Adults and young children have been found to distinguish between moral and social conventional acts, which are considered to entail distinct domains of reasoning (e.g., Turiel 1983). Recently, research has begun to examine the neural basis of moral judgments (e.g., Greene et al., 2001), but these studies did not examine the development of neurocognitive processing of judgments in these two domains. The present study focused on detection of cognitive conflict as a neurocognitive process that distinguished judgments of moral and conventional violations. The N2 component of the ERP was examined in order to determine whether the two types of violation are associated with different neurophysiological correlates and whether they change with development. In a series of five experiments, reaction times and ERPs were recorded from 12- to 14-year-old children and undergraduates who read scenarios that had one of three possible endings: (1) moral violations, (2) conventional violations, (3) no violation (neutral acts). Participants judged whether the act was acceptable or unacceptable when a rule was assumed or removed. Results indicate that reaction times were faster for moral than conventional violations when a rule was assumed for both undergraduates and children, as well as when a rule was removed for children but not for undergraduates. ERP data indicated that adults’, but not children’s, N2 amplitudes were larger (i.e., more negative) for conventional than iii moral violations when a rule was assumed. Furthermore, source analysis indicated generators for the N2 in dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. The results suggest that judgments of conventional violations involve increased conflict detection as compared to moral violations, and these two domains are processed differently across development. The findings were explained by the idea that judgments of conventional violations are more explicitly dependant on rules, whereas judgments of moral violations are based more directly on the intrinsic negative consequences of the act.

Adults and young children have been found to distinguish between moral and social conventional acts, which are considered to entail distinct domains of reasoning (e.g., Turiel 1983). Recently, research has begun to examine the neural basis of moral judgments (e.g., Greene et al., 2001), but these studies did not examine the development of neurocognitive processing of judgments in these two domains. The present study focused on detection of cognitive conflict as a neurocognitive process that distinguished judgments of moral and conventional violations. The N2 component of the ERP was examined in order to determine whether the two types of violation are associated with different neurophysiological correlates and whether they change with development. In a series of five experiments, reaction times and ERPs were recorded from 12- to 14-year-old children and undergraduates who read scenarios that had one of three possible endings: (1) moral violations, (2) conventional violations, (3) no violation (neutral acts). Participants judged whether the act was acceptable or unacceptable when a rule was assumed or removed. Results indicate that reaction times were faster for moral than conventional violations when a rule was assumed for both undergraduates and children, as well as when a rule was removed for children but not for undergraduates. ERP data indicated that adults’, but not children’s, N2 amplitudes were larger (i.e., more negative) for conventional than iii moral violations when a rule was assumed. Furthermore, source analysis indicated generators for the N2 in dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortices. The results suggest that judgments of conventional violations involve increased conflict detection as compared to moral violations, and these two domains are processed differently across development. The findings were explained by the idea that judgments of conventional violations are more explicitly dependant on rules, whereas judgments of moral violations are based more directly on the intrinsic negative consequences of the act.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Fernando da Silva Furtado.pdf: 1139263 bytes, checksum: 49a5e748b91a55e750f745f09afb492f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / The comparison between O coronel e o Lobisomem by José Candido de Carvalho and Sargento Getúlio by João Ubaldo Ribeiro examines how character narrators s discourses reveal shared assumptions in society about the power structures that are narrated and represented in the context, sustained by violence. In these works, we identify conventions admitting various forms of repression, from subtle attitudes, verbal and physical agression. Thus, the main objective of this research is to understand the textual relations between narratives and social and historical contexts marked by authoritarianism of state and legitimized by the actions of members of society who work keys for maintenance and permanence. Based on the theoretical perspective of Critical Theory of Society, with authors such as Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno and Raymundo Faoro reflection takes place from the narratives of how Brazilian society was formed in historical processes that have in common authoritarian structures. The voices of Colonel and police joined a network of practices that were being renewed for the maintenance of privileges, especially the perceptions of authority that they possess and that conflict in a urban space more modernized. This process is evidenced by the structure of narratives, which provide critical readings that suggest distrusting unitary narrations, since the character of incompleteness and suspicion about the protagonists and the plot itself, questioning also the processes of writing history and fiction as representations of the dominant ideology. / A comparação entre O Coronel e o Lobisomem, de José Cândido de Carvalho, e em Sargento Getúlio, de João Ubaldo Ribeiro, pretende analisar como os discursos dos personagens-narradores evidenciam pressupostos compartilhados na sociedade sobre as estruturas de poder que são, nos contextos narrados e representados, sustentados pela violência. Nestas obras, identificam-se convenções que admitiam variadas formas de repressão, desde atitudes sutis até agressões verbais e físicas. Dessa forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é compreender as relações textuais das narrativas com os contextos sociais e históricos marcados pelo autoritarismo de Estado e legitimados pela atuação de membros da sociedade que exercem funções chaves para sua manutenção e permanência. Tomando como base teórica a perspectiva da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade, com autores como Walter Benjamin, Theodor Adorno e Raymundo Faoro se realiza uma reflexão a partir das narrativas de como a sociedade brasileira se formou em processos históricos que tem em comum as estruturas autoritárias. As vozes do coronel e do policial integraram uma rede de práticas que foram se renovando para a manutenção de sistemas de privilégios, destacando-se as percepções de autoridade que os mesmos possuem e que entram em conflito no espaço urbano mais modernizado. Esse processo é evidenciado pela estrutura das narrativas, as quais proporcionam leituras críticas que sugerem a desconfiança para com narrações unitárias, visto o caráter de incompletude e de suspeição acerca dos protagonistas e do próprio enredo, questionando-se também os processos de escrita da história e da ficção, enquanto representações da ideologia dominante.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Allyne Alves Marques Pimenta.pdf: 632366 bytes, checksum: 87dfc304d0c6139f4be0ea48dbe76efd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / This work is mainly aimed to develop a study of evolution of the feminine being, his voice, his sexuality, swaying and precepts that make up your identity, engaging in the rich history of characters Penelope and Emma Bovary, analyzing the dimensions of the heroin Penelope as initial prototype and Emma Bovary as her frontal negation passing by Lisístrata, as an element of disruption and destabilization as many female archetypes of Western literature throughout the ages. The analysis is extended to the study of the role of women in societies where the heroines are inserted studied here, in communion with the theory that art is the representation of an entire history of a people at a given time. The counterpoints are located, at first, in Emma Bovary, seeking the fulfillment of their wishes, unlike Penelope, submissive just waiting for her husband. Concomitantly, Ulysses is the negation of Charles Bovary, even with their treachery, it is still a great man and praised her husband, Charles contrary to the bland, which is not able to arouse and maintain the feeling of passion in his wife, who was looking unhappy marriage love so desired. It happens to break with the bourgeois and sexist society, which always spread that the wife should be restricted to the heart of the home. Therefore, this study goes through several literary characters, and also makes a brief analysis of the various types of love present in marital relations, confronted the figures of the submissive woman who passively accept their fate and woman fighter who seeks fulfillment in all their spheres. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo central desenvolver um estudo da evolução do ser feminino, de sua voz, de sua sexualidade, dos meneios e preceitos que compõem sua identidade, ocupando-se da rica trajetória das personagens Penélope e Emma Bovary, analisando as dimensões da heroína que tem em Penélope o seu protótipo inicial e Ema Bovary como sua negação frontal, passando por Lisístrata, como elemento de ruptura e desestabilização tal como vários arquétipos femininos da literatura ocidental ao longo dos tempos culminado no estudo de personagens contemporâneas. A análise se estenderá ao estudo do papel feminino nas sociedades em que estão inseridas as heroínas aqui estudadas, em comunhão com a teoria que a arte é a representação de toda uma história de um determinado povo em determinada época. Os contrapontos situam-se, a priori, em Emma Bovary, que busca pela realização de seus desejos, ao contrário de Penélope, submissa que apenas espera por seu esposo. Concomitante, Ulisses é a negação de Charles Bovary, mesmo com suas traições, ainda é um louvado homem e grandioso esposo, contrário ao insípido Charles, que não é capaz de despertar e manter o sentimento de paixão na esposa, que, infeliz, procura fora do casamento o amor tão sonhado. Acontece a ruptura com a sociedade machista e burguesa, que sempre disseminou que a esposa deveria ficar restrita apenas ao seio do lar. Ruptura que se verifica solidificada no atual século. Para tanto, este estudo perpassa várias personagens literárias e, ainda, realiza uma breve análise dos tipos vários de amor presentes nas relações conjugais, confrontando as figuras da mulher submissa, que aceita passivamente o seu destino, e da mulher lutadora, que busca a sua realização em todas as suas esferas.

The social transmission of social behaviours in nonhuman primates has been understudied, experimentally, relative to instrumental, food-related behaviours. This is disproportional in relation to the comparatively high percentage of potential social traditions reported in wild primates. I report a systematic survey of the social learning literature and provide quantitative evidence of the discrepancy (Watson and Caldwell, 2009). Addressing the identified deficit in experimental work on social behaviours, I also report three empirical studies investigating the contagious nature of affective states in captive, socially housed marmosets. I carried out an observational study, to determine whether marmosets are influenced by spontaneously produced neighbour calls to perform a range of behaviours associated with similar affect. My results supported a neighbour effect for anxiety in marmosets. Consistent with previous findings for chimpanzees (Baker and Aureli, 1996; Videan et al., 2005), I also found evidence for neighbour effects for aggression and affiliation (Watson and Caldwell, 2010). Through experimental playback, I investigated contingent social contagion in the auditory and visual modalities. The playback of pre-recorded affiliative (chirp) calls was found to be associated with marmosets spending increased time in a range of affiliative behaviours. Playback of video showing conspecifics engaged in a positive affiliative behaviour (allogrooming) also appeared to cause marmosets to spend longer performing various affiliative behaviours. My results indicate that social contagion of affiliation is a multi-modal phenomenon in marmosets and also represent the first evidence that allogrooming is visually contagious in primates. Sapolsky (2006) conceptualised culture as the performance of species-typical behaviours to an unusual extent, termed ‘social culture’. Researchers have yet to directly investigate a transmission mechanism. I investigated whether a social culture of increased affiliation could be initiated in marmosets through the long-term playback, of positive calls, or of video of positive behaviour. The results were consistent with a relatively long-lasting influence of the playback of affiliative calls across several affiliative behaviours. The effect appeared to last substantially beyond the specific hours of playback, between playbacks, and after playback had ceased, potentially indicating a temporary shift in social culture. These results are preliminary but provide some support for the proposal that auditory social contagion may be a transmission mechanism for social culture. The long-term video playback of allogrooming appeared to result in a transitory shift in performance of the identical behaviour (increased allogrooming) after playbacks had ceased. In addition to theoretical implications for social cognition and social culture, my findings have potential practical application for the enhancement of welfare in captive marmosets through sensory, and non-contact social, enrichment.

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