This diploma thesis of the self-presentation explores the aspects of self-presentation and social perception of a group of 5 selected drag queens. The thesis has a form of 5 case studies based on deep analysis of their profiles on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok, which are currently the most used social networks. The areas of interest in this diploma thesis were the visual presentation of their drag identity, the trends their profiles show in areas of make-up, wig or hair, costume and body position in which they are shown on their profiles. The second area of interest was the nature of the textual presentation and captions, use of hashtags and interaction with their audience. Third are of interest was the audience itself, whether it was supportive in terms of drag and LGBTQ+ community in general and the nature of the interaction with the audience. The results from the content analysis were then summarized and used as a basis for semi-structured interview based on the outcomes from the said content analysis. The focus of this thesis was the relation of their drag identity to their civil identity and how these identities interact on their profiles on social medial. The thesis claims that the shift of drag from club shows to everyday presence on social media positively affects the reception of this...

Human Augmentation Technologies (HATs) can improve, restore, or enhance a person’s abilities. For instance, bionic prostheses or exoskeletons in manufacturing are examples of such devices that are likely to become more widespread. This development raises concerns about how merging human bodies with technology will affect people psychologically and socially. For instance, how will it affect the way non-users view users, and how will it affect users’ self-perceptions? According to studies based on the Stereotype Content Model, the technical capabilities of these technologies will influence how others evaluate their users in terms of Warmth and Competence. However, research on the impact of these technologies is limited, and until now, there is no research on how they affect the self-perception of their users. This dissertation aims to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological effects of HAT usage. It provides more empirical evidence on their influence on social perception and explicitly addresses the user’s perspective. To broaden the relatively scarce existing knowledge and to shed more light on users’ self and meta-perception, a mixed methods approach, including three empirical studies, is employed. Two experimental studies (N1 = 459, N2 = 338) on the social perception of users of human augmentation technologies were conducted. The findings were supplemented with a qualitative study to account for the underexposed user perspective. Within ten semi-structured interviews with expert users of bionic arm prostheses, they provided crucial insights into their self-perception and how they believe others see them. Study 1, Embodied Digital Technologies: First Insights in the Social and Legal Perception of Robots and Users of Prostheses, focuses mainly on the social perception of (bionic) prosthesis users and different types of robots. Regarding HATs, findings indicate that users of low-tech prostheses were perceived as significantly less competent than users of high-tech prostheses and non-disabled individuals. Counterintuitively, we found no differences between users of low- or high-tech prostheses and non-disabled individuals in terms of attributed Sociability, whereas attributions of Morality were higher for users of both low- and high-tech prostheses. In sum, the study provides evidence for HATs’ influence on social perception insofar as the type of prosthesis or the level of technicality matters in evaluating their users. Study 2, Social Perception of Embodied Digital Technologies - A Closer Look at Bionics and Social Robotics, aims to gain a deeper understanding of how fundamental principles of social perception impact the development of attitudes towards HAT users and social robots. This study also examines how people perceive users of different prostheses and robots, focusing on their Competence, Sociability, and Morality. Users of low-tech prostheses were attributed less Competence than non-disabled individuals, but they did not differ from users of high-tech prostheses. However, users of high-tech prostheses were evaluated as competent as non-disabled persons. Once more, Sociability did not differ between people with and without disabilities. Nonetheless, Morality did: Users of low-tech prostheses were perceived as more moral than users of high-tech prostheses or non-disabled individuals, who did not differ. Study 3, The Impact of Bionic Prostheses on User´s Self-Perceptions: A Qualitative Study, aims to obtain insights into the self- and meta-perceptions of HAT users. The study’s results indicate that using bionic prostheses influences social (self-)perception in multiple ways. Users describe themselves as being seen as more competent by others and treated differently after receiving the bionic prosthesis in comparison to simpler models. Also, users report feeling more confident and experiencing higher levels of self-efficacy. Resuming, despite their somewhat mixed nature, the findings derived from the above-mentioned studies imply that using human augmentation technologies (i.e., bionic prostheses) affects not only users’ self-perceptions but also stereotypes and interpersonal perceptions. However, despite their inclusive potential and mainly positive effects on social perceptions, results also show that introducing such technologies in future (work) contexts might have unintended social repercussions that must be accounted for. Consequently, potential strategies for mitigating such unwanted side effects are discussed, implications for future research are derived, and an outlook on upcoming studies is given.:List of tables 5 List of figures 6 Abstract 7 Zusammenfassung 10 I. SYNOPSIS 14 1 Introduction 14 2 Theoretical Background 16 2.1 From Embodied Digital Technologies to Human Augmentation Technologies 17 2.2 Social Perception 20 2.2.1 Fundamental Dimensions of Social Perception 21 2.2.2 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences 25 2.2.3 Social Perception in HAT Evaluation 26 2.3 Self-perception 28 2.4 Research objectives 30 3 Study summaries 30 3.1 Study 1: Embodied Digital Technologies: First insights in the social and legal perception of robots and users of prostheses 33 3.2 Study 2: Social perception of embodied digital technologies – a closer look at bionics and social robotics 36 3.3 Study 3: The impact of bionic prostheses on users’ self-perceptions: A qualitative study 42 4 Discussion 44 4.1 Practical implications 48 4.2 Limitations 50 4.3 Future research 52 5 Conclusion 54 References 56 II. RESEARCH PAPER 66 Embodied Digital Technologies: First Insights in the Social and Legal Perception of Robots and Users of Prostheses 66 Social perception of embodied digital technologies – a closer look at bionics and social robotics 135 The impact of bionic prostheses on users’ self-perceptions: A qualitative study 178 III. APPENDIX 221 Acknowledgments 221 List of publications 223 Curriculum vitae 230 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 232 / Technologien zur Augmentierung des menschlichen Körpers (Human Augmentation Technologies; HATs) können die Fähigkeiten einer Person verbessern, wiederherstellen oder erweitern. Bionische Prothesen oder Exoskelette in der Fertigung sind Beispiele für solche Systeme, die sich wahrscheinlich weiterverbreiten werden. Diese Entwicklung wirft die Frage auf, wie sich die Verschmelzung des menschlichen Körpers mit Technologie auf Menschen psychologisch und sozial auswirken wird. Wie wird sich dies beispielsweise auf die Art und Weise auswirken, wie Nichtnutzer:innen die Nutzer:innen sehen, und wie wird es die Selbstwahrnehmung der Nutzer:innen beeinflussen? Studien, die sich auf das Stereotype Content Model stützen, zeigen, dass die technischen Möglichkeiten dieser Systeme einen Einfluss darauf haben werden, wie andere ihre Nutzer:innen in Bezug auf Wärme und Kompetenz einschätzen. Diese Auswirkungen sind jedoch nur in begrenztem Maße erforscht und bis jetzt gibt es keine Untersuchungen darüber, wie HATs sich auf die Selbstwahrnehmung ihrer Nutzer:innen auswirken. Diese Dissertation zielt darauf ab, ein tieferes Verständnis der psychologischen Auswirkungen der HAT-Nutzung zu erlangen, indem sie mehr empirische Belege für ihren Einfluss auf die soziale Wahrnehmung liefert und explizit die Perspektive von Nutzer:innen berücksichtigt. Zur Erweiterung des relativ geringen vorhandenen Wissens und um mehr Licht auf die Selbst- und Metawahrnehmung der Nutzer:innen zu werfen, wird ein Mixed-Methods-Ansatz verwendet, der drei empirische Studien umfasst. Konkret wurden zwei experimentelle Studien (N1 = 459, N2 = 338) zur sozialen Wahrnehmung von Nutzer:innen entsprechender Augmentationstechnologien durchgeführt. Die damit verbundenen Erkenntnisse wurden durch eine qualitative Studie ergänzt, um die bisher vernachlässigte Nutzer:innenperspektive zu berücksichtigen. In zehn halbstrukturierten Interviews mit erfahrenen Nutzer:innen bionischer Armprothesen konnten wir entscheidende Erkenntnisse über deren Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung gewinnen. Studie 1, “Embodied Digital Technologies: First Insights in the Social and Legal Perception of Robots and Users of Prostheses“, konzentriert sich hauptsächlich auf die soziale Wahrnehmung von (bionischen) Prothesenträger:innen und verschiedenen Arten von Robotern. In Bezug auf HATs deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Benutzer:innen von Low-Tech-Prothesen als deutlich weniger kompetent wahrgenommen werden als Benutzer:innen von High-Tech-Prothesen und Personen ohne Behinderung. Überraschenderweise fanden wir keine Unterschiede zwischen Nutzer:innen von Low- oder High-Tech-Prothesen und Personen ohne Behinderung in Bezug auf die zugeschriebene Umgänglichkeit (Sociability), während die Zuschreibung von Moral (Morality) sowohl bei Nutzer:innen von Low- als auch von High-Tech-Prothesen höher war. Insgesamt liefert die Studie Belege für den Einfluss von HATs auf die soziale Wahrnehmung, da die Art der Prothese oder der Grad der Technisierung bei der Bewertung ihrer Nutzer:innen eine Rolle spielt. Studie 2, Social Perception of Embodied Digital Technologies - A Closer Look at Bionics and Social Robotics, zielt darauf ab, ein tieferes Verständnis dafür zu erlangen, wie grundlegende Prinzipien der sozialen Wahrnehmung die Entwicklung von Einstellungen gegenüber Nutzer:innen von HATs und sozialen Robotern beeinflussen. In dieser Studie wird auch untersucht, wie die Menschen die Benutzer:innen verschiedener Prothesen und Roboter wahrnehmen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf deren Kompetenz, Umgänglichkeit (Sociability) und Moral (Morality) liegt. Den Nutzer:innen von Low-Tech-Prothesen wurde weniger Kompetenz zugeschrieben als Personen ohne Behinderung, sie unterschieden sich diesbezüglich jedoch nicht von den Nutzer:innen von High-Tech-Prothesen. Die Nutzer:innen von High-Tech-Prothesen wurden jedoch genauso kompetent eingeschätzt wie Personen ohne Behinderung. Auch bei der Umgänglichkeit (Sociability) gab es keine Unterschiede zwischen Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung. Hingegen zeigte sich ein Unterschied bei der Einschätzung der Moralität (Morality): Nutzer:innen von Low-Tech-Prothesen wurden als moralischer wahrgenommen als Nutzer:innen von High-Tech-Prothesen oder Personen ohne Behinderung. In Studie 3, The Impact of Bionic Prostheses on User´s Self-Perceptions: A Qualitative Study, sollten Erkenntnisse über die Selbst- und Metawahrnehmung von HAT-Nutzer:innen gewonnen werden. Die Ergebnisse unserer qualitativen Analyse deuten darauf hin, dass die Verwendung bionischer Prothesen die soziale (Selbst-)Wahrnehmung in mehrfacher Hinsicht beeinflusst. So beschreiben die Nutzer:innen, dass sie von anderen als kompetenter angesehen und anders behandelt werden, seitdem sie eine bionische Prothese erhalten haben, im Vergleich zur vorherigen Nutzung von einfacheren Prothesen-Modellen. Außerdem berichteten die Nutzer:innen, dass sie sich selbstbewusster fühlten und ein höheres Maß an Selbstwirksamkeit empfänden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Erkenntnisse der oben genannten Studien trotz ihrer etwas uneinheitlichen Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass der Einsatz menschlicher Augmentations-Technologien (d. h. bionischer Prothesen) nicht nur die Selbstwahrnehmung der Nutzer, sondern auch Stereotypen und zwischenmenschliche Wahrnehmungen beeinflussen. Ungeachtet ihres integrativen Potenzials und ihrer überwiegend positiven Auswirkungen auf die soziale Wahrnehmung zeigen die Ergebnisse jedoch auch, dass die Einführung solcher Technologien in künftigen (Arbeits-)Kontexten unbeabsichtigte soziale Auswirkungen haben könnten, denen Rechnung getragen werden muss. Folglich werden potentielle Strategien zur Abmilderung solcher unerwünschten Nebeneffekte diskutiert, Implikationen für die zukünftige Forschung abgeleitet und ein Ausblick auf kommende Studien gegeben.:List of tables 5 List of figures 6 Abstract 7 Zusammenfassung 10 I. SYNOPSIS 14 1 Introduction 14 2 Theoretical Background 16 2.1 From Embodied Digital Technologies to Human Augmentation Technologies 17 2.2 Social Perception 20 2.2.1 Fundamental Dimensions of Social Perception 21 2.2.2 Emotional and Behavioral Consequences 25 2.2.3 Social Perception in HAT Evaluation 26 2.3 Self-perception 28 2.4 Research objectives 30 3 Study summaries 30 3.1 Study 1: Embodied Digital Technologies: First insights in the social and legal perception of robots and users of prostheses 33 3.2 Study 2: Social perception of embodied digital technologies – a closer look at bionics and social robotics 36 3.3 Study 3: The impact of bionic prostheses on users’ self-perceptions: A qualitative study 42 4 Discussion 44 4.1 Practical implications 48 4.2 Limitations 50 4.3 Future research 52 5 Conclusion 54 References 56 II. RESEARCH PAPER 66 Embodied Digital Technologies: First Insights in the Social and Legal Perception of Robots and Users of Prostheses 66 Social perception of embodied digital technologies – a closer look at bionics and social robotics 135 The impact of bionic prostheses on users’ self-perceptions: A qualitative study 178 III. APPENDIX 221 Acknowledgments 221 List of publications 223 Curriculum vitae 230 Eidesstattliche Erklärung 232

This study attempts to understand prostitution from their definition of the situation. It differs in its method from other studies on prostitution in that the investigation was based on the prostitutes' own perspectives as interpreted by the researcher using the interpretative epistemological tradition. A comparative analysis of prostitution in two economically stable African Countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana was made. This study investigated society's perception of prostitutes and how it impacts upon their empowerment and emancipation as vulnerable members of the society and their participation in prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection including HIV/AIDS. Also the role of governments and individuals in creating and sustaining prostitution, an extensive insight to the modus operandi of prostitution and suggestions on how best to address prostitution in society, were discussed. A triangulated methodology of three hundred and twenty five sexworkers (325) that includes a quantitative study of two hundred and five sex workers complimented with a qualitative study of one hundred and twenty sex workers participating in focus group discussion and case studies informed the study. The findings of the research suggest that in the prostitutes' own definition of the situation; prostitutes contribute to the maintenance of societal equilibrium, the society creates and sustains prostitution. Economic need rather than lack of morals creates prostitutes and their situation of vulnerability as women is being reinforced by their status as prostitutes. Violence from partners that includes the police and the inability to reprimand their clients, are some hazards of prostitution and these result in their mobility and creates a challenge in adequately addressing the issue of prostitution in society, including their limited participation in the control of STDs. Respondents in Botswana had a very good knowledge of STI's /HIV/AIDS and had no difficulties in going to hospital in the event of any STD's as compared with Nigerian respondents. The Nigerian respondents' indulged in self-medication with antibiotics and traditional herbs mixed in local gin before and after a sexual act, rather than go to hospitals. The research findings should assist the government and international community's policies and programmes aimed at addressing prostitution and STDs/HIV/AIDS. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Sociology)

This study attempts to understand prostitution from their definition of the situation. It differs in its method from other studies on prostitution in that the investigation was based on the prostitutes' own perspectives as interpreted by the researcher using the interpretative epistemological tradition. A comparative analysis of prostitution in two economically stable African Countries, namely Nigeria and Botswana was made. This study investigated society's perception of prostitutes and how it impacts upon their empowerment and emancipation as vulnerable members of the society and their participation in prevention and control of sexually transmitted infection including HIV/AIDS. Also the role of governments and individuals in creating and sustaining prostitution, an extensive insight to the modus operandi of prostitution and suggestions on how best to address prostitution in society, were discussed. A triangulated methodology of three hundred and twenty five sexworkers (325) that includes a quantitative study of two hundred and five sex workers complimented with a qualitative study of one hundred and twenty sex workers participating in focus group discussion and case studies informed the study. The findings of the research suggest that in the prostitutes' own definition of the situation; prostitutes contribute to the maintenance of societal equilibrium, the society creates and sustains prostitution. Economic need rather than lack of morals creates prostitutes and their situation of vulnerability as women is being reinforced by their status as prostitutes. Violence from partners that includes the police and the inability to reprimand their clients, are some hazards of prostitution and these result in their mobility and creates a challenge in adequately addressing the issue of prostitution in society, including their limited participation in the control of STDs. Respondents in Botswana had a very good knowledge of STI's /HIV/AIDS and had no difficulties in going to hospital in the event of any STD's as compared with Nigerian respondents. The Nigerian respondents' indulged in self-medication with antibiotics and traditional herbs mixed in local gin before and after a sexual act, rather than go to hospitals. The research findings should assist the government and international community's policies and programmes aimed at addressing prostitution and STDs/HIV/AIDS. / Sociology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Sociology)

Optimistiese self-evaluasies oor die vermoë om take uit te voer is belangrik vir sukses in verskeie aspekte van menswees. Wanneer mense sulke self-evaluasies doen en selfdoeltreffendheids-persepsies vorm maak hulle van inligting uit verskeie bronne gebruik. Volgens teorieë wat spesifiek verband hou met self-evaluasie is mense tydens die vorming van sulke persepsies omtrent die self veral afhanklik van inligting bekom deur sosiale vergelyking. Hierteenoor beklemtoon teorieë wat meer met selfdoeltreffendheid verband hou, die belangrikheid van self-verwysende inligting soos gevorm tydens prestasie-ervarings. Die doel met hierdie navorsing is om die ordening van die bronne van inligting, wat tydens die vorming van selfdoeltreffendheids-persepsies gebruik word, te ondersoek. Die resultate sal bydra om belangrike vrae te beantwoord oor die voorbereiding van mense vir die uitvoering van uitdagende take. In 'n eksperiment (N=1 723) wat op 'n Solomon-vier-groep-ontwerp geskoei is, is drie vorme van inligting wat persepsies kan beïnvloed aan drie eksperimentele groepe verskaf terwyl daar vyf kontrolegroepe was. Die effek van die ingrepe is met 'n vraelys gemeet. Die resultate toon dat selfdoeltreffendheidspersepsies meer deur selfverwysende inligting as deur sosiale vergelykings-inligting beïnvloed word. Dit is ook bevind dat die verskaffing van addisionele inligting nie 'n kumulatiewe effek tydens die vorming van selfdoeltreffendheidspersepsies het nie. Die implikasies van die resultate ten opsigte van die praktyk en teoretiese beskouinge is in die laaste instansie bespreek. / Optimistic self-evaluation regarding the ability to cany out tasks is important for success in various fields ofhuman endeavour. When people do such self-evaluations and fmm self-efficacy perceptions, they make use of information from various sources. According to theories related to self-evaluation, people engaged in forming such perceptions about themselves largely depend on information gained through social comparison. However, theories of self-efficacy emphasize the importance of self-referenced information, such as those formed through enactive attainments. The purpose of this research is to examine the collation of sources of information used in forming self-efficacy perceptions. The results will help to answer important questions about preparing people to perform challenging tasks. In an experiment (N=l 723) modelled on the Solomon Four Group Design, three types of information likely to influence perceptions were supplied to three experimental groups, while there were five control groups. The effects of the interventions were measured by means of a questionnaire. Results confirmed that perceptions of self-efficacy are more profoundly influenced by self-referenced information than by social comparisons. It was also found that additional information did not have a cumulative effect dming the forming of self -efficacy perceptions. The implications of the results with respect to practical and theoretical viewpoints are discussed in the final instance. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sielkunde)

This diploma thesis deals with social competences of a teacher at primary school. The aim of the theoretical part of this thesis was to explore the area of the social competences in current professional literature and curricula, and to analyze the social competences of a teacher necessary to developing their optimal relationships with pupils, class as a social group, parents of students and colleagues. The emphasis was placed on the description of use of the social competences of a teacher in pedagogical interaction, educational communication, the management of the class and during resolving conflicts. Special focus was given to teacher self-reflection, the importance of which is that it is the social competence enabling and influencing the development of other skills. The aim of the empirical part of this thesis was to determine which of thirteen social competences of a teacher at primary school are considered to be the most important in pedagogical interactions for pupils, parents of students and the teachers. We also examined how primary school teachers themselves applied and reflected thirteen monitored social competences in the situation of conflict, which of the thirteen social competences they used when they were resolving the conflict and which of the competences they did not apply. Applying methods...

Optimistiese self-evaluasies oor die vermoë om take uit te voer is belangrik vir sukses in verskeie aspekte van menswees. Wanneer mense sulke self-evaluasies doen en selfdoeltreffendheids-persepsies vorm maak hulle van inligting uit verskeie bronne gebruik. Volgens teorieë wat spesifiek verband hou met self-evaluasie is mense tydens die vorming van sulke persepsies omtrent die self veral afhanklik van inligting bekom deur sosiale vergelyking. Hierteenoor beklemtoon teorieë wat meer met selfdoeltreffendheid verband hou, die belangrikheid van self-verwysende inligting soos gevorm tydens prestasie-ervarings. Die doel met hierdie navorsing is om die ordening van die bronne van inligting, wat tydens die vorming van selfdoeltreffendheids-persepsies gebruik word, te ondersoek. Die resultate sal bydra om belangrike vrae te beantwoord oor die voorbereiding van mense vir die uitvoering van uitdagende take. In 'n eksperiment (N=1 723) wat op 'n Solomon-vier-groep-ontwerp geskoei is, is drie vorme van inligting wat persepsies kan beïnvloed aan drie eksperimentele groepe verskaf terwyl daar vyf kontrolegroepe was. Die effek van die ingrepe is met 'n vraelys gemeet. Die resultate toon dat selfdoeltreffendheidspersepsies meer deur selfverwysende inligting as deur sosiale vergelykings-inligting beïnvloed word. Dit is ook bevind dat die verskaffing van addisionele inligting nie 'n kumulatiewe effek tydens die vorming van selfdoeltreffendheidspersepsies het nie. Die implikasies van die resultate ten opsigte van die praktyk en teoretiese beskouinge is in die laaste instansie bespreek. / Optimistic self-evaluation regarding the ability to cany out tasks is important for success in various fields ofhuman endeavour. When people do such self-evaluations and fmm self-efficacy perceptions, they make use of information from various sources. According to theories related to self-evaluation, people engaged in forming such perceptions about themselves largely depend on information gained through social comparison. However, theories of self-efficacy emphasize the importance of self-referenced information, such as those formed through enactive attainments. The purpose of this research is to examine the collation of sources of information used in forming self-efficacy perceptions. The results will help to answer important questions about preparing people to perform challenging tasks. In an experiment (N=l 723) modelled on the Solomon Four Group Design, three types of information likely to influence perceptions were supplied to three experimental groups, while there were five control groups. The effects of the interventions were measured by means of a questionnaire. Results confirmed that perceptions of self-efficacy are more profoundly influenced by self-referenced information than by social comparisons. It was also found that additional information did not have a cumulative effect dming the forming of self -efficacy perceptions. The implications of the results with respect to practical and theoretical viewpoints are discussed in the final instance. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Sielkunde)

This diploma thesis deals with teachers´ and pupils´ attitudes in teaching English at elementary school. At first, the theoretical part focuses on explanations of main notions related with this theme, on attitudes forming between pupils and teachers in school background and on factors influencing their common interaction. Next, it devotes to the status of English as a foreign language not only in worldwide basis but also within school curriculum at elementary schools. The practical part tries to find out what language attitudes of the chosen pupils there are in teaching English. Principally, it focuses on the attitude towards English as a foreign language, the English lesson, particular activities in English lessons, towards the teacher and it also finds out the pupils´ reasons for learning English.

Ce travail propose une réflexion sur les obstacles, souvent "invisibles", qui contribuent à maintenir les femmes aux niveaux inférieurs de la hiérarchie professionnelle. Ce phénomène a été baptisé « plafond de verre ». L’asymétrie des profils professionnels entre hommes et femmes est interrogée à partir d’une approche constructiviste multidisciplinaire profitant des contributions conjointes de l’histoire, de la philosophie, de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale. L'introduction théorique propose une réflexion sur les déterminants historiques et psychosociaux de l’asymétrie du masculin et du féminin dans leurs rapports au pouvoir et au travail. Les théories des Représentations Sociales (Moscovici, 1961), de l'Identité Sociale (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) serviront de cadre conceptuel à l’ensemble du travail. Les antécédents psychosociaux du « plafond de verre » sont étudiés au travers d’une série de 6 études. La première explore le vécu et les représentations des femmes évoluant dans un contexte professionnel masculin tel que la politique et montre l’existence chez elles d’une tension entre les normes instrumentales en vigueur dans ce contexte et l’approche relationnelle qu’elles voudraient promouvoir. La deuxième et la troisième études explorent respectivement les représentations sociales de l’« emploi idéal pour soi » et de la « réussite » chez des jeunes universitaires (garçons et filles) en partant du présupposé qu’afin de mieux comprendre les stratégies différenciées de mobilité ascendante chez les deux sexes, il est important d’interroger les représentations sociales liées à la sphère professionnelle que les uns et les autres possèdent avant d’y être intégré-e-s. Enfin, trois études empiriques testent l’hypothèse générale selon laquelle la sous-représentation des femmes aux niveaux supérieurs de la hiérarchie sociale pourrait résulter des discordances qui existent entre, d’une part, les normes de genre endossées par les individus (i.e. féminine vs. masculine) ainsi que le niveau d’identification au genre et, d’autre part, les normes sous-tendant la culture des organisations. Les résultats suggèrent l’existence d’une telle incompatibilité normative et de son impact potentiel sur les stratégies de mobilité ascendante./Adopting a constructivist and multidisciplinary perspective, the present dissertation questions the “hidden obstacles” contributing to maintain women in the lower positions of the professional ladder, a phenomenon called “glass ceiling”. Framing our work in the social representations theory (Moscovici, 1961) and the social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we address the asymmetry in men’s and wome’s careers trough 6 study. Study 1 explores the representations of Belgian politician women with regard to their personal professional experiences and their relation to the normatively masculine political functioning. Furthermore, a second set of studies starts from the idea that, in order to understand women’s and men’s professional mobility strategies, we have to take social representations related to the professional domain into account. Hence, study 2 and 3 explore respectively the social representations of « an own ideal job » and of « a successful life » amongst young students of both sexes. Finally, studies 4, 5, and 6 test the general hypothesis that the lack of women in positions of power could be partially due to the incongruence between potentially conflicting social norms. Namely, while work settings seem to induce a social norm favoring instrumental social orientations, women socialization is still characterized by the existence of prescriptions about relational orientations. Results suggest the existence of this normative inconsistency together with its potential impact on women’s professional mobility strategies. / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The substantial interpersonal and economic costs of depression make it imperative to better understand the predictors and moderators of depressive symptoms. The ability to use social support protects people from depressive symptoms, but individuals high in attachment avoidance tend not to use others as sources of support. Research has found that attachment avoidance is related to depressive symptoms in some samples but not in others (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; Shea, 2011). Thus, there appear to be factors that moderate the relationship between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms. The present study examined if cognitive abilities that facilitate effective emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms. Using a sample of college students, attachment avoidance, cognitive abilities, depressive symptoms, and other indices of psychological distress and well-being were measured and examined for evidence of moderation via hierarchical linear regression. The hypothesis that cognitive abilities moderate the relationship between attachment avoidance and depressive symptoms was not supported (ΔR2 = 0.02, p = .68). Factors contributing to the null findings are discussed and conceptual and methodological suggestions are offered for future research.