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90 pages

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This case study of three rural villages in Matatiele district in the Eastern Cape, South Africa examines the extent to which the diversification of rural livelihoods and processes of social differentiation are interconnected. The study combines intensive and extensive research methods to explore livelihoods diversification and social differentiation in the villages of Litichareng, Mutsini and Thaba Chicha. The intensive research consisted of 36 life history interviews, a wealth ranking exercise and a focus group discussion. The extensive research consisted of a survey of 124 households. The study makes use of political economy concepts of class, power and inequality and argues that these concepts enhance the heuristic value of livelihoods approaches which have often been critiqued for under-theorising power and politics. In the contemporary capitalist world, particularly in the global ‘South’, livelihoods have increasingly become diversified as rural households combine agricultural and non-agricultural sources of income for both survival and accumulation purposes, often straddling the rural-urban divide. In the ‘ de-agrarianisation’ thesis, livelihood diversification has been interpreted as entailing a shift from agrarian livelihood systems to non-agrarian modes of existence in the context of increased urbanisation and industrialisation. These kinds of large-scale processes have been unfolding in rural Matatiele, but this study argues that rural households combine both agricultural and non-agricultural sources of income and emphasises the continued importance of agricultural sources of income in rural livelihood systems. De-agrarianisation is cyclical and not unilinear, as some components of farming have remained important and resilient (homestead garden cultivation and livestock production) while other have declined (dry-land cropping in large arable fields).These shifts in agriculture occur against the background of state-sponsored, large-scale agricultural development schemes introduced to commercialise agriculture and reverse de-agrarianisation and fragmentation of rural livelihoods, but which have largely failed to do so. The challenge for scholars is how to characterise rural households, small-scale farmers, or ‘peasants’ in the light of highly diversified livelihood systems and their straddling of the rural and urban divide. This study uses a political economy approach and defines rural households that engage in small-scale agriculture as petty commodity producers in capitalism, combining class places of capital and labour and subject to social differentiation. The study argues that the highly diversified livelihood systems characteristic of rural households reflect a ‘crisis of social reproduction’ as rural households struggle to survive and accumulate. In this study it is argued that rural households are part of growing ‘classes of labour’ within contemporary capitalism.

This thesis is devoted to a relatively little explored issue - the social differentiation of literary characters and the transfer of its linguistic means. The language material for exploring this field of translatology was provided by Döblin's novel Berlin Alexanderplatz (1928) and by two translations into Czech (1935 and 1968). We analyzed utterances of two characters. The first one represents a lower social class and criminal environment. In his speech the analysis showed many elements of Berlin urbanolect which were used for his social characterization. The second character represents the Jewish ethnic group. His direct speech contains elements of literary Yiddish, alluding to his Jewish origins. The subsequent utterance analysis of the first character in Czech translations showed an appropriate use of common Czech as a substitute for Berlin urbanolect in both translations. The analysis was set in the context where the usage of nonstandard elements in Czech and translated literature used to be a convention. Both translators followed these conventions successfully. When translating the literary Yiddish in the direct speech of the second character, significant differences in both translations were discovered. In the first translation the Yiddish elements were not replaced. In the second...

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-23T00:27:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaBrasil.pdf: 872957 bytes, checksum: 1b3b71e61cc6340d3b0221de8eb9f3a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T00:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaBrasil.pdf: 872957 bytes, checksum: 1b3b71e61cc6340d3b0221de8eb9f3a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-30 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo tem como principal objeto de investigação e análise o consumo das mulheres de uma fração da “alta classe” do Rio Grande do Sul como forma de obtenção de prestígio e conseqüente fornecedor de símbolos de distinção. A tese parte da hipótese de que o consumo distintivo das mulheres pertencentes a uma fração da “alta classe” gaúcha é, em sua maioria, de bens imateriais que, agregados ao estilo de vida, incorporam um capital social e cultural inimitável, e não de bens conspícuos ou de luxo. A pesquisa compreendeu trabalho de campo, com a aplicação de questionários a 32 (trinta e duas mulheres) de uma fração da “alta classe” gaúcha, e após 6 (seis) entrevistas em profundidade, a fim de identificar quais os bens constituem veículos de interação e proporcionam fatores ou indicadores de distinção social, de que forma é realizada a escolha e classificação destes bens de consumo em detrimento de outros. Apresenta inicialmente o referencial teórico-metodológico para o desenvolvimento do estudo, conceitos como os de luxo, habitus de classe e de gosto articulando às estratégias da obtenção do prestígio e da distinção social. Em um segundo momento, o estudo traz uma análise do processo de acumulação de riqueza da “alta classe” rural gaúcha e suas transformações diante do processo de industrialização que fez emergir uma nova “alta classe”. Ainda neste capítulo problematizamos o discurso do senso comum e difundido pela mídia em relação ao consumo da “alta classe” a partir da exposição dos dados obtidos na pesquisa de campo. O estudo permitiu-nos concluir que o consumo de bens imateriais ou simbólicos é a principal estratégia de distinção social das mulheres da “alta classe” gaúcha, e que o padrão de consumo material que no discurso do senso comum, seria distintivo, a investigação demonstrou que para o grupo estudado não é elemento forte. / The present study has had as the main object of investigation and analysis the consumption of women from a fraction of the high-class of Rio Grande do Sul State as a way of obtaining some prestige and some consequential supplier of distinction symbols. The thesis is from the hypothesis that women’s distinctive consumption that belong to this fraction of “gaúcha” high-class is, in the most, referring to non-material possessions which based on their lifestyle, have been incorporated into social and cultural capital and no referring to luxury possessions. The research has been based on fieldwork with some questionnaires applied to 32 women from this fraction of “gaúcha” high-class and subsequently six interviews in order to identify what possessions are considered interactional resources and what ones provide some factors or indicators of social distinction, besides how the choice and the classifications of these consumptions possessions are made in relation to the others. Firstly it has been presented the theoretical-methodological framework for the development of that study, the concepts about luxury, habitus class and taste linking to some strategies of obtaining prestige and social distinction. Secondly the study has brought some analysis out about the process of amassing wealth of the “gaúcha” rural high-class and its transformations against industrialization process from that high-class has been emerged. In this chapter we have discussed about the common sense speech that has been spread by the media in relation to the high-class’ consumption through the exposition of research data. From this study we have concluded that the consumption of non-material or symbolic possessions is the main strategy of social distinction of “gaúcha” high-class women and that the standard of material consumption which in the common sense speech would be distinctive, the investigation has demonstrated it is not a strong element for the studied group.

Esta tese é resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida nos assentamentos Cristo Rei (Itupiranga-Pa), Ubá (São Domingos do Araguaia-Pa) e Rio Branco (Parauapebas-Pa). Buscamos abordar o tema da diferenciação social do campesinato através dos estudos destes assentamentos. Tomamos como ponto de partida a reconstituição da história de luta pelo acesso a terra. Objetiva-se com isso entender como as diferentes estratégias de ocupação da terra têm influenciado formas particulares de organização destes grupos sociais. Isto implica, por sua vez, na reflexão sobre os condicionantes da forma de produção do espaço agrícola pelo camponês destas áreas e seus mecanismos de reprodução social. Verificamos que as mais variadas ações para a conquista da terra, sejam elas coletivas - como as ligadas aos movimentos sociais - ou individuais - como a abertura de posse por famílias ou pequenos grupos de posseiros na região - refletem diretamente na organização interna do assentamento e sua relação com os mais variados segmentos sociais e institucionais. O trabalho então discorre acerca das diferentes formas em que a diferenciação do campesinato nesta parte da Amazônia pode ocorrer. / This thesis is the outcome of a research developed in the rural settlements Cristo Rei (Itupiranga-Pa), Ubá (São Domingos do Araguaia-Pa) and Rio Branco (Parauapebas-Pa). We mean to study a social differentiation phenomenon through a research applied to these settlements. It is taken as a departure point the reconstitution of the historic struggle for the access to land. The focus is to understand how different strategies of land occupation have influenced particular types of organization concerning these social groups. This involve, by its turn, the comprehension of the arrangement of the production of farming space by the peasants from these areas and their mechanisms of social reproduction. We verified that most of the varied actions oriented to land conquest, whether they be collective - as the ones connected to the social movements - or individual - as the occupation of land by small groups of landless peasants in the region - they reveal clearly the inside organization of the settlement and its relation to the varied social and institutional factions. This work, at last, is interested in the different ways by which peasant differentiation occurs in this part of Amazon.

The main focus of this project is to chronicle whether or not social inequality increased among households and community-level interactions in Ucanha, Yucatan, Mexico, at the time it was physically integrated with a larger regional polity headed by Ucí around the Terminal Preclassic/Early Classic (50 BCE – CE 400) transition. My research seeks to identify how social distinctions emerged during the early moments of social inequality and how these distinctions did or did not become a threat to social cohesion, as seen in the Early Classic “collapse” in some areas. Using a relational theoretical perspective, I argue that political authority and economic practices are embedded in moral expectations of a household quality of life that is negotiated by all actors. Trenching and broad-scale horizontal excavations document five variables of social distinction—architectural energetics, feasting, diversity of household assemblage, caching/burial practices, and the use of space—at three dwellings. Gini scores that calculate the distribution of fancy ceramics and labor investments in architecture also contribute to measuring household wellbeing at Ucanha. Results highlight differential, yet relatively high, quality of life during the Late Preclassic and then greater inequality and an overall decreased quality of life by the middle of the Early Classic (CE 400/450 – 600). Excavations from contexts associated with monumental architecture indicate vast labor inputs into Ucanha’s built landscape around the time of broader regional integration. Excavations and multi-elemental chemical analyses from the Central Plaza suggest this large public space was built during the Late Preclassic and was used for a variety of rituals that incorporated the populace through processions and performances. By the first few centuries into the Early Classic, however, the Central Plaza was walled off and access became limited and more tightly controlled. Thus, it appears emergent leaders at Ucanha, as evidenced by the presence of iconography related to centralized decision-making and possibly kingship, were successful in providing a high quality of life for their citizenry in exchange for labor and devoted followers during regional integration. Yet, during the Early Classic, household quality of life diminished, access to fancy ceramics became highly curtailed, and many residential platforms were abandoned likely as a result of leaders failing to meet the expectations of their followers.

No description available.

Esta tese é resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida nos assentamentos Cristo Rei (Itupiranga-Pa), Ubá (São Domingos do Araguaia-Pa) e Rio Branco (Parauapebas-Pa). Buscamos abordar o tema da diferenciação social do campesinato através dos estudos destes assentamentos. Tomamos como ponto de partida a reconstituição da história de luta pelo acesso a terra. Objetiva-se com isso entender como as diferentes estratégias de ocupação da terra têm influenciado formas particulares de organização destes grupos sociais. Isto implica, por sua vez, na reflexão sobre os condicionantes da forma de produção do espaço agrícola pelo camponês destas áreas e seus mecanismos de reprodução social. Verificamos que as mais variadas ações para a conquista da terra, sejam elas coletivas - como as ligadas aos movimentos sociais - ou individuais - como a abertura de posse por famílias ou pequenos grupos de posseiros na região - refletem diretamente na organização interna do assentamento e sua relação com os mais variados segmentos sociais e institucionais. O trabalho então discorre acerca das diferentes formas em que a diferenciação do campesinato nesta parte da Amazônia pode ocorrer. / This thesis is the outcome of a research developed in the rural settlements Cristo Rei (Itupiranga-Pa), Ubá (São Domingos do Araguaia-Pa) and Rio Branco (Parauapebas-Pa). We mean to study a social differentiation phenomenon through a research applied to these settlements. It is taken as a departure point the reconstitution of the historic struggle for the access to land. The focus is to understand how different strategies of land occupation have influenced particular types of organization concerning these social groups. This involve, by its turn, the comprehension of the arrangement of the production of farming space by the peasants from these areas and their mechanisms of social reproduction. We verified that most of the varied actions oriented to land conquest, whether they be collective - as the ones connected to the social movements - or individual - as the occupation of land by small groups of landless peasants in the region - they reveal clearly the inside organization of the settlement and its relation to the varied social and institutional factions. This work, at last, is interested in the different ways by which peasant differentiation occurs in this part of Amazon.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In recent years, donors, policy makers, and non-governmental organisations working on land and agricultural issues have latched onto the catch phrase ‘inclusive business models’ as an alternative to large-scale land acquisitions. Development actors promote these inclusive models, such as contract farming or outgrowing schemes, to mitigate the often significant and adverse impacts of land grabs on rural people while still supporting foreign direct investments, particularly in agriculture in developing countries. The need to increase investments in agriculture in developing countries is clear, however, it is important to assess how such investments are implemented and who benefits from them and who loses.