The ongoing development of the new post-apartheid South Africa is still dealing with its own cruel history. A socio-economic structure based on race has been built up over years of colonialization and apartheid where the black people of South Africa have been excluded from being South African citizens. The first democratic election in 1994 contributed to the “freedom in their life-time” that youth from the uprisings in Soweto urged for. But today, fourteen years after the relaxation of the apartheid the same socio-economic structures based on race are still visible, not as strict as then but still exceptionally obvious. Especially if you compare townships, like Khayelitsha in the outskirts of Cape Town, with it’s metropolitan area. Khayelitsha is predominantly black area and is also one of the poorest communities in Cape Town. This thesis looks at one of the first generations in the ambivalence of the new post-apartheid South Africa, twelve years after the fall of apartheid. We have completed 14 qualitative interviews with adolescents in the age between 18-to-21, living in the socio-economic margin, in the township of Khayelitsha. We have examined their relations to the civil society and their participation within it. In addition also their future aspirations and how they will maintain them.

This report is a summary and a discussion of several studies, that havebeen carried out within the SYO-project (syo=educational and vocationalguidance). The SYO-project, financed by the National Board of Education,has two major sources of information concerning the description andanalyses of (1) the content of syo and (2) different persons' conceptionsand notions of education, work, and choice of education and profession.The aim of this work is to investigate pupils in grade 7-9 regardingtheir actual choices and the particular conditions, that could influencethose choices e.g. the importance of the family and the syo. In theframework for conducting this study, some assumptions are made aboutthe role of school and syo. The pupils' choices and the conditions underwhich they occur, are examined from a societal, educational andindividual perspective. Furthermore, a model is developed to illustratehow pupils' conceptions and notions are formed. Both extensive andintensive studies have been executed, using parents, pupils, teachers andcounsellors. The data have been collected primarily from individualinterviews and questionnaires. The results have been published in sevenreports, nos. 4-10 in Pedagogiska rapporter/Educational reports.Department of Education, University of Umeå (in Swedish). The resultsdemonstrate, that the pupils choices of education and profession arestrongly related to sex and social class. Only their choices of educationseem to be stable. However, when they change, the differences betweensex and social class tend to be even larger. The influences from parentsand school coincides so as to support the pupils* conceptions and notionsof education, work, and educational and vocational choices, which arebased on an individual perspective. In contrast, there can also be a breakin the ideological transmission, such that, for example, the pupils1conceptions of work may reflect more of the parents' influences thanthe schools1. Different conditions of importance for the work of syo, inaccordance with official goals, are not fulfilled. Thus, the integrationof syo does not exist. For example, the number of pupils seems too largeand the expectations of teachers and other persons in the school,concerning syo, are quite different from those of the counsellors. Finally,a few limitations and the principal results of the work are discussedalong with suggestions for further research. The results concern, interalia, the socially based differences in knowledge between parents andpupils. These differences mean, in essence, that a basic condition forrational choice is not fulfilled. Furthermore, the role of syo as a sortingmechanism in the process of social reproduction is deemphasized. Instead,its legitimizing function appears as more important. / digitalisering@umu

Recently, India has come under increasing scrutiny for its failure to improve food and nutrition security (FNS). Prominent governmental and nongovernmental development strategies addressing FNS include promoting horticultural crops to increase incomes, distributing food, and providing nutritional education. These programs, however, have seen mixed results. Analyzing qualitative data collected in the summer of 2013, this paper examines programs in Uttarakhand, India where hunger has been eradicated, yet malnutrition persists. I suggest that the intersection of horticultural development with existing gendered labor practices helps explain why malnutrition remains a problem despite high program functionality. Specifically, I find that inequitable gendered labor burdens are largely responsible for poor eating practices and lowered nutritional levels. I argue that interventions to improve FNS reinscribe and legitimize these burdens by promulgating a discourse situating the problem with women, whose lack of education or poor time management is seen as the source of the problem. Additionally, I find that horticultural development leads to increased reliance on market-based foods, which villagers find less nutritious. Following Mansfield (2011) I employ the concept of food as a “vector of intercorporeality” (Stassart and Whatmore 2003:449) to unpack why health perceptions are entwined in shifting landscapes of agricultural production and food consumption. I bring this conceptualization into conversation with the notion of social reproduction, investigating the human and nonhuman bodies that produce economic, ecological, and health outcomes. I argue that who, or what, these bodies are and the relations in which they are entangled matter to both material and social concerns.

Disertacija skirta socialinės reprodukcijos raiškos Lietuvos švietimo sistemoje analizei, kuri atlikta tiriant ankstyvo romų vaikų pasitraukimo iš ugdymo priežastis ir procesą Vilniaus mieste. Darbe pristatytas originalus ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš švietimo sistemos empirinio tyrimo modelis, kuriame į ankstyvą pasitraukimą žiūrima kaip į procesą, vykstantį galios santykiais apibrėžiamame švietimo lauke. Atliktame tyrime tiriamas reiškinys buvo analizuojamas keliais lygmenimis. Makro/ visuomenės lygiu, buvo analizuojami skirtingų romų etninės grupės kartų išsilavinimo rodikliai ir jų kaita 2001–2011 m. Mikro/ individualiame lygyje buvo stebimas ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procesinis pobūdis, analizuojant Kirtimuose gyvenančių romų vaikų pirmųjų dvejų metų dalyvavimo ugdyme patirtis. Mezo/ švietimo lauko lygiu vaikų ankstyvas pasitraukimas iš ugdymo analizuotas kaip procesas socialinėje erdvėje, t.y. kaip vaikų veiksenos strategija, formuojama per tarpasmeninį santykį su kitais ugdymo procese dalyvaujančiais veikėjais (tėvais, mokytojais, vaiko teisių priežiūros institucijų darbuotojais ir kt.). Disertacijoje pabrėžiama visuomenės socialinės nelygybės svarba romų vaikų ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procese – romų vaikų galimybės dalyvauti ugdyme nebuvo lygios kitų vaikų galimybėms, tačiau į šias esmines nelygybes tiriamame švietimo lauke nebuvo atsižvelgiama, aktualizuojant etninę skirtį tarp daugumos ir mažumos grupių. / The dissertation provides an analysis of social reproduction in the system of education of Lithuania exploring causes and processes of early withdrawal of Roma children from education in Vilnius. The work presents an original model of the empirical research where early withdrawal is approached as a process taking place in an educational field that is defined by power relations. The research undertaken approached the research phenomenon from several levels of analysis. On the macro/societal level, the analysis focused on the education indicators of different generations of the Roma ethnic group and their changes in 2001–2011. On the micro/individual level, the procedural character of early withdrawal from education was observed analysing experiences of the first two years of participation by Roma children from Kirtimai in education. On the meso/field level, the early withdrawal of children from education was analysed as a process in social space, i.e. as a strategic agency of children that is constructed through interpersonal relations with other actors involved in the educational process (parents, teachers, employees of the child's rights supervision authorities, etc.). The dissertation underlines the important role social inequality plays in the early withdrawal of Roma children from education – the opportunities of Roma children to take part in education were not equal to the opportunities of other children, however, these substantial inequalities were disregarded in the... [to full text]

The dissertation provides an analysis of social reproduction in the system of education of Lithuania exploring causes and processes of early withdrawal of Roma children from education in Vilnius. The work presents an original model of the empirical research where early withdrawal is approached as a process taking place in an educational field that is defined by power relations. The research undertaken approached the research phenomenon from several levels of analysis. On the macro/societal level, the analysis focused on the education indicators of different generations of the Roma ethnic group and their changes in 2001–2011. On the micro/individual level, the procedural character of early withdrawal from education was observed analysing experiences of the first two years of participation by Roma children from Kirtimai in education. On the meso/field level, the early withdrawal of children from education was analysed as a process in social space, i.e. as a strategic agency of children that is constructed through interpersonal relations with other actors involved in the educational process (parents, teachers, employees of the child's rights supervision authorities, etc.). The dissertation underlines the important role social inequality plays in the early withdrawal of Roma children from education – the opportunities of Roma children to take part in education were not equal to the opportunities of other children, however, these substantial inequalities were disregarded in the... [to full text] / Disertacija skirta socialinės reprodukcijos raiškos Lietuvos švietimo sistemoje analizei, kuri atlikta tiriant ankstyvo romų vaikų pasitraukimo iš ugdymo priežastis ir procesą Vilniaus mieste. Darbe pristatytas originalus ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš švietimo sistemos empirinio tyrimo modelis, kuriame į ankstyvą pasitraukimą žiūrima kaip į procesą, vykstantį galios santykiais apibrėžiamame švietimo lauke. Atliktame tyrime tiriamas reiškinys buvo analizuojamas keliais lygmenimis. Makro/ visuomenės lygiu, buvo analizuojami skirtingų romų etninės grupės kartų išsilavinimo rodikliai ir jų kaita 2001–2011 m. Mikro/ individualiame lygyje buvo stebimas ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procesinis pobūdis, analizuojant Kirtimuose gyvenančių romų vaikų pirmųjų dvejų metų dalyvavimo ugdyme patirtis. Mezo/ švietimo lauko lygiu vaikų ankstyvas pasitraukimas iš ugdymo analizuotas kaip procesas socialinėje erdvėje, t.y. kaip vaikų veiksenos strategija, formuojama per tarpasmeninį santykį su kitais ugdymo procese dalyvaujančiais veikėjais (tėvais, mokytojais, vaiko teisių priežiūros institucijų darbuotojais ir kt.). Disertacijoje pabrėžiama visuomenės socialinės nelygybės svarba romų vaikų ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo procese – romų vaikų galimybės dalyvauti ugdyme nebuvo lygios kitų vaikų galimybėms, tačiau į šias esmines nelygybes tiriamame švietimo lauke nebuvo atsižvelgiama, aktualizuojant etninę skirtį tarp daugumos ir mažumos grupių.

No description available.

Social reproduction is well established in educational literature. Diminished outcomes for students marked by class and race persist despite analysis and educational policy. Teachers articulate discourse to explain student success and failure and satisfy personal and professional investments (Miles, 1989; Popkewitz, 1998). Interviews with teachers in urban secondary schools point to the operation of discourse in the reproduction of inequality with profound effects on students on the margin. Meritocratic, individualist discourses privilege white, middle-class students, excluding others. Constructing students as Other and beyond reason (Popkewitz, 1998), teachers articulate discourses of motivation as explanatory of student success and failure and posit a neoliberal normative subjectivity as explanatory of success. Social, historical and economic factors are silenced. The instability and arbitrary closure of discursive articulation offer possibility for a progressive, ethical pedagogy.

This thesis highlights the significance of social reproduction of labour in analysing poverty through historical materialist perspective and explores two related sets of arguments. First, poverty is the &#039 / absolute general law&#039 / of the process of pauperization of labour under global accumulation movements of capital. Second, the question of poverty is subjected to the class struggle between historical tendency of labour, which is to collectivize its own reproduction conditions, and that of capital, which is to make it commodity produced and consumed in the parameters of market production. The concept of class struggle thus carries an analytical priority to explore the dynamic nature and the structure of poverty. The findings, based on the critical ethnographic research carried out in the squatter settlement district named &Ccedil / &ouml / pl&uuml / k in Ankara, indicate that the main tendency of the degradation process of labour is to constitute the conditions of common class experience in the labour market, even though it advocates the fractionation in the sphere of production. Moreover, in terms of the perpetual struggle for collectivising their social reproduction, squatter settlements, gecekondus, also seem to be a sphere of common class experience rather than a heterogeneous sociality. The overall findings, therefore, indicate that the current dynamics of poverty rise as a situation in which the whole working-class is in a defensive position to capital.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1263695 bytes, checksum: a4651b020d1dcf162d34ed80f0b03198 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This investigation deals with the analysis of the process of development and structure of simple mercantile agriculture, based on family labor and of associative character, in the municipality of Tombos, Minas Gerais. Within this context, the perspectives of social economic reproduction and development of this type of activity developed by a specific number of family farmers are discussed, based on the proposals and projects presented and developed by associations and organs organizing, supporting or financing family farming in this municipality. Special attention was given to the experience developed by the Association of the Family Farmers and Rural Workers of Tombos (APAT) and of the Association of Female Family Farmers and Rural Workers of Tombos (AMART). It, fundamentally prioritizes the historical- economic process of their genesis and development, as engendered since the last decades of the past century, and that has resulted in an emancipating process in relation to the economic and social reproduction process of these social actors. / Esta investigação ocupa-se da análise do processo de desenvolvimento e estruturação da agricultura mercantil simples, fundada na mão-de-obra familiar, em caráter associativo, no município de Tombos, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de discutir, neste contexto, as perspectivas de reprodução econômico-social e de desenvolvimento desta forma de atividade exercida por uma parcela específica de agricultores, tendo por referência as propostas e os projetos, tais como apresentados e desenvolvidos por associações e órgãos de organização, apoio ou fomento à agricultura familiar no município. Em especial a experiência desenvolvida pela Associação dos Pequenos Agricultores e Trabalhadores Rurais de Tombos (APAT) e da Associação das Mulheres Agricultoras e Trabalhadoras Rurais de Tombos (AMART). Privilegia, fundamentalmente, o processo histórico-econômico de sua gênese e desenvolvimento, tal como engendrado desde as duas últimas décadas do século passado, e que vem resultando num processo emancipatório em relação ao processo de reprodução econômica e social destes atores sociais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1320711 bytes, checksum: 333da289de51b6baa51e40d0c6442816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Family farming began to be focus of government policy in Brazil, but the expertise literature inform that there is a lack of suitable theories for the understanding and uncover the actual nature of the contemporary different “agrarian groups”. This lack of understanding makes difficult the lay down of suitable policies. The present work aimed to analyze the strategies of socio economic reproduction of family farming in counties of Araponga and Espera Feliz, na Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais state, identifying the possible contributions of agroecological proposals in these strategies. The survey of secondary data showed different agricultural modernization processes in each county and an adaptation of the focal group methodology allowed the identification of a differentiation of family farming. The conduction of depth interviews with the families of farmers in both counties allowed a comparison starting from the identification and characterization of their different strategies of socio economic reproduction. The main focus of analyses were: the order associated to the agricultural production process; the relationship with markets; the maintenance of practices and rules related to reciprocity; the standards of inheritance and the presence of pluriactivity. Based on the interviewed families, it is possible to affirm that in those counties there is a family farming characterized as peasant, in which thesearch for autonomy and the maintenance of reciprocity practices can be spotted as one of the most important characteristics. It is also possible to affirm that the peasant production way is allowing families to find room for manoeuvre in the present context of treats and dispossession, developing effective strategies of social and economic reproduction. It is possible to affirm the contribution from agroecology in the socio economic reproduction of this family farming, as it fits the strategies of the peasant resistance. / A Agricultura Familiar passou a ser objeto de Políticas Públicas no Brasil, mas a literatura especializada informa que faltam teorias adequadas para compreender e desvendar a natureza dos distintos “grupos agrários” contemporâneos, e esta falta de entendimento dificulta a formulação de políticas adequadas. Este trabalho de pesquisa objetivou analisar as estratégias de reprodução sócio-econômica da agricultura familiar nos municípios de Araponga e Espera Feliz, na Zona da Mata de MG, identificando possíveis contribuições das propostas agroecológicas nestas estratégias. Com o levantamento de dados secundários foi caracterizado um processo diferenciado de modernização da agricultura em cada município e o uso adaptado da metodologia de grupos focais permitiu identificar uma diferenciação da agricultura familiar. A realização de entrevistas em profundidade com famílias de agricultores nos dois municípios possibilitou uma comparação a partir da identificação e caracterização de diferentes estratégias de reprodução socioeconômica. Os focos principais de atenção na análise foram: o ordenamento associado ao processo de produção agrícola; as relações estabelecidas com os mercados; a permanência de práticas e regras relacionadas à reciprocidade; os padrões de herança; e a ocorrência da pluriatividade. Tomando por base as famílias entrevistadas, podemos afirmar que existe nestes municípios uma agricultura familiar que pode ser caracterizada como camponesa, onde a busca pela autonomia e a manutenção de práticas de reciprocidade podem ser identificadas como algumas das características mais marcantes. Pode-se também afirmar que o modo de produção camponês tem permitido que as famílias encontrem margens de manobra no contexto atual de ameaças e privações, desenvolvendo estratégias efetivas de reprodução social e econômica. Foi também possível afirmar a contribuição da agroecologia na reprodução socioeconômica dessa agricultura familiar, na medida em que estão ajustadas às estratégias de resistência camponesa.