It is well known that crystallized measures of intelligence are highly susceptible to educational, resource, language and socio-economic influences, and that the implications of using these kinds of measures are manifold affecting school and university entrance as well as employment opportunities. In South Africa, wherein tests are regarded with suspicion as a consequence of test misuse during the Apartheid era, there is an urgent need for the development of measures which are resilient to these influences. In answer to this, working memory measures have been identified as possible measures which minimize these biases. Consequently the following study investigated whether working memory tests were less susceptible to socioeconomic influences than the more traditional, crystallized measures of vocabulary and non-verbal IQ in a volunteer sample of 60 grade one learners from schools identified as high and low in socioeconomic status. The results demonstrated that working memory measures were consistently less affected by socio-economic status as compared to the traditional vocabulary and non-verbal IQ measures. However, socioeconomic status and language were found to be so closely correlated that it is not clear whether test performance in the vocabulary measures, was related one or both of these variables. In light of the fact that this study was correlational in nature, it is recommended that future studies focus on limiting the impact of extraneous variables to better understand the impact of socioeconomic status on test performance. Furthermore future studies should test children in their home language to avoid language contamination effects.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Town and Regional Planning (Urban Studies) / In November 2012, the Gauteng Provincial Government engaged on a programme to demolish houses that were illegally built on government land in Lenasia, a suburb located 30 kilometres south of Johannesburg. Over 50 homes were demolished with further demolitions being scheduled. The demolitions spurred various actors into action. Following a court interdict applied for by the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) on behalf of the residents, the government was then forced to cease with the demolitions. Within the dispute various claims have been advanced and legitimation processes entered into. This study uses the case of the demolitions in Lenasia to investigate the nature of legitimation and the framing of claims. This is done through a consideration of the different actors in the demolitions and each of the claims advanced. The central claims of this work are that legitimacy is context-specific and in a state of constant formation. Furthermore, claims are used to express worldviews and they serve as strategic standpoints for access to various goods.

This study describes and reflects on the partnership between Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in implementing development projects in Mozambique. This is a qualitative case study, whose methods of data collection were in-depth semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The study was conducted with two NGOs (one international and one national) and with four CBOs and it took place in Nampula and Gaza provinces and the capital Maputo. The data were analyzed using quantitative method. NGOs and CBOs are different entities in terms of their levels of actuation, responsibilities, nature, and also differ in terms of resources, such as access to information, funding sources and human resources. These differences have raised questions around the possibility of the establishment of an equitable and properly functioning partnership between entities that differ so much in na}ure. The NGOs depend majorly on external funds to support the CBOs; however they also rely on their own funds or funds made available by local funders' institutions. Equally, the CBOs also undertake, some income activity generation, whose income is used for their own institutional expenses and also to support some community needs, though they rely mostly on funds provided by the NGOs. The central idea of this study is that despite the differences between NGOs and CBOs they can establish a balanced partnership based on the recognition of the contribution of each partner and on the significance both attribute to the partnership. The differences constitute the basis of the partnership which in turn allows the acquisition of mutual benefits, recognition and sharing of power. In terms of theoretical framework, I have used Agency theory wherein the NGO is the "Principal" which in a relationship governed by a contract delegates the CBOs as the "Agent" of the implementation of projects in the communities. vii The results showed that the partnership between NGOs and CBOs is characterised by complementarities, mutual benefits, exchange, contribution, and sharing of power by both. The partnership is also based on recognition of the weaknesses, strengths and value of each pa1iner which give place to a balanced partnership. However being a balanced partnership it is also characterised by conflicts that result from the difference of interest between NGOs and CBOs. Risk constitutes another element that characterizes this partnership since the NGOs delegate the CBOs the implementation of the project and not always the CBOs will perform as it is advocated in the contract. Though, as the partnership is valuable for both, NGOs and CBOs will engage in developing strategies for minimising the potential risk in order to maintain and maximise the partnership. The data also showed that the locus of conflict and risk are essentially linked to misusage of money. Since the CBOs implement the project and are institutionally independent from the NGOs, the NGOs develop some strategies of control to ensure that the CBOs will act in accordance of what the contract advocates. It is within these strategies wherein the conflict arises, especidlly because the CBOs do not always understand some of the strategies adopted by NGOs to ensure the accomplishment of the contract what led the CBOs also to adopt some strategies of resistance. In terms of power and decision-making the data showed that both exercise different kind of power and the CBOs influence the decision-making process, though the NGOs showed to have greater control over the process. The contribution of this study to the existing literature lies in the fact that it brings a different approach to the power relations between NGOs and CBOs, which is usually seen as a relationship of the exercise of power by the NGOs over the CBOs. The study seeks to show that the strategies of resistance, counter power and negotiation developed by the CBOs constitute a different form of exercise of power and influence. It also shows that the CBOs are not passive actors in the partnership because they develop strategies to influence and attract the NGOs in the establishment of partnership and decision-making throughout the project cycle.

This Project involves looking at African American culture as it relates to swimming, water safety awareness, and water skills. The paper explores the myths and cultural norms associated with drowning phobias in African Americans to discover the root causes. Through historic accounts of African American culture one begins to uncover reasons why this culture became, in a sense aqua phobic. The paper will show what water sport professionals are up against, when working with a culture that is several generations removed from the water and their water skills. The ultimate goal is to draw attention to the importance of water safety and the ability to swim as a life skill. / by Jon Eric Groover. / Vita. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

No description available.

Este estudo teve como objetivos apreender as percepções dos adolescentes em situação de exclusão social sobre a violência em seu cotidiano, identificar as experiências de violência desse grupo e analisar a realidade apreendida à luz da violência como processo histórico e socialmente determinado. Ou seja, a violência é um fenômeno social que possui caráter revelador de estruturas de dominação (de classe, etnia, geração, gênero, entre outros) e surge como expressão de contradições entre os que querem manter privilégios e os que se rebelam contra a opressão. Foram realizadas 16 entrevistas semi-estruturadas no Centro Comunitário da Criança e do Adolescente (CCCA) com adolescentes entre 12 a 17 anos de idade. Os dados foram tratados mediante análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam que as percepções que os adolescentes têm da violência estão intrinsecamente relacionadas às suas vivências dentro de um meio social hostil, caracterizado por um sistema sociopolítico gerador de profundas desigualdades sociais. O conceito de violência foi associado a algo natural, enquanto medida disciplinar; violação aos seus direitos; discriminação social e de gênero, associado a atos físicos como agressões e brigas na comunidade. O tipo de violência mais citado pelos adolescentes foi a violência interpessoal que a Organização Mundial da Saúde caracteriza como violência doméstica quando ocorre entre os membros de uma família e seus agregados e violência social quando ocorre entre pessoas sem laços de parentesco. A superação dessa situação dar-se-á na medida em que os diferentes setores se organizem para garantir aos grupos sociais envolvidos uma assistência na medida das suas necessidades sociais e de saúde / This study aimed to capture the perceptions of adolescents at risk of social exclusion on the violence in their daily lives, identify the experiences of violence of this group and examine the reality perceived in the light of violence as a historical process and socially determined. It is violence is a social phenomenon that has character reveals structures of domination (of class, ethnicity, generation, gender, etc.) and appears as an expression of conflict between those who want to maintain privileges and who rebel against oppression. Were carried out 16 semi-structured interview in the Community Center on Children and Adolescents (CCCA) with adolescents between 12 to 17 years of age. The data were treated by content analysis as method of analysis. The results show that the perceptions that adolescents have of violence are intrinsically linked to their experiences within a hostile social environment, characterized by a sociopolitical system generates deep social inequalities.The concept of violence was associated with something natural, as a disciplinary measure; violation of their rights, social and gender discrimination, coupled with acts such as physical assaults and fights in the community. The type of violence most cited by teens was the interpersonal violence that the World Health Organization characterizes as domestic violence when it occurs between members of a family and their household and social violence when it occurs between people without ties of kinship. Overcoming this situation will occur in that the different sectors to organize themselves to provide social groups involved as well as their social needs and health

The relationship between stress, trauma, microaggressions, overt violence and life satisfaction has long been established in the literature. This online study sought to identify significant predictors of life satisfaction in a Muslim American sample (N=247) that was 74.5% (N=184) female, 60.7% (N=150) Arab American/Middle Eastern, 21.9% (N=54) Asian American, and 10.5% (N=25) White. The sample had a mean age of 34.21 years with 70% married (N=173). Some 51.4% were born in the U.S. (51.4%, N=127); and, among those not U.S. born, 15.8% reported their country of origin was Egypt (N=39), followed by Palestinian Territories (6.5%, N=16) and Pakistan (5.7%, N=14). And 19.7% (N=49) have lived in the U.S. for 26-30 years. Also, 35.6% (N=88) completed a bachelor’s degree, 64.8% were employed (N=160) and, 31.6% reported an annual household income in the $50,000-$99,000 bracket. This sample’s mean experience of microaggressions was 7.12 (SD=6.649, min=0, max=24) indicating low experience. While the mean exposure to overt acts of violence was 0.71 (SD= 1.457, min=0, max=9), indicating very low exposure. Regarding life satisfaction, 53.5% of the sample indicated a life satisfaction score of 8 or more (N=132). The mean perception to Islamophobia was 4.076, indicating a high ability to perceive Islamophobia. Using backwards stepwise regression, higher life satisfaction was significantly predicted by: being less likely to be depressed in the past year (B=-0.59, p=0.012); older age (B=0.038, p=0.001); better overall health status (B=0.361, p=0.001); better rating of quality of provider (B=0.351, p=0.001); lower perceived stress (B=-0.07, p=0.0); lower stage for coping and responding to Islamophobia (B=-0.17, p=0.025); higher use of “stop unpleasant thoughts” coping style (B=0.129, p=0.007) with R2= 0.584 (adjusted R2= 0.566; 56.6% of variance explained). Quantitative findings were augmented by emergent themes in the qualitative data. Case in point, living in a post-9/11 America and discrimination with subthemes including Islamophobia, acceptability of public discrimination, and destruction of personal property were found to be negatively associated with life satisfaction. Five overarching themes were found to be related to higher life satisfaction and ability to cope: feeling a sense of community, wearing hijab (headscarf for women), religiosity and Islamic identity, work, and financial stability.

杜平. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-161) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Du Ping.

presented by Lo Kai Ming, Charles. / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-110). / An Abstract --- p.i / Foreword --- p.iii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- Reinhold Niebuhr's theological development --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Human nature --- p.17 / Chapter III. --- Man as sinner --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- Social justice --- p.42 / Chapter 1. --- Love and mutual love --- p.42 / Chapter 2. --- Justice --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- Middle axioms --- p.61 / Chapter V. --- The applicability of Niebuhr's theological framework for social justice in the context of contemporary Hong Kong society --- p.71 / Chapter VI. --- Conclusion --- p.85 / Notes --- p.89 / Bibliography --- p.106

朱耀光. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1991. / Manuscript (computer printout). / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-163). / Zhu Yaoguang. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1991. / 序言 --- p.i / 撮要 --- p.iv / Chapter 第一篇 --- 十九世紀中國:一個巨型的社會現象 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 秘密社會之定義及類型 --- p.4 / Chapter 第三章 --- 十九世紀中國秘密社會運動 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二篇 --- 研究秘密社會運動之方法與理論 / Chapter 第四章 --- 研究方法 --- p.16 / Chapter 一. --- 資料來源 / Chapter 二. --- 個案分析 / Chapter 第五章 --- 社會運動之理論 --- p.21 / Chapter 一. --- 宏觀角度：運動之興起 / Chapter 1. --- 滿漢矛盾理論 / Chapter 2. --- 階级鬥爭理論 / Chapter 3. --- 政治效率理論 / Chapter 4. --- 救贖信仰理論 / Chapter 二. --- 微觀角度：個人之參與 / Chapter 1. --- 政治動機理論 / Chapter 2. --- 本土政治理論 / Chapter 三. --- 資源動員之分析架構 / Chapter 第三篇 --- 中國秘密社會之動員：白蓮教運動之個案硏究 / Chapter 第六章 --- 十九世紀中國秘密社會之動員模式 --- p.48 / Chapter 一. --- 结構性資源之分配模式 / Chapter 二. --- 秘密社會之組織性資源 / Chapter 三. --- 秘密社會之催發性資源 / Chapter 第七章 --- 白蓮教運動之歴史背景 --- p.73 / Chapter 一. --- 發展源流 / Chapter 二. --- 意識形態 / Chapter 三. --- 組織結構 / Chapter 第八章 --- 1796´ؤ1805年白蓮教運動之個案分析 --- p.79 / Chapter 一. --- 資源動員之過程 / Chapter 1. --- 運動的冒起：資源之累積 / Chapter 2. --- 運動的擴張：資源之競爭 / Chapter 3. --- 運動的回落：資源之轉化 / Chapter 4. --- 運動的沉寂：資源之喪失 / Chapter 二. --- 社會後果之分析 / Chapter 1. --- 資源管理模式之調整 / Chapter 2. --- 資源分配模式之調整 / Chapter 三. --- 小結 / Chapter 第九章 --- 總結 --- p.139 / Chapter 一. --- 研究成果之撮要 / Chapter 二. --- 硏究成果之反思 / 注釋 --- p.149 / 參考書目 --- p.163