (with either the opportunity to justify their evaluations, or not), or under the pretext of being connected to a lie-detector. Contrary to expectation, no significant difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found across the four audience conditions. To discount the possibility that the lack of normative influence on moral evaluation obtained in Study 4 was due to methodological limitation (i.e., the audience category was too broad), the selection of participants and the choice of audience were modified for Study 5 (N = 54). In Study 5, Christian students were required to make their moral evaluations under the expectation that their responses would be made visible to either a Christian or student audience. Contrary to expectation, only a subtle effect of audience was found in relation to both the morally tinged issues and the morally tinged scenarios. Participants in the Christian audience condition were found to evaluate only a small number of the issues (3 of 10), and only one of the four scenarios more negatively than those in the student audience condition. In Studies 6 and 7 the impact of social identity factors on participants’ moral evaluations was investigated. In Study 6 (N = 45), the extent to which participants’ moral evaluation were influenced by their social identity was assessed. In this study, participants had either their Christian identity or their student identity made salient when making their evaluations. No difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found between the Christian identity and student identity salience conditions. In Study 7 (N = 68), the extent to which participants’ political identity influenced their moral evaluation of government policy was assessed. Participants (who were either Australian Labor Party supporters or Australian Liberal Party supporters) were led to believe that the policies had been proposed by either the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Liberal Party. It was found that participants’ political affiliation contributed to their moral evaluation of the presented policies. Overall, the current program of studies provides a first step toward understanding the impact that group norms, audience, and social identity factors have on the evaluation component of moral judgment. It suggests that morality is complex, and that moral judgments may be amenable to social influence, albeit weakly. Theoretical and practical implications for this research are discussed with reference to social identity theory and the broader literature on moral psychology.

Traditionally, it has been the cognitive-developmental approach that has dominated moral judgment research. Specifically, it has been Kohlberg’s theory of moral development (1969, 1986) that has provided the theoretical framework for much of the research in the field. According to the Kohlbergian perspective, individuals are rational agents who engage in conscious deliberation in order to reach a moral judgment or decision. In contrast to this, the social intuitionist model of moral judgment (Haidt, 2001; Haidt & Bjorklund, 2007) proposes that it is the individual’s immediate affective reactions to events are the overriding cause of moral judgment. In addition to this, the model proposes that the social context is an equally important determinant of moral judgment. Emergent group norms are said to directly shape the moral judgments of the individual, with the moral judgments of friends, allies and acquaintances having a direct bearing on the moral judgments one makes, even those made and held privately. In the current thesis, the impact of social persuasion - group norms, audience, and social identity - on moral judgment was investigated, using the methods and meta-theoretical framework of the social identity approach. In Studies 1 (N = 98) and 2 (N = 60) the influence of group norms and level of identification with the reference group on participants’ moral evaluations was assessed. The results of these studies revealed that participants’ evaluation of the target issue (the sex selection of children) was not influenced by the group norms to which they were exposed. In both studies, the interaction between norm and identification was also found to be non-significant. Under investigation in Studies 3, 4, and 5 was the impact of normative influence on participants’ moral evaluations. In Study 3 (N = 186) the impact of group norms, level of identification, and audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluations of morally-tinged scenarios and issues were assessed. Those exposed to a norm portraying the reference group as judgmental tended to be harsher in their evaluations than those exposed to a non-judgmental norm, but the effect was weak and inconsistent. Contrary to expectation, identification and audience were not found to interact with the norm manipulation. Study 4 (N = 93) focused exclusively on the impact of audience expectation on participants’ moral evaluation. Participants evaluated a number of morally-tinged scenarios either alone, under the expectation that their responses would be visible to an audience (with either the opportunity to justify their evaluations, or not), or under the pretext of being connected to a lie-detector. Contrary to expectation, no significant difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found across the four audience conditions. To discount the possibility that the lack of normative influence on moral evaluation obtained in Study 4 was due to methodological limitation (i.e., the audience category was too broad), the selection of participants and the choice of audience were modified for Study 5 (N = 54). In Study 5, Christian students were required to make their moral evaluations under the expectation that their responses would be made visible to either a Christian or student audience. Contrary to expectation, only a subtle effect of audience was found in relation to both the morally tinged issues and the morally tinged scenarios. Participants in the Christian audience condition were found to evaluate only a small number of the issues (3 of 10), and only one of the four scenarios more negatively than those in the student audience condition. In Studies 6 and 7 the impact of social identity factors on participants’ moral evaluations was investigated. In Study 6 (N = 45), the extent to which participants’ moral evaluation were influenced by their social identity was assessed. In this study, participants had either their Christian identity or their student identity made salient when making their evaluations. No difference in participants’ moral evaluations was found between the Christian identity and student identity salience conditions. In Study 7 (N = 68), the extent to which participants’ political identity influenced their moral evaluation of government policy was assessed. Participants (who were either Australian Labor Party supporters or Australian Liberal Party supporters) were led to believe that the policies had been proposed by either the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Liberal Party. It was found that participants’ political affiliation contributed to their moral evaluation of the presented policies. Overall, the current program of studies provides a first step toward understanding the impact that group norms, audience, and social identity factors have on the evaluation component of moral judgment. It suggests that morality is complex, and that moral judgments may be amenable to social influence, albeit weakly. Theoretical and practical implications for this research are discussed with reference to social identity theory and the broader literature on moral psychology.

Submitted by Bruna Loria Garcia (brunaloria@gmail.com) on 2018-06-25T22:13:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.docx: 16059634 bytes, checksum: 01a8daad9e302b859e46a4e9ebd93f6b (MD5) / Rejected by Priscila Carreira B Vicentini null (priscila@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Bruna Loria Garcia, Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) o procedimento após a defesa é a submissão da versão final do trabalho EM PDF no Repositório Institucional Unesp 2) ficha catalográfica da dissertação, devendo fazer através do Sistema automático da Biblioteca. Basta acessar http://fclar.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/servicos/elaboracao-de-fichas-catalograficas/ e preencher os campos exigidos e sua ficha será gerada na hora 3) Obedecer a seguinte ordem nas páginas pré-textuais: capa, folha de rosto, ficha catalográfica, errata (opcional), folha de aprovação, dedicatória (opcional), agradecimentos (opcional), epígrafe (opcional), resumo na língua vernácula, resumo em língua estrangeira, lista de ilustrações (opcional), lista de tabelas (opcional), lista de abreviaturas e siglas (opcional), lista de símbolos (opcional), sumário 4) Renumerar o trabalho, lembrando sempre que as páginas pré textuais devem ser contadas (com exceção da capa e ficha catalográfica), mas a numeração deverá aparecer somente a partir da apresentação/introdução no canto superior direito 5) Para juntar os PDFs - da ficha com o do trabalho, pode se usar o link https://smallpdf.com/pt Em caso de maiores dúvidas, entrar em contato com as bibliotecárias da Seção de Referência, Camila (camila_serrador@fclar.unesp.br) ou Elaine (elaine@fclar.unesp.br). Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-06-26T18:06:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Bruna Loria Garcia (brunaloria@gmail.com) on 2018-06-29T20:27:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.pdf: 2843747 bytes, checksum: 215faf8aa4402eb8c0901101eb286f2b (MD5) / Rejected by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) Folha de aprovação: siga o modelo que está no documento disponibilizado pela Biblioteca em: http://fclar.unesp.br/#!/biblioteca/normas-da-abnt/normalizacao/ (Defesa - pré-textuais - não paginado).Atenção: não colocar a expressão que aparece pintada em azul. 2) Numeração incorreta das páginas: as páginas pré-textuais devem ser contadas, com exceção da capa e ficha catalográfica, porém a numeração deverá aparecer somente a partir da Introdução. Esta na verdade é a página 14, e não 11 como está no arquivo. Será preciso renumerar o trabalho e refazer o sumário para que este reflita a numeração do trabalho Em caso de maiores dúvidas, entrar em contato com a bibliotecária da Seção de Referência Elaine (elaine@fclar.unesp.br). Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-07-03T11:24:18Z (GMT) / Submitted by Bruna Loria Garcia (brunaloria@gmail.com) on 2018-07-06T15:04:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final.pdf: 2865487 bytes, checksum: 6fb07831d11485abd5cd0ce2904788d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-07-10T12:51:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_bl_me_arafcl.pdf: 2865487 bytes, checksum: 6fb07831d11485abd5cd0ce2904788d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T12:51:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_bl_me_arafcl.pdf: 2865487 bytes, checksum: 6fb07831d11485abd5cd0ce2904788d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Bonfim Paulista, distrito do município de Ribeirão Preto, desde a década de 1990, experimenta a construção de 28 condomínios fechados na comunidade. Antiga referência rural, Bonfim é destaque pela valorização imobiliária e celebrada por sua reputação relacionada à qualidade de vida, tão almejada pelos moradores dos condomínios. Os bonfinenses, acostumados com um ritmo de vida desacelerado, depararam-se com a chegada expressiva de milhares de novos moradores, portadores de status e de um estilo de vida ostentativo, alterando a dinâmica social e quiçá linguística da região. Percebendo a relevância da mudança social ocorrida no distrito, por meio do estudo do objeto linguístico, um fenômeno variável superavaliado – a concordância verbal de terceira pessoa do plural –, foi analisada a contraposição da fala dos dois grupos da comunidade: os moradores do distrito e os dos condomínios. Assim, seguindo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Sociolinguística Variacionista (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog 2006 [1968], Labov 2008 [1972],1994,2001,2010), a pesquisa utiliza, como corpus para a análise quantitativa e com o auxílio do programa GoldVarb X, transcrições das falas dos informantes, selecionados a partir de variáveis extralinguísticas. O trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar as atitudes e avaliações linguísticas, associando as identidades sociais encontradas com os usos linguísticos da concordância verbal de terceira pessoa do plural em dois grupos da comunidade – o que foi realizado através da elaboração, aplicação e análise de um teste de atitude linguística. A hipótese principal do estudo – que expunha que as diferentes identidades e os diferentes valores sociais são fatores que influenciam diretamente nas atitudes, avaliações e usos linguísticos, ainda que os grupos que se identificam de maneira distinta dividam espaço numa mesma localidade – foi comprovada através dos resultados. Demonstrou-se que os moradores de condomínio estão mais associados às normas linguísticas prestigiadas (e com índices mais altos de concordância verbal), ao estilo de vida mais urbano e a um grau maior de escolarização, enquanto que os bonfinenses se associam mais aos valores sociais rurais, ao estilo de vida mais pacato e a um menor grau de escolarização. / Bonfim Paulista, district in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, experiences a construction of 28 gated condominiums in the community. Old rural reference, Bonfim is highlighted by the real estate appreciation and celebrated for its quality, with the quality of life, so desired by the residents of the condominiums. Bonfinenses, accustomed to a decelerated pace of life, were faced with an expressive entry of thousands of new residents, status holders and a ostentatious lifestyle, changing the social and linguistic dynamics of the region. As a result of the emergence of an overvalued variable - a verbal agreement of a third person of the plural - in the social collectivity of the district, through the linguistic method, the speech of the two community groups was analyzed: the residents of the district and the of condominiums. Thus, the theoretical-methodological assumptions of Variationist Sociolinguistics (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog 2006 [1968], Labov 2008 [1972], 1994, 2001, 201010), a research used, as a corpus for a quantitative analysis and with the aid of GoldVarb X program, transcending the informants' statements, selected from extralinguistic variables. The main analysis of the work was as language attitudes and assessments, associating social identities with the linguistic uses of verbal third-person plural agreement in two groups of community - which was accomplished through the elaboration, application and analysis of an attitude test linguistics. The main idea of the study - which exposed the different identities and different social values are those that influence attitudes, assessments and linguistic uses, although groups that identify the way it distinguishes the space of a language results. The main indicators of schooling are associated with the prestigious linguistic norms (with higher rates of verbal agreement), the more urban lifestyle and higher schooling, while the Bonfinenses are more associated with rural social values and a lower level of schooling. / CNPq 134125/2017-7.

abstract: This dissertation examines the organizational discourse of business meetings in a Kuwaiti financial organization (Innovative Kuwait Co., pseudonym) and an American non-profit trade organization (Global Phoenix, pseudonym). Specifically, I explore the discourse and social identities, agency, and power used in staff members' task-oriented business meetings (Bargiela-Chiappini & Harris, 1997). The study is based on ethnographic business meetings data collected during eight months of fieldwork in 2010, 2011 and 2012. I used three major qualitative methodologies: observation, audio recording, and feedback focus group. In this study, I propose three research questions: 1) How does agency of staff members reflect membership in the corporate culture of an organization as a whole? 2) How is power used in relation to agency in business meetings? And 3) How are discourse and social identities of staff members enacted in business meetings? The analyses of ethnographic and fieldwork data demonstrate similar and different business linguistic behaviors in the two companies. In Innovative Kuwait Co., male managers are responsible for opening and closing the meetings. They also perform power by using language directives and suggestions directed to staff members. In contrast, female staff members in the Kuwaiti company participated insignificantly in meetings and produce more nonverbal cues. However, in one meeting, a female manager organized the discussion by controlling topics and giving directions. In Global Phoenix, female managers outnumber their male counterparts; therefore, agency, power, discourse, and social identities are performed differently. Female managers are responsible for opening and closing the meetings and for organizing the overall discussions. Additionally, female and male staff members participate equally and they interrupted their colleagues less frequently compared to staff members in Kuwait. Interestingly, American staff members laugh and joke more together than staff members in Kuwait. The findings of this dissertation will contribute to existing linguistic literature on business discourse and the examination of social meanings and structures in organizations, explaining how language shapes the actions and relationships of business staff members. This dissertation will also encourage business people to become mindful of the role of language and language training in developing and maintaining the corporate culture of their organizations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. English 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Ferreira.pdf: 1110038 bytes, checksum: 338c4b8153b55e12afe31fd86ac7f951 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-19 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Wood is a natural resource that has been used by humans since their emancipation from nature and when they started to handle it. The wood was present throughout the evolutionary process of human civilizations as the basic element used for a range of activities. The established relationship between person and object (wood) structures and shapes subjectivities that must be studied in order to understand the people s view about reality and how they fit into it. Thus, the present study investigated the environmental perceptions about wood of forty people in Itacoatiara, where twenty of those have a direct relationship with the wood and the other twenty have indirect relation. The overall objective was to analyze the perception of residents from Itacoatiara - AM about wood, uses and sociocultural meanings in the context of environmental issues . The specific objectives were to characterize different types of social uses of wood in the daily lives of people in their different roles, identify the motivations of consumption and use of wood and check what are the meanings and values atributed to wood as a natural resource. The methodology of data collection was the semi-structured interview. Subsequently, the interviews were transcribed and passed through a content analysis. The results allowed us to suggest that the social use of wood is more related to the residential space than with the workspace, except those in which the wood is used as the main object of work. The motivations of consumption are related to the material characteristics of wood with emphasis on durability. The survey also revealed that the timber has three evident major social meanings: as a material that define identity antagonisms within two social groups (those who say working with wood and those who say they have the right to work with wood), as a material with a lot of distinctions, especially because of their material characteristics, and as a material whatsoever, exempt of distinctions. The meanings of the timber shown in this study offer the possibility of understanding a very peculiar reality, experienced and perceived by people directly and indirectly involved with the wood. These understandings can serve as a basis for developing more effective public policies for access and use of this so necessary natural resource which is being handled by mankind from the beginning. / A madeira é um recurso natural que vem sendo utilizado pelo ser humano desde que este se emancipou da natureza e passou a manuseá-la. Ela esteve presente em todo o processo evolutivo das civilizações humanas como o elemento de uso básico para uma gama de atividades. A relação estabelecida entre pessoa e objeto (madeira) estrutura e configura subjetividades que devem ser estudadas com o intuito de entender como as pessoas compreendem a realidade e como se inserem nela. Assim, o presente estudo investigou as percepções ambientais sobre a madeira de quarenta pessoas no município de Itacoatiara, sendo vinte dessas com relação direta com a madeira e as demais vinte com relação indireta. O objetivo geral foi analisar a percepção de moradores da cidade de Itacoatiara AM sobre a madeira, seu uso e significados socioculturais no contexto das questões ambientais. Os objetivos específicos buscaram caracterizar os diferentes tipos de usos sociais da madeira no cotidiano das pessoas em suas diferentes funções, identificar as motivações de consumo e uso da madeira e verificar quais são os significados e valores dados à madeira como recurso natural. A metodologia de coleta de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada. Posteriormente, as entrevistas foram transcritas e passaram por uma análise de conteúdo. Os resultados nos permitiram sugerir que o uso social da madeira está mais relacionado com o espaço residencial do que com o espaço de trabalho, excetuando-se aqueles em que a madeira é utilizada como objeto principal de trabalho. As motivações de consumo estão relacionadas com as características materiais da madeira com ênfase para a durabilidade. A pesquisa revelou também que a madeira possui três significados sociais que se destacam: como um material que desnuda antagonismos de identidade dentro de dois grupos sociais (os que dizem trabalhar com a madeira e os que dizem ter o direito de trabalhar com a madeira); como um material carregado de distinções, principalmente por suas características materiais; e como um material qualquer, isento de distinções. Os significados sobre a madeira apresentados por este estudo proporcionam a possibilidade do entendimento de uma realidade muito peculiar, vivida e percebida por pessoas envolvidas direta e indiretamente com a madeira. Estas compreensões podem servir como base para a elaboração de políticas públicas mais efetivas para o acesso e o uso deste recurso natural tão necessário que vem sendo manuseado pela espécie humana desde o princípio.

In western societies, the persona of the artist has largely been associated with prevailing myths of the creative individual including the artist as genius and outsider. In my inquiry I endeavored to understand what it means to be an artist from the perspective of budding “creatives”. In this study I explored the process of becoming an artist that is how college students construct and navigate an artistic self (selves), and the factors that influenced this process. My purpose in this multiple text narrative inquiry was to discover how undergraduate art majors construct and navigate their artistic identity/identities, particularly while engaged in an artistic undergraduate research (UR) experience. I selected to explore students engaged in an undergraduate research project as a way to understand the process of artistic becoming within a unique educational practice, and to determine the role of creativity within this process. My study involved students who participated in an undergraduate research scholarship program developed by the Office for Undergraduate Research at a large research university in the southeast of the United States. Ten undergraduate art majors participated in this study. Data included in-depth interviews, and participant writings in the form of “artist” reflective journal entries (which included both written and visual text), and a final self-reflection essay. I analyzed the interview data through a holistic- content approach (Lieblich et al., 1998). I identified specific themes in order to understand the complex, “whole” individual, which assisted me in understanding participant “artistic selves”, and how creativity played a role in this process. I analyzed participant art products using methods adapted from Riessman (2008) and Keats (2009). Three key findings emerged from my inquiry. First, for the majority of participants, the construction of artistic identity/identities involved a significant evolution in their meaning making structures. Second, the notion of “doing” for oneself through research was profound for most individuals, which resulted in a stronger sense of artistic identity/identities. The third major finding was how participants weaved their artistic identity/identities through creativity. Implications of my research underscore the need for more robust institutional support and resources to assist emerging artists with developing career skills, creating supportive environments for art majors from a variety of backgrounds to help them succeed and thrive in college, the design and implementation of additional educational practices in the arts that promote self-authorship, and the expansion of UR activities within the arts.

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Historic-archaeological research on the Alamanni, an early medieval population in the periphery of the Frankish Empire, primarily focuses on themes such as their military character or issues of ethnicity, while the actual functioning of Alamannic societies remains conjectural. Aiming at presenting an integrated approach to the concepts of social organisation and social identities in Alamannic populations, this study examines and defines Alamannic identity and society by creating a dialogue between the disciplines of archaeology, biological anthropology and socio-cultural sciences. A bioarchaeology of identity explores the Alamanni of Pleidelsheim and Neresheim via their funerary and skeletal evidence, allowing for the factor of different environments that influence the interactions of a community. A key theme is the investigation of indicators for biological and social "status" by direct association of bioanthropological with funerary archaeological data, as well as by evaluation of present interpretations made from material culture in the light of bioanthropological analysis as a paramount focus. The results are interpreted in terms of social status and the perception of certain social parameters, exploring interrelations between factors such as sex and gender, age, status and activity for the entirety of a society. This research offers new perspectives on Alamannic societies and helps to comprehend Alamannic social organisation as a multi-layered phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of a biocultural approach. Beyond common perceptions, this study forms the basis for a new understanding of the Alamanni, as the results reveal a society that was complex and diverse, displaying its own characteristics in the Merovingian world. / AHRC. British Archaeological Association