This study compares and contrasts the writings of Edmund Burke and Adam Smith, to determine whether they are contradictory, compatible, or complementary. Burke can be regarded as the founder of modern conservatism, and Smith is an early and powerful advocate of market-orientated liberalism. Today, their ideas have been blended into a system of “liberal conservatism” that serves as the unofficial political ideology of most right-of centre parties throughout the English-speaking world. However, it is not so immediately apparent that Smith and Burke can be reconciled with each other. In the course of this study, Burke and Smith’s ideas are considered at various levels of abstraction. They share a nuanced view of human beings as complex, social, sympathetic and self-interested. They both adhere to an empiricist epistemology that is distrustful of deductive rationality, especially when applied to complex human societies. In order to cope with this complexity, Burke and Smith alike counsel humility and pragmatism, and emphasise the importance of contingency. Furthermore, they suggest that policymakers rely on mechanisms that reveal information held by large numbers of individuals: tradition in the case of Burke, and the market mechanism in the case of Smith. Burke is a staunch opponent of arbitrary power, and an advocate of colonial liberty. However, he defends the prescriptive powers of the state, and argues that liberty should be tempered by self-restraint. Smith advocates a “system of natural liberty” in economic affairs, but acknowledges that such a system takes place within the framework of a coercive state. In terms of policy, Burke and Smith share similar views on external free trade and laissez-faire within the domestic economy, but there are important stylistic and substantive differences in their views on the relief of the poor. Ultimately, this study argues that Burke and Smith’s complementary policymaking framework, rather than their actual views on policy, is the true point of convergence between them. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

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Le site archéologique de Las Mercedes est situé sur le versant atlantique du Costa Rica. Ce site monumental est considéré comme le haut lieu d'une société hiérarchisée ayant une organisation sociopolitique complexe. Las Mercedes semble avoir été un centre administratif et cérémoniel dont l'apogée se situe entre 1000 et 1500 ans de notre ère. Notre mémoire porte sur la documentation d'assemblages céramiques extraits de contextes archéologiques stratigraphiques provenant notamment de deux monticules architecturaux. Notre projet se veut une contribution à une meilleure connaissance de Las Mercedes, selon une perspective diachronique d'affiliation culturelle et de séquences d'occupation. Les datations radiométriques provenant de l'assise des monticules convergent aux alentours de l'an 1000 de notre ère. D'autre part, les assemblages céramiques correspondant aux styles culturels El Bosque (500 avant notre ère à 500 de notre ère), La Selva (500-1000) et La Cabana (1000-1500) représentant une séquence temporelle d'environ deux millénaires. La présente étude vise à comprendre ce phénomène à l'aide des données provenant de l'intervention archéologique conduite, en 2005, conjointement par le Museo Nacional du Costa Rica et l'Université de Montréal. Les assemblages sont décrits selon des attributs technologiques, morphologiques et stylistiques en vue d'en faire une étude comparative et interprétative. Les résultats de notre recherche suggèrent qu'indépendamment des contextes archéologiques, les assemblages ont un composition hétérogène formée des trois styles culturels. Par ailleurs, le modèle présente un certain caractère homogène. Ainsi, les assemblages se composent de façon récurrente de 12% de céramique El Bosque, 55 % La Selva et 33 % La Cabana. Une interprétation parcellaire peut être soutirée de ce mélange céramique. L'amalgame des styles culturels témoignent que Las Mercedes a connu une longue occupation, toutefois les résultats ne permettent pas de confirmer ou d'infirmer nos hypothèses de travail. / The archaeological site of Las Mercedes is located on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. This monumental site is regarded as the center of a hierarchical society with a complex sociopolitical organization. Las Mercedes represented an administrative and ceremonial center between 1000 and 1500 CE. This thesis documents the ceramic assemblages excavated from stratified archaeological contexts at two architectural mounds. The project aims at understanding and sequencing the cultural affiliations reported at the site from a diachronic perspective. Radiometric measurements from the foundations of the mound structures cluster around 1000 CE. In addition, the ceramic assemblages corresponding to the cultural styles El Bosque (500 BCE-500 CE), La Selva (500-1000 CE)and La Cabana (1000-1500 CE) suggest an occupational sequence of approximately two millennia. Our study aim to understand this phenomenon. The data analysed in this study were collected during archaeological fieldwork in 2005, carried out jointly by the Museo Nacional of the Costa Rica and the Université de Montréal. The ceramic analyses focuses on technological, morphological and stylistic attributes. Results are interpreted from a comparative perspective. They suggest that independently of the archaeological contexts, ceramic assemblages exhibit heterogeneous stylistic compositions and include all three cultural styles : El Bosque, La Selva and La Cabana. However, a model of deposition reveals a certain character of homogeneity. Thus, the assemblages are composed in a recurring way of 12% of ceramics El Bosque, 55% La Selva and 33% La Cabana. This research leads to a premiliary interpretation of this mixture of ceramic styles. Tha amalgam of the ceramic styles indicates that Las Mercedes was occupied over a long period, however the results of our analyses have not being sufficient to confirm or to inform our working hypotheses.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le site archéologique de Las Mercedes est situé sur le versant atlantique du Costa Rica. Ce site monumental est considéré comme le haut lieu d'une société hiérarchisée ayant une organisation sociopolitique complexe. Las Mercedes semble avoir été un centre administratif et cérémoniel dont l'apogée se situe entre 1000 et 1500 ans de notre ère. Notre mémoire porte sur la documentation d'assemblages céramiques extraits de contextes archéologiques stratigraphiques provenant notamment de deux monticules architecturaux. Notre projet se veut une contribution à une meilleure connaissance de Las Mercedes, selon une perspective diachronique d'affiliation culturelle et de séquences d'occupation. Les datations radiométriques provenant de l'assise des monticules convergent aux alentours de l'an 1000 de notre ère. D'autre part, les assemblages céramiques correspondant aux styles culturels El Bosque (500 avant notre ère à 500 de notre ère), La Selva (500-1000) et La Cabana (1000-1500) représentant une séquence temporelle d'environ deux millénaires. La présente étude vise à comprendre ce phénomène à l'aide des données provenant de l'intervention archéologique conduite, en 2005, conjointement par le Museo Nacional du Costa Rica et l'Université de Montréal. Les assemblages sont décrits selon des attributs technologiques, morphologiques et stylistiques en vue d'en faire une étude comparative et interprétative. Les résultats de notre recherche suggèrent qu'indépendamment des contextes archéologiques, les assemblages ont un composition hétérogène formée des trois styles culturels. Par ailleurs, le modèle présente un certain caractère homogène. Ainsi, les assemblages se composent de façon récurrente de 12% de céramique El Bosque, 55 % La Selva et 33 % La Cabana. Une interprétation parcellaire peut être soutirée de ce mélange céramique. L'amalgame des styles culturels témoignent que Las Mercedes a connu une longue occupation, toutefois les résultats ne permettent pas de confirmer ou d'infirmer nos hypothèses de travail. / The archaeological site of Las Mercedes is located on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. This monumental site is regarded as the center of a hierarchical society with a complex sociopolitical organization. Las Mercedes represented an administrative and ceremonial center between 1000 and 1500 CE. This thesis documents the ceramic assemblages excavated from stratified archaeological contexts at two architectural mounds. The project aims at understanding and sequencing the cultural affiliations reported at the site from a diachronic perspective. Radiometric measurements from the foundations of the mound structures cluster around 1000 CE. In addition, the ceramic assemblages corresponding to the cultural styles El Bosque (500 BCE-500 CE), La Selva (500-1000 CE)and La Cabana (1000-1500 CE) suggest an occupational sequence of approximately two millennia. Our study aim to understand this phenomenon. The data analysed in this study were collected during archaeological fieldwork in 2005, carried out jointly by the Museo Nacional of the Costa Rica and the Université de Montréal. The ceramic analyses focuses on technological, morphological and stylistic attributes. Results are interpreted from a comparative perspective. They suggest that independently of the archaeological contexts, ceramic assemblages exhibit heterogeneous stylistic compositions and include all three cultural styles : El Bosque, La Selva and La Cabana. However, a model of deposition reveals a certain character of homogeneity. Thus, the assemblages are composed in a recurring way of 12% of ceramics El Bosque, 55% La Selva and 33% La Cabana. This research leads to a premiliary interpretation of this mixture of ceramic styles. Tha amalgam of the ceramic styles indicates that Las Mercedes was occupied over a long period, however the results of our analyses have not being sufficient to confirm or to inform our working hypotheses.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The characteristic traits of the Neolithic developed independently of each other during a very long time period over a broad region in China. Pottery appeared as early as ca. 19.000 cal. BP in late Paleolithic contexts. A shift to a semi-sedentary way of life first occurred at the onset of Holocene (ca. 11.000 cal. BP), and was associated with hunting-gathering populations. Pigs, dogs, rice and millet were domesticated by 9000-8000 cal. BP by people who primarily relied on wild plants and animals. Fully developed Neolithic sedentary farming villages were not established until ca. 7000 cal. BP in China. Agricultural economy was the foundation for emergence of hierarchical organized societies with elite groups controlling political and ritual power. Throughout the middle and late Neolithic period (7000-4000 cal. BP) numerous complex societies developed and declined across much of China’s landscape before the formation of early states in the second millennium BC. / Los característicos rasgos del Neolítico se desarrollaron independientemente unos de otros durante un periodo muy largo en una amplia región de China. La cerámica es tan antigua como c. 19.000 A.P., en contextos del Paleolítico Tardío. A principios del Holoceno (c. 11.000 A.P.) ocurrió un cambio hacia un modo de vida sedentario y estuvo asociado con las poblaciones de cazadores-recolectores. El cerdo, el perro, el arroz y el mijo fueron domesticados alrededor de 9000 a 8000 A.P. por gente que antes dependía, en especial, de plantas y animales silvestres. Las aldeas agrícolas del Neolítico completamente desarrolladas no se establecieron si no hasta c. 7000 A.P. La economía agrícola fue el fundamento para el surgimiento de sociedades jerárquicas organizadas en las que existían grupos de elite que controlaban el poder político y ritual. A lo largo de los periodos Neolítico Medio y Tardío (7000-4000 A.P.) numerosas sociedades complejas se desarrollaron y pasaron por procesos de decadencia en gran parte del paisaje del territorio chino antes de la formación de los Estados tempranos en el segundo milenio a.C.

Ancient Egypt counts among the few historical cases which document the origins of the state. In contrast to other regions, where state organization remained for a long period on the level of city states, an extensive territorial state emerged in Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Archaeological research during the last few decades has revealed a wealth of new information. In particular the emergence of complex social, economic and political structures can be followed from the earlier part of the 4th millennium. Within the regional setting, the development of city-state like structures can be documented. In addition, large scale networks of communication and interaction, extending from the Levant south to the area of the 2nd cataract of the Nile, can be recognized which anticipated important structures and functions of the territorial state of dynastic Egypt. Thus the origins of the state can be anchored within a larger context of structural development. At the same time, the question needs to be addressed: how did social, economic and cultural structures later on develop within the political framework of the pharaonic state? / El antiguo Egipto está entre los pocos casos históricos que documentan los orígenes del Estado. En contraste con otras regiones donde la organización estatal permaneció por mucho tiempo en el nivel de ciudades-Estado, en Egipto surgió un extenso Estado territorial ya hacia fines del cuarto milenio a.C. La investigación arqueológica realizada durante las últimas décadas ha revelado una abundancia de nueva información. De manera particular, el surgimiento de la complejidad social y de las estructuras económicas y políticas se puede seguir desde la parte temprana del cuarto milenio. Dentro de este entorno regional se pueden reconocer tanto el desarrollo de estructuras de tipo ciudades-Estado como redes de comunicación e interacción de gran escala que alcanzaron desde el área sur del Levante hasta la Segunda Catarata del Nilo; estas últimas anticiparon estructuras y funciones importantes del Estado territorial del posterior Egipto dinástico. De este modo, los orígenes del Estado pueden ser determinados dentro de un contexto más grande de progreso estructural. Al mismo tiempo, el tema necesita ser abordado en el marco de cómo, más adelante, surgieron organizaciones sociales, económicas y culturales al interior del escenario político del Estado faraónico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Philippe Andre Rocha Gail.pdf: 543695 bytes, checksum: d02f6f1532fbabd145fed06fae282942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-19 / This work of scientific investigation is aimed to (re)observe tax law thru a new way of reading. This new way establishes itself into the first chapter stressing the evolution of the philosophical doctrines specially the linguistic turn and its influence in the contemporary legal dogmatic. In the second chapter the concepts deriving from the Systems Theory applicable to this work are established and cleared in this structuring. In the third and fourth chapters the social legal subsystem is revisited from an auto-reference and hetero-referenced point of view, respectively. In the fifth chapter the form of legitimating the legal communications thru the time differentiation (proceedings) are studied as well as the geographical position of the judicial and administrative courts in this subsystem. In the last chapter, some actual cases regarding tax law decided in administrative or judicial courts are studied under theses systemic paradigms, in other words, change and contingency are put in contraposition with the legal certainty and stability of the decided legal relationships / Este trabalho de investigação científica visa (re)observar o direito tributário por meio de uma nova chave de leitura. Esta chave inicia-se com o estabelecimento das noções fundamentais no primeiro capítulo, ressaltando a evolução das correntes filosóficas, especialmente, o giro linguístico e sua influência na dogmática contemporânea. No segundo capítulo estabelecem-se os conceitos derivantes da Teoria dos Sistemas aplicáveis ao trabalho, elucidando sua estruturação. No terceiro e quarto capítulos o subsistema jurídico da sociedade é revisitado a partir de uma autorreferência e de uma héterorreferência, respectivamente. No quinto capítulo a forma de legitimação das comunicações jurídicas através da diferenciação temporal são estudadas em conjunto com a localização geográfica das cortes administrativas e judiciais neste subsistema. No último capítulo alguns casos concretos do direito tributário julgados nas cortes administrativas e judiciais são estudados sob os novos paradigmas sistêmicos, ou seja, a mudança e contingência são postas em contraposição à certeza do direito e estabilidade das relações jurídicas já decididas

Petra Janouchová - Hellenisation of Ancient Thrace based on epigraphical evidence Abstract: More than 4600 inscriptions in the Greek language come from Thrace, the area located in the Southeastern Balkan Peninsula. These inscriptions provide socio-demographic data, allowing the study of changing behavioural patterns in reaction to cross-cultural inter- actions. Traditionally, one of the essential indications of the influence of the Greek culture on the population of ancient Thrace was the practice of commissioning inscriptions in the Greek language. By using quantitative and systematic analysis, the inscriptions can be studied from a new perspective that places them into broader regional context. I use this methodology to assess the concept of Hellenization as one of the possible interpretative frameworks for the study of ancient society. Using a spatiotemporal analysis of inscrip- tions, this research shows that epigraphic production cannot be solely linked with the cultural and political influence of Greek speaking communities. However, the phenome- non of epigraphic production is closely connected to the growth of social complexity and consequent changes in the behavioural patterns of the population. The growth in social complexity is followed by an increase of epigraphic production of public and private...