Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Umeå, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 188-194).

No description available.

Conclusion Novgorod is one of the most archeologically excavated medieval cities in the world. Archaeological research has shown that the highest power was concentrated in the hands of few boyars families, which was controlled all city. This families had the clan organisation which was based on the patronimic princip. They lived in the large properties where was concentrated their household and production areas. In these properties also lived inhabitants of non-boyar originality, who was worked there and was in client relationships with boyar families. This paper is about social bindings between citizens, their power assignment and equity ratios, also kinds of families which existed in the city and which social prospects had members of social strates.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2010. / Title from title page screen (viewed on July 13, 2010). Thesis advisor: Lynne P. Sullivan, Gerald F. Schroedl. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Using the Material Engagement Theory of Cognitive Archaeologist Lambros Malafouris as its framework, the thesis offers a unique synthesis of data from neuroscience, ethnography, linguistics, and archaeology to outline how number concepts are realized, manipulated, and elaborated. The process is described as an interactivity of psychological processes like numerosity, behaviors that manipulate objects into concept-generating stimuli, and material objects with semiotic qualities distinct from those of language and agency distinct from that of brains and bodies. The counting technologies of the Ancient Near East (ANE) are then analyzed through archaeological and textual evidence spanning the late Upper Paleolithic to the Bronze Age, from the first realization of number concepts in a pristine original condition to their elaboration into one of the ancient world's greatest mathematical traditions, a foundation for mathematical thinking today. Insights from the way numbers are realized through psychological-behavioral-material interactivity are used to challenge three dominant conceptualizations of ANE numbers: first, the idea that the ANE numerical lexicon would have counted only to very low numbers; second, that Neolithic tokens were the first counting technology; and third, that numbers were 'concrete' before they became 'abstract'. Considering archaeological evidence from the Epipaleolithic Levant and drawing on linguistic and ethnographic evidence to characterize the regional prehistory, the thesis suggests that the numerical lexicon would have included relatively high numbers prior to the Neolithic; that finger-counting (linguistically attested) and tallies (archaeologically attested) would have preceded tokens; and that numbers are 'abstract' concepts whose content changes in conjunction with the incorporation and use of different material forms. The evidence provided to support these alternatives implies that numbers may have originated in the late Upper Paleolithic and arithmetic early in the Neolithic, pushing the onset of these capabilities further back than is commonly held. In addition to tallies and tokens, the thesis explores fingers and numerical notations as material artifacts, enabling an analysis of how materiality might structure numerical concepts, influence a number system's capabilities, limitations, and elaboration potential, and affect brains and behavior over cultural spans of time. Insights generated by the case study are then applied to the role of materiality in cognition more generally, including how concepts become distributed across multiple material forms; the reasons why materiality might be transparent (or invisible) in cognition; and the differences between thinking through and thinking about materiality.

Ancient Egypt counts among the few historical cases which document the origins of the state. In contrast to other regions, where state organization remained for a long period on the level of city states, an extensive territorial state emerged in Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Archaeological research during the last few decades has revealed a wealth of new information. In particular the emergence of complex social, economic and political structures can be followed from the earlier part of the 4th millennium. Within the regional setting, the development of city-state like structures can be documented. In addition, large scale networks of communication and interaction, extending from the Levant south to the area of the 2nd cataract of the Nile, can be recognized which anticipated important structures and functions of the territorial state of dynastic Egypt. Thus the origins of the state can be anchored within a larger context of structural development. At the same time, the question needs to be addressed: how did social, economic and cultural structures later on develop within the political framework of the pharaonic state? / El antiguo Egipto está entre los pocos casos históricos que documentan los orígenes del Estado. En contraste con otras regiones donde la organización estatal permaneció por mucho tiempo en el nivel de ciudades-Estado, en Egipto surgió un extenso Estado territorial ya hacia fines del cuarto milenio a.C. La investigación arqueológica realizada durante las últimas décadas ha revelado una abundancia de nueva información. De manera particular, el surgimiento de la complejidad social y de las estructuras económicas y políticas se puede seguir desde la parte temprana del cuarto milenio. Dentro de este entorno regional se pueden reconocer tanto el desarrollo de estructuras de tipo ciudades-Estado como redes de comunicación e interacción de gran escala que alcanzaron desde el área sur del Levante hasta la Segunda Catarata del Nilo; estas últimas anticiparon estructuras y funciones importantes del Estado territorial del posterior Egipto dinástico. De este modo, los orígenes del Estado pueden ser determinados dentro de un contexto más grande de progreso estructural. Al mismo tiempo, el tema necesita ser abordado en el marco de cómo, más adelante, surgieron organizaciones sociales, económicas y culturales al interior del escenario político del Estado faraónico.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 12, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 680-736).

Thesis (Kandidatspeciale / MA)--Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen. / Title from screen page; viewed 25 July 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-07-13T14:46:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sergio Almeida Loiola - 2008.pdf: 8340219 bytes, checksum: d4fb709fa7802997bc72578936b7ddfa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-07-13T14:48:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sergio Almeida Loiola - 2008.pdf: 8340219 bytes, checksum: d4fb709fa7802997bc72578936b7ddfa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sergio Almeida Loiola - 2008.pdf: 8340219 bytes, checksum: d4fb709fa7802997bc72578936b7ddfa (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazilian geography has been disregarding the territorial dynamics before 16th century, contributing to the invisibility of the autochthonous societies and the demands for the theme. In order to reduce this invisibility, this research investigated the ancestrais of the karajá society, using bibliographical source archaeological, especially of the archaeological phase Aruanã, between 12th and 13th centuries, in the basin of the river Vermelho, right tributary of the high basin of the river Araguaia. The research presents since the initial occupation of the continent until the production of the space in the basin of the river Vermelho, evidenced in the use of techniques of interaction with the landscape. Simultaneously, resulted an approach proposal of the past before 16th century, initial arguments to a geography of the past distant, using archaeological information and paleoenvironmental interpreted through post-processual archaeological school, ethnogeography and environmental history. With support in the physical, biological and social trilogy of the landscape it investigates the environmental dynamics and social, understanding the marks and the material culture in the landscape as a space memory. In the attempt of to accomplish social and environmental analyses and to integrate different disciplines, it incorporates complexity principles in the construction of a complex method, able to dialogue with objects and actions social-environmental systems in the space-time. / A geografia brasileira tem desconsiderado a dinâmica territorial e ambiental anterior ao século XVI, o que contribui para invisibilizar as sociedades autóctones e limitar o tema ambiental. Diante disso, essa pesquisa visou investigar os antepassados da sociedade Karajá, a partir de fontes bibliográficas arqueológicas, especialmente a fase arqueológica Aruanã, entre os séculos XII e XIII, ocorrida na Bacia do Rio Vermelho, afluente da margem direita do alto Rio Araguaia. De cunho exploratório, a pesquisa expõe desde a ocupação inicial do continente até a (re)produção do espaço na bacia do Rio Vermelho, evidenciadas no uso das técnicas de interação com a paisagem. Simultaneamente, do esforço de superar as limitações resultou uma proposta de abordagem do passado anterior ao século XVI, argumentos iniciais a uma geografia do passado distante, que busca nas informações arqueológicas e paleoambientais suas fontes, sob o viés interpretativo da escola arqueológica pós-processual, etnogeografia e história ambiental. Parte da trilogia física, biológica e social da paisagem para investigar tanto a dinâmica ambiental quanto social, entendendo as marcas e a cultura material na paisagem como memória sócioespacial. Na tentativa de realizar análises sócioambientais e aproximar diferentes disciplinas, incorpora princípios de complexidade na estruturação de um método complexo que seja capaz de lidar com sistemas de objetos e ações sócioambientais no espaço-tempo.

Bibliography: pages 194-207. / This contextual archaeological narrative explores the relationship between material culture and social relations, with reference to social, economic, environmental and political changes taking place in Himba and Herero settlements in far north-western Namibia. A starting point is that changes in the organization of space and use of material culture cannot be understood as merely expressing changed social and economic conditions and/or changed value systems. It is necessary to examine how socio-economic conditions and cultural values and ideas work together to transform, produce and maintain cultural representations. By focusing intimately on one semi-nomadic herding community over a five-year period,(where domestic space has to be reconstituted, both physically and conceptually, each time a group relocates,} the study probes how meaning is differentially invested in the spatial order that people build and live in, how the material goods they make, borrow, lend, buy and use recursively come to have and hold meaning, and how and why this meaning changes. In mapping space and material goods at more than 100 wet season and dry season camps and homesteads, a number of discourses are tracked: changing gender relations, changing relations between different generations, people's relationships with natural resources, the spatial relations of former hunter-gatherers now living as herders, as well as material culture conformities and nonconformities between Himba and Herero households. A key concern is to re-empower social actors, past and present, in the creation of (archaeological) meaning. A number of case studies show that meaning is not inherent in space or material goods; people activate meaning by their strategic interpretations. This has implications for both method and theory in archaeology, as well as for the contemporary research and rural development process in Africa. While challenging assumptions about what is knowable from the past's material remains when such remains are, inevitably, recontextualized in a particular present, the thesis contributes to knowledge about material culture and social change and thus offers a number of research directions which could contribute to a more reflexive, dialogic and socially relevant archaeology.