Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

This study focused on community development education and practice for the democratic and transformative South context. Social and community development are relatively new approaches to social welfare and community development is emerging as a discipline and profession to contribute to the goal of developmental social welfare. Community work, albeit to a minimal extent and not community development was viewed as a method of social work during apartheid. With community development being prioritized as an intervention strategy for poverty reduction by the national government, the gap in community development education needs to be addressed. The goal of the study was to develop an undergraduate curriculum framework for community development education that would produce a new generation of ethical community development professionals to contribute to the goal of developmental social welfare. The study focused on the integrated approach to community development education and practice; with education of the student as a whole human being as critical for community development in a transformative South Africa. To achieve its goal, the study identified three themes that were critical to the research: a conceptual framework, clarifying key terms; a curriculum framework for community development education; and qualities and ethics for a new generation of development practitioners. The qualitative study was based in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and because of the lack of a referential framework for community development education, the researcher looked towards learning from India which has over fifty years of experience in social and community development education and practice. The state of Kerala established a social development approach in 1957 and was chosen as a learning experience. The state’s Kudumbashree Mission which aims at poverty alleviation through the empowerment of women was chosen as a case study. The integral and values based education system of Sri Sathya Sai University in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the community development education and practice of Loyola College in the state of Kerala were examined. The research design was exploratory, conceptual, descriptive and developmental in nature. The qualitative methodology best suited the nature of this study and a combination of methods to obtain data from a variety of sources across national boundaries was employed. The participants interviewed in both countries were purposively selected for their involvement in social and community development directly as target groups, practitioners, managers and policy makers. The research produced a philosophical and theoretical framework that is unitary and integral and aligned with the current social development policy to guide community development education and practice. The unitary and integral framework encompasses the individual within the family and community context and locates the various dimensions of development such as the social, physical, cultural, psychological, spiritual, political and economical dimensions within a unitary platform. The framework is dominated by the holistic and humanistic philosophies without negating the rational and pragmatic perspectives. In conclusion, the study conceptualizes community development as a natural process; the integration of individual and collective consciousness and an intervention. The outcome of the study is a recommended curriculum framework for community development education that would be of relevance to the Eastern Cape Province in particular and for the South African context generally.

Many transportation and other social problems would be eased or solved if the automobile dependency which is now so pervasive in North American cities were reduced. Many planners, transportation engineers, and other professionals and activists are advocating walking, among other things, as a viable transportation alternative. Various measures and programs are being applied in an attempt to get people out of their cars and onto their feet. This thesis discusses an addition to the pro-pedestrian tool kit: community-based social marketing. Adapted from marketing concepts which have been remarkably successful in influencing the consumption of goods and services, social marketing is a bundle of techniques intended to influence the adoption of socially desirable behaviours. A demonstration of community-based social marketing in the community of West Point Grey in Vancouver, British Columbia shows how social marketing can be used to encourage walking within neighbourhoods. The demonstration shows social marketing to be a promising new tool in the hand of those eager to promote walking, although more work needs to be done to verify this conclusion. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In rural areas across British Columbia capacity building is seen as an answer to declining economic, social and ecological conditions and regional capacity building organizations are delivering community development education projects in response. However, not enough is known about how community development education projects or regional organizations contribute to capacity building in rural regions. The intent of this thesis is to learn from the experience of Social Planning & Research Council of BC (SPARC BC) about the ways regional capacity building organizations can use community development education to positively impact capacity building in rural regions such as those in BC. A review of SPARC BC materials was conducted to locate SPARC BC within capacity building typologies identified in the literature. A questionnaire was administered to SPARC BC's project participants to gain an understanding of how its approaches to community development education impacted capacity building. Questionnaire findings were interpreted in consultation with SPARC staff. This thesis draws conclusions at three levels. First, the questionnaire highlights the experience of community members and demonstrates that SPARC BC's workshops were well-received, with the most impact being seen at the level of community relationship building. Second, by combining these findings with evaluations of two other projects, a number of themes are exposed, including the need for understanding community context, providing follow-up, and recognizing the diversity of each community. Third, the questionnaire and themes are used to explore the lessons that have been learned and which inform regional capacity building organizations providing community development education. Two of the lessons, encouraging community ownership and recognizing the iterative nature of capacity building, speak directly to the long-term nature of delivering community development education, while the lessons of diversity and transparency suggest improvements to how regional organizations work with communities. The final lessons of reflection and collaboration speak to the internal operations of capacity building organizations. Overall, the lessons learned from SPARC BC suggest that regional capacity building organizations have an important role to play and that increased reflection on both the process and outcomes of capacity building projects could strengthen community development education in rural regions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Includes bibliography. / This study is a critical analysis of educare policy in South Africa with recommendations towards effective provision for the preschool child. The need for a radically revised policy, structure and provision system is based on the inadequacies, inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the present system. A quantitative descriptive research design is used in which use is made predominantly of secondary data and field experience of the writer. Data collection was hindered by the lack of information available and the reluctance of certain authorities to provide information as requested. The historical development of educare in South Africa is outlined. Legislation which, impacts on educare is recorded and the present education and care policies and structures are described. The extent of educare provision is quantified focusing on who is provided for and who is not. Gil's (1981) framework for Analysis and Synthesis of Social Policies is used in analysing educare policy within the Social Planning and Administration paradigm. The study contends that there is no clear unitary discernible educare policy in existence and this has resulted in fragmented structures controlling educare in this country. Particular attention is made to the ideological and value underpinnings of educare policy, structure and provision. The result is an array of services which are uncoordinated and inadequate in terms of the need and demand. The study concludes by making recommendations aimed at eliminating the inadequacies highlighted. A radically revised educare policy is proposed. A three-tier structure with defined responsibilities and functions at each level is suggested. It is the writers belief that implementation of these recommendations will contribute to the solution of problems faced in the educare field today.

Bibliography : leaves 142-148. / The study was designed to investigate child labour with particular regard to Black newsvendors in the Cape Peninsula. Data was gathered from interviews with local organisations active in the field of child labour and the employment conditions of newsvendors, as well as a field study carried out in the Cape Peninsula. A review of local and international literature was also undertaken. A brief account of child labour in the Western Cape is given which provided the necessary backdrop to the study. The field study involved in-depth interviews with 52 Black newsvendors in the Cape Peninsula. This comprised interviews with the first available four newsvendors in each of the 13 areas in the Cape Peninsula in which newspapers are sold by vendors. Respondents completed an interview schedule administered by the researcher. The interview schedule furnished information on the employment conditions of newsvendors, their role as wage-earners, their education and training, their safety, health and welfare. Analysis of the data revealed that the majority of newsvendors worked as child labourers under deplorable working conditions. The findings demonstrated that young Black newsvendors comprised a pool of cheap and exploited labour. Their exploitation is evident in their deprivation of family life, of reasonable working hours, of time to pursue social and leisure interests as children, of a negotiated wage, of favourable working conditions, of dignity, of the acknowledgement of the value of their labour, of legal protection, of membership in an effective worker organisation, of further acquisition of knowledge and skills, of opportunities and scope for advancement. The findings reveal that young Black newsvendors work under conditions detrimental to their health, safety and welfare. Many young Black newsvendors who sell newspapers in the early hours of the morning often start to work without breakfast. They spend a considerable amount of time on the streets without any rest periods, leading to irregular mealtimes, while many survive on food of inferior nutritional value. These young newsvendors have to survive in occupational circumstances where robberies and assaults frequently occur. In these circumstances the peer group begins to play an important role. Young newsvendors are often induced to succumb to the influences of co-workers. The newsvendors in this study also expressed a deep sense of hopelessness and despondency about their own lives. Any prospects of a better future are seriously curtailed by the lack of formal education and industrial skills. The majority of the newsvendors said that they enjoyed going to school but had to leave in order to support the family income. The recommendations draw attention to the need for the improvement of working conditions, training and supportive services, but recognises that this is only possible once newsvendors are organised in an effective worker organisation.

Bibliography : pages 127-135. / This study examines Human Service Organisations and community organisations operating in Mbekweni during the period January to June 1988. These organisations were examined in order to identify the characteristics that distinguish them from each other in as far as service delivery is concerned. The community based organisations were found to be orientated towards mutual-aid and self-help model whilst the Human Service organisations were orientated towards the service model. This study will also highlight the complex nature of Mbekweni which has been approached by different organisations delivering social services. An integrated developmental model is proposed that could form the basis for private voluntary human service organisations. The model is based on: the participation by beneficiaries of services being involved in the decision making process; and the client of this approach being the group or community. The delivery of services would take place in and by groups. An important element in the model would be the inclusion of trained Developmental Workers who would act as enablers, facilitators, educators and resource persons. This model will emphasise factors that could be incorporated in the designing, planning and administration of private voluntary human service organisations operating in black urbanising communities.

No / Prior to this work no structured mechanism existed in the UK to evaluate the tranquillity of open spaces with respect to the characteristics of both acoustic and visual stimuli. This is largely due to the fact that within the context of "tranquil" environments, little is known about the interaction of the audio-visual modalities and how they combine to lead to the perception of tranquillity. This paper presents the findings of a study in which visual and acoustic data, captured from 11 English rural and urban landscapes, were used by 44 volunteers to make subjective assessments of both their perceived tranquillity of a location, and the loudness of five generic soundscape components. The results were then analyzed alongside objective measurements taken in the laboratory. It was found that the maximum sound pressure level (L(Amax)) and the percentage of natural features present at a location were the key factors influencing tranquillity. Engineering formulas for the tranquillity as a function of the noise level and proportion of the natural features are proposed.

In the wake of the First World War, reformers across the Western world questioned laissez-faire liberalism, the self-oriented and market-driven ruling doctrine of the nineteenth century. This philosophy was blamed, variously, for the war, for industrialisation and for urbanisation; for a way of life shorn of any meaning beyond getting and keeping; for the too great faith in materialism and in science; and for the loss of a higher, transcendent meaning that gave a unifying altruistic or spiritual purpose to individual existence and to society as a whole. For many, the cure to these ills lay in reforming the liberal social framework in ways that made it more fulfilling to the whole person and that strengthened ties between individuals. Dartington Hall was an outstanding practical example of this impulse to promote holistic, integrated living. It was a well-financed, internationally-minded social and cultural experiment set up on an estate in South Devon in 1925 by American heiress Dorothy Elmhirst (née Whitney) and her second husband, Leonard, son of a Yorkshire squire-parson. The Elmhirsts' project for redressing the effects of laissez-faire liberalism had two components. Instead of being treated as atomised individuals in the capitalist market, participants at Dartington were to achieve full self-realisation through a 'life in its completeness' that incorporated the arts, education and spirituality. In addition, through their active participation in running the community, they were to demonstrate how integrated democracy could bring about the perfection of individuals and the progress of society as a whole. The Elmhirsts hoped that Dartington would provide a globally applicable model for a better way of life. This thesis is a close study of Dartington's interlinked constellation of experiments in education, the arts, agriculture and social organisation - experiments that can only be understood by tracing them back to their shared roots in the idea of 'life in its completeness'. At the same time, it explores how Dartington's philosophy and trajectory illuminate the wider reform landscape. The Elmhirsts' community echoed and cross-pollinated with other schemes for social improvement in Britain, Europe, America and India, as well as feeding into the broad social democratic project in Britain. Dartington's evolution from an independent, elite-led reform project to one split between state-led and communitarian reform matched the trajectory of other such enterprises begun in interwar Britain, making it a bellwether of changes in reformist thinking across the century.

<p>Ny lagstiftning infördes 1:a januari 2004 som tillät tredimensionell fastighetsindelning. Genom en undersökning skulle information tas fram om hur tillämpningen blivit de första 2,5 åren, samt även få en bild av hur den fortsatta utvecklingen skulle bli. Frågeställningarna var om detaljplaner hade anpassats för tredimensionell fastighetsindelning, vilka ändamål som fanns representerade och hur rättigheter tillförsäkrats. Vidare skulle undersökningen behandla skillnader i tillämpningen beroende på geografisk spridning i landet, och vilken påverkan fastigheternas läge i en tätort hade.</p><p>Informationsinsamlingen gjordes genom att gå igenom data från fastighetsregistret, genomföra fallstudier, intervjua myndigheter och delta vid ett seminarium. De kommuner som valdes ut för myndighetsintervjuerna representerade en spridning i folkmängd och huruvida de hade en hög eller låg andel bildade fastigheter med tredimensionellt utrymme.</p><p>Totalt hade det bildats 89 stycken fastigheter. Den geografiska spridningen över landet var fördelad på ungefär samma sätt som folkmängden. Hyreshusenheter var den enskilt största huvudtypen, med de flesta ändamål fanns representerade. En så stor del som 75 % av fastigheterna var belägna i områden med hårt bebyggelsetryck. I storstäderna var de främst lokaliserade till innerstadsnära och vattennära områden. 92 % av fastigheterna var belägna inom detaljplanerat område. 40 % av fallen hade grundats på en detaljplan som hade ett plandatum fr o m 2003-07-01. Detta var i sig inget bevis på att dessa planer har anpassats för tredimensionell fastighetsindelning. Fastigheterna hade i 51 % av fallen enbart bildats genom avstyckning. Den relativa frekvensen av fastigheterna som använde sig av servitut var 91 %, och 51 % deltog i gemensamhetsanläggning. I minst 10 % av fallen tillgodosågs rättigheterna genom följdförrättning. I en av fallstudierna framkom att åtgärden hade anpassat fastighetsindelningen till befintliga förhållanden, och skapade förutsättningar för en mer ändamålsenlig förvaltning. Alla kommuner hade fått förfrågningar om tredimensionell fastighetsindelning. I de kommuner där tredimensionellt indelade fastigheter tidigare hade bildats, fanns nya på gång.</p><p>Det gick att urskilja att bostadsrättsföreningar var inblandade på något sätt i en ansenlig del av de fastigheter som var tredimensionellt indelade. Men även en stor andel utgjorde fall där målet var att optimera utnyttjandet av egna lokaler. Den enda geografiska kopplingen som fanns ur ett ändamålsperspektiv, var att hyreshusenheter i högre 3 utsträckning var placerade i större städer i södra delen av landet. Tredimensionell fastighetsindelning kommer antagligen också att få en stor betydelse vid nyutveckling och förtätning av de flesta tätorter. Det verkade då vara parkeringslösningar i kombination med annat ändamål som blir grundkonceptet. Det låg ett tungt ansvar på planförfattarna i städerna, att i ett tidigt skede av planprocessen ta upp frågor kring ett effektivt markutnyttjande. Tredimensionell fastighetsindelning kommer att bli en naturlig del i den framtida samhällsbyggnaden, oavsett geografisk placering.</p> / <p>From January 1, 2004 a new legalisation had established that allow three-dimensional real estate property founding. Through a investigation, information would be collected how the application become the first two and a half years, and also get a image of how the continuing development would become.</p><p>The questions was if detail plans had been adjusted for three-dimensional real estate property division, which purpose that existed represent, and how the rights and duties had been secured. Further the investigation would treat differences in the application depending on geographical distribution in the country, and which affect the location had in the cities.</p><p>The information was collected by go through data from the real estate property directory, carry out case studies, make interviews with public authorities and participate at a training college. The municipalities that had been chosen out for the interviews was a representative selection of different amount of population and whether it had a high or low use of real estate properties with three-dimensional space.</p><p>Totally, it had founded 89 real estate properties. The geographical spreading over the country was distributed approximately at the same way as the inhabitants. Big rental buildings come to be the biggest existed primary real estate property type, but the most purpose was existed. As big part as 75 per cent of the real estates were located in areas with roughly hard settlement pressure. In the big cities, foremost areas close to central business district and close to open water was employed. 92 per cent of the real estates were situated within a area that was covered by a detailed plan. 40 per cent had founded based on a detail plan that have a date not older than 1 July, 2003. This was in itself not a evidence on that these plans had been adjusted for three-dimensional real estate property division. The real estates had in 51 per cent of the cases only founded through partition. The relative frequency of the real estates that was encumbered with an easement was 90 per cent, and 51 per cent participating in jointly-owned facilities. In at least 10 per cent of the cases, some needs were provided in a official duty made afterwards. In one of the case studies, information came out that the official duty had founded a more suitable real estate property division, based on the existing circumstances, and had also create conditions for a more adapted administration. All municipalities had received queries 5 about three-dimensional real estate property division. There it earlier had founded threedimensional real estates properties, new official duties were going on.</p><p>It was possible to discern that co-operative apartment junctions was somehow involved in a considerable part of the real estates properties that was three-dimensionally divided. But also a big part constitute cases there the purpose was that optimise the utilization of real estate property. The only geographical connection that existed within a purpose perspective was that rental buildings in a higher extension were located to bigger cities in south part of the country. Three-dimensional real estate property division become probably also to constitute a big importance in development and condensation of the most populated areas. It seems to be mult i-story car parking in combination with other purposes that becomes the first outline concept. It lay a big liability on the plan authors in the cities, that in a early stage of the plan process take up questions about a effectively land use. Three-dimensional real estate property division will become a natural part in the future building of social structures, regardless to the geographical location.</p>