abstract: The goals of this dissertation were to develop a measurement called the Empathetic Expressions Scale (EES) for Negative and Positive Events, to evaluate expressions of empathy from the receiver perspective, and to provide initial evidence for empathetic expressions as a separate construct from the empathy experience. A series of studies were conducted using three separately collected sets of data. Through the use of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the EES for Negative Events and the EES for Positive Events were created from the emerged factors. A five-factor structure emerged for the EES for Negative Events, which include Verbal Affirmation, Experience Sharing, Empathetic Voice, Emotional Reactivity, and Empathetic Touch. This scale was found to have good convergent and discriminant validity through the process of construct validation and good local and model fit through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). A four-factor structure and two-factor structure emerged for the EES for Positive Events. The four factors include Verbal Affirmation, Experience Sharing, Empathetic Voice, and Emotional Reactivity. The two factors in the second structure include Celebratory Touch and Hugs.The final study focused on evaluating different empathetic expressions from the receiver perspective. From the receiver perspective, the participants rated five types of empathetic expressions in response to negative or positive events disclosure. According to the findings, Emotional Reactivity was rated as the most effective empathetic expression in negative events on both levels of supportiveness and message quality scales whereas Verbal Affirmation received the lowest ratings on both criteria. In positive events, Experience Sharing was evaluated as the most supportive and highest quality message whereas Verbal Affirmation was evaluated the lowest on both criteria. Taken together, the series of studies presented in this dissertation provided evidence for the development and validity of the EES for Negative and Positive Events. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2016

abstract: Receiving support from intimate others is important to individual well-being across the lifespan. However, the role of support in adolescent romantic relationships has not been investigated extensively. Using two studies, this dissertation utilized data from N = 111 adolescent couples collected as part of the Adolescents, Schools, Peers, and Interpersonal Relationships (ASPIRE) to investigate the implications of support for adolescents’ relationship quality, and positive behavioral adjustment. The first study expanded on existing research by investigating whether support given in response to a partner’s experience of a stressful event, and gauged from the perspective of the support recipient, was associated with the quality of adolescents’ romantic relationships. The study, further investigated whether the association between support and relationship quality changed depending on stress levels experienced due to the stressful event. Results from the dyadic process multilevel model showed that support receipt was associated with increased relationship quality on the same day and that this association was moderated by stress. Results imply that support processes engaged in by adolescents may operate in a similar manner as they do for adults. Implications for the research literature are discussed. The second study examined the role of parental support in adolescents’ romantic relationships. Although, research indicates parents continue to play an important role in the socialization of their children during the adolescent years, very little is known about the role of parenting practices in the domain of adolescent romantic relationships. Study two used longitudinal data to investigate the influence of parental support of adolescent romantic relationships and parental trust on adolescents’ disclosure of information about romantic relationships and adolescent problem behaviors. Results of the Actor Partner Interdependence Model indicated that parental support of romantic relationships but not parental trust was associated with increases in adolescent romantic relationship disclosure at time one, and decreases in problem behaviors at time two. Furthermore, important sex differences emerged. Sex differences and implications for parents of adolescents are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Family and Human Development 2016

abstract: This study examined whether social support available to parents moderated the heritability of parent-reported social approach at 12 months (N = 286 twin pairs, 52.00% female) and social competence at 30 months (N = 259 twin pairs, 53.30% female). Genetic and environmental covariance across age is also reported. Social support consistently moderated genetic influences on children’s social approach and competence, such that heritability was highest when parents reported low social support. Shared environment was not moderated by social support and explained continuity across age. Findings provide further evidence that genetic and environmental influences on development vary across context. When parents are supported, environmental influences on children’s social competence are larger, perhaps because support helps parents provide a broadly promotive environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2017

abstract: Emotional support messages can benefit recipients; however, verbal and nonverbal aspects of these messages can vary in effectiveness, and the process of communicating support can be stressful to some supporters. One potential behavior that may yield more effective support messages for recipients while reducing anxiety and stress for supporters is message planning. Thus, planning theory is used to test whether planning influences message effectiveness, nonverbal delivery of messages, self-reported anxiety, and physiological stress markers. Additionally, an individual’s trait-level reticence and prior support experiences are predicted to moderate the effects of message planning. One hundred laboratory participants were assigned to either a planning condition or writing distraction task and completed a series of self-report and physiological measures before, during, and after recording an emotional support message to a friend who had hypothetically been diagnosed with a serious form of cancer. Subsequently, a sample of one hundred cancer patients viewed the laboratory participants’ videos to provide message effectiveness ratings and four trained coders provided data on nonverbal behaviors from these recorded messages. Findings showed planning leads to more effective messages; however, it also leads to supporters engaging in success bias and inflation bias. Planning also increased vocal fluency, but not other nonverbal behaviors. Likewise, planning attenuated heart rate reactivity, but not other physiological markers. In general, experience and reticence did not moderate these main effects. Theoretical, practical, clinical, pedagogical, and methodological implications are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Communication 2018

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre apoyo social percibido y aborto inducido En mujeres jóvenes de centros maternos infantiles de Lima, Perú. Además, se estimó la prevalencia e incidencia de aborto inducido en esta población. Material y Métodos. Estudio transversal analítico en mujeres de 18 a 25 años de edad. Aborto inducido se evaluó a través de uno de los métodos de Rossier: diferencia del número total de embarazos terminados en aborto en y el número de abortos espontáneos, mientras que apoyo social percibido fue evaluado mediante la escala de DUKE-UNC. Se determinó la asociación entre las variables de interés ajustando por diversos confusores usando modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: Un total de 298 mujeres fueron enroladas, con una edad media de 21.7 (DE: 2.2). El 43.6% (IC95%: 38.0%–49.3%) presentaba bajos niveles de apoyo social y 17.4% (IC95%: 13.1%– 21.8%) reportó por lo menos algún aborto inducido. La incidencia de aborto inducido fue de 2.37 (IC95%: 1.81–3.11) por cada 100 personas-año de seguimiento. Hubo evidencia de asociación entre el apoyo social percibido y aborto inducido (RR=1.93; IC95%: 1.13–3.30) después de controlar por potenciales confusores. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia de asociación entre bajos niveles de apoyo social percibido y aborto inducido en mujeres de 18 a 25 años. La incidencia de aborto inducido es igual o mayor que otros países donde el aborto es legal. Una gran proporción de mujeres tienen bajos niveles de soporte social. Se requieren estrategias para incrementar el soporte social de las mujeres y reducir las tasas de aborto inducido. / Objective: To determine the association between perceived social support and induced abortion among women from maternal health centers in Lima, Peru. Besides, prevalence and incidence of induced abortion were estimated in this population. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study enrolling women aged 18 to 25 years. Induced abortion was defined using one of the Rossier methods: difference between the total number of pregnancies ended in abortion and the number of spontaneous abortions, whereas perceived social support was assessed using the DUKE-UNC scale. The association between variables of interest was estimated using generalized linear models adjusting by potential confounders. Results: A total of 298 women were enrolled, mean age 21.6 (SD: 2.2) years. Low levels of social support was found in 43.6% (95%CI 38.0%–49.3%) and 17.4% (95%CI: 13.1%– 21.8%) reported at least one induced abortion. The incidence of induced abortion was 2.37 (95%CI: 1.81–3.11) per 100 persons-year of follow-up. There was evidence of the association between social support and induced abortion (RR=1.93; 95%CI: 1.13–3.30) after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: There was evidence of an association between perceived social support and induced abortion among women aged 18 to 25 years. The incidence of induced abortion was similar or higher than countries where abortion is legal. A great proportion of women had low levels of social support. Strategies to increase social support and reduce induced abortion rates are needed.

Os baixos índices de amamentação exclusiva sugerem a falta de estrutura que forneça apoio efetivo para que a mulher tenha condições de escolher e decidir em relação ao início e a duração da amamentação. Em nossa percepção, há uma dissonância entre o apoio instituído e o apoio esperado pela mulher. Sendo assim, questiona-se o que é o apoio para amamentar, como a mulher/nutriz interpreta as ações de apoio de sua rede social e quais são os elementos mais relevantes para ela. Consideramos que a definição do apoio à amamentação carece de clareza e consenso. Questionamos se o apoio à mulher no processo de amamentação pode ser considerado um fenômeno socioculturalmente construído e sua natureza prática influenciada pelos mecanismos de comunicação existentes na sociedade. Desta forma, elegemos os pressupostos das Representações Sociais para nos levar a conhecer as representações de um grupo de nutrizes sobre apoio para amamentar e identificar as ações de apoio do entorno social que são recebidas e percebidas por elas no processo de amamentação. O local do estudo foi o Centro de Saúde Escola Samuel Barnsley Pessoa (CSE Butantã-SP). Participaram 14 mulheres, em processo de amamentação com filhos até a idade de seis meses, abordadas no setor de pediatria e puericultura do referido serviço. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista e organizados segundo a proposta do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, o que propiciou a construção de seis discursos que representam as percepções das mulheres e versam sobre as suas experiências de amamentação, com enfoque para o apoio recebido e percebido nos contextos hospitalar, familiar e profissional. Dos resultados do estudo, apreende-se que o apoio é um fenômeno de grande amplitude constituído por aspectos da promoção, da proteção e do incentivo ao aleitamento materno. Em relação às ações de apoio para amamentar, segundo as perspectivas das mulheres, é possível compreender o apoio diante de três dimensões: instrumental, afetiva e estrutural. A dimensão instrumental, no contexto hospitalar, engloba elementos de ordem prática e informacional do manejo da amamentação. No contexto familiar, a dimensão instrumental relaciona-se principalmente ao auxílio financeiro e ajuda nas tarefas domésticas, permitindo à mulher, dedicar mais tempo ao bebê e a amamentação. A dimensão afetiva engloba elementos das relações interpessoais, no contexto público e privado, enfatizando a maneira como o apoio é oferecido. A dimensão estrutural diz respeito às ações do contexto social no tocante ao trabalho assalariado. Não há reconhecimento de apoio para amamentar oferecido pela sociedade, mas sim obstáculos a serem transpostos para o reconhecimento no ambiente profissional, como mulheres trabalhadoras e mães. As necessidades expressas pelas mulheres representam um desafio de revisão das práticas a todos os envolvidos na promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação; portanto, os serviços de saúde deveriam prover ações baseadas na percepção das mulheres na busca de uma parceria com sua rede familiar e também integração com os aparelhos sociais disponíveis / The low exclusive breastfeeding rates suggest the lack of structure to provide effective support for the woman to have conditions to choose and decide regarding to the beginning and the duration of breastfeeding. In our perception, there is a dissonance between the instituted support and the women\'s expected support. In that way, it was questioned what is the support for breastfeeding, how the woman/nourisher interprets the action support of her social network and what the most relevant elements are for her. It was considered that the definition of breastfeeding support lacks clearness and consensus. It was questioned if the support to the woman in the breastfeeding process may be considered a socioculturally built phenomenon and its practical nature influenced by mechanisms of communication existent in society. This way, we elected the presupposed in Social Representations to make us know the representatives of a group of nourishers on the support to breastfeed and to identify the support actions of the social surrounding, which can be received and perceived by them in the breastfeeding process. The place of study was Centro de Saúde Escola Samuel Barnsley Pessoa (CSE Butantã-SP). The fourteen women who attended it were in the breastfeeding process, whose children were up to six months old, approached at the pediatric and child welfare sectors of the service aforementioned. Data was obtained through interview and organized according to the purpose of Collective Subject, which offered the construction of six discourses that represented the women\'s perceptions and turns to their experiences in breastfeeding, focusing on the received and perceived support in the hospital, family and professional contexts. From the study outcomes, it was seen that support is a phenomenon of great extension, made of aspects of promotion, protection and encouragement to breastfeeding. Regarding to the actions to support breastfeeding, according to women\'s perspectives, it\'s possible to understand support in three dimensions: instrumental, affective and structural. The instrumental dimension, in the hospital context, concerns to practical and informative elements on managing breastfeeding. In the family context, the instrumental dimension is mainly related to the financial support and help on household chores, allowing women to dedicate more time to the baby and breastfeeding. The affective dimension involves elements of interpersonal relationship, in the public and private contexts, focusing on the way support is offered. The structural dimension concerns to the actions of social context regarding to the salaried job. There is no gratitude of support to breastfeeding offered by society; instead, there are obstacles to be overcome for its value in the professional setting, as working women or mothers. The needs expressed by women represent a challenge to review the practices for all of those involved in promotion, protection and support to breastfeeding; therefore, healthcare services should provide actions based on women\'s perception in seeking a partnership with the family network and also the integration with the social facilities available

Orientador: Anita Liberalesso Neri / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T15:05:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_LigianeAntonietaMartins_M.pdf: 1177119 bytes, checksum: 8f2f5824f4723126b4e906e33d5aabd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A manutenção de atividades avançadas de vida diária de natureza social, de lazer, cultural, organizacional e política é indicadora de motivação para relações sociais, integração social e produtividade, elementos que integram o conceito de velhice bem sucedida. Objetivo: Analisar relações entre envolvimento social e suporte social percebidos em idosos comunitários, considerando as variáveis gênero, idade, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico da localidade de residência. Método: 1.451 idosos sem déficit cognitivo sugestivo de demência, integrantes de amostras probabilísticas de um estudo multicêntrico sobre fragilidade realizado em quatro localidades com níveis socioeconômicos contrastantes foram entrevistados sobre seu envolvimento em atividades avançadas de vida diária, suporte social percebido e características sociodemográficas. Resultados: 65,5% dos idosos eram mulheres e 69,7% tinham entre 65 e 74 anos. A média de idade foi 72,2 + 5,4 e a média de anos escolaridade, 4,23 + 3,8. As atividades avançadas de vida diária desempenhadas com maior frequência foram ir à igreja, fazer viagens curtas e ir a reuniões sociais; as interrompidas por mais idosos foram realizar trabalho remunerado, fazer viagens longas e ir a eventos culturais. O envolvimento social foi maior entre as mulheres, os idosos mais jovens, os com nível mais alto de escolaridade e os residentes nas localidades economicamente mais desenvolvidas. Foram observadas correlações positivas e significativas entre envolvimento social e suporte social percebido e correlações negativas entre envolvimento social e idade. Conclusões: Os dados são compatíveis com os de outras pesquisas realizadas em outros países. Contribuem para a compreensão das relações entre a sociabilidade e as atividades sociais complexas em idosos são úteis para a teoria e a intervenção / Abstract: The continuity of social, cultural, leisure, organizational and political advanced activities of daily living indicates motivation for social relationships, social integration and productivity, key elements that integrate the concept of successful aging. Objectives: This study was aimed at analyzing relationships between social participation and perceived social support in community-dwelling elderly, according gender, age, educational level and socioeconomic level of the locality of residence. Method: 1.451 participants without cognitive deficit suggestive of dementia from randomized samples of four localities with contrasting socioeconomic levels were interviewed about their involvement in social, organizational, cultural, leisure and political advanced activities of daily living; perceived social support and socio-demographic characteristics. Results: 65,5% were women; 69,7% were 65 to 74 years old (M = 72,2 + 5,4), and 52% had 1 to 4 years of schooling (M=4,23 + 3,8). The most performed advanced activities of daily living were going to church, making short trips and participation in social meetings; the most interrupted were performing paid work, making long trips and participation in cultural events. Social participation was higher among women, the youngest, those with higher educational level and those that have lived in the localities with higher socioeconomic conditions. Social participation was positive and significantly correlated with perceived social support and educational level and was negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: The results are similar to others from research from other countries. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationships between sociability and complex social activities in old age, which are useful for theory and intervention / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestra em Gerontologia

Orientador: Maria José D'Elboux / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T07:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_DeborahCristinade_M.pdf: 2408872 bytes, checksum: 31c303898ae88f90a0f0de819a259b4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A expectativa de suporte para o cuidado é a crença que o idoso tem de que pessoas próximas proverão a assistência futura a ele caso haja necessidade, aliviando o estresse em situação de crise, podendo inibir o desenvolvimento de doenças e exercer um papel positivo em sua recuperação. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos comparar a expectativa de suporte para o cuidado, arranjo de moradia e variáveis relacionadas à saúde, em função de gênero e faixa etária de idosos da comunidade e identificar as variáveis associadas à ausência de expectativa de suporte para o cuidado em idosos da comunidade. Foi realizada a partir dos dados da Rede de Pesquisa sobre Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros (Rede FIBRA), utilizando dados da cidade de Campinas-SP (n=671). Foram selecionadas variáveis sociodemográficas (gênero, idade e arranjo de moradia), variáveis relacionadas à saúde (doenças auto-relatadas, independência funcional, saúde percebida e fragilidade) e expectativa de suporte para o cuidado para a realização de ABVD's e AIVD's. Foi realizada análise descritiva e, por meio dos testes Qui- Quadrado ou exato de Fisher, análise de comparação das principais variáveis categóricas entre gênero, faixa etária e expectativa suporte para o cuidado. Para estudar os fatores associados com a ausência de expectativa de suporte para o cuidado foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada, com critério Stepwise de seleção de variáveis. O Estudo FIBRA e o presente estudo foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Unicamp (208/2007). Mais mulheres moram sozinhas (20,52%), tem maior número de doenças (49,02%), incapacidades em ABVD's (12,42%), pior avaliação da própria saúde (7,39%) e esperam receber cuidado de apenas uma pessoa caso haja necessidade (46,84%). Grande percentual de homens mantém a realização de suas AAVD's (95,59%), tem expectativa de suporte para o cuidado (93,33%) e esperam serem cuidados por um maior número de pessoas caso precisem (55,34%). Maior número de idosos mais longevos vivem sozinhos (22,55%) e tem incapacidade para realização das AIVD's (35,96%). As respostas afirmativas referentes à expectativa de suporte para o cuidado estiveram mais presentes para os homens, sujeitos que residem acompanhados, que deixaram de realizar uma ou mais AAVD e que referem saúde percebida boa e muito boa. Grande percentual de idosos que avaliaram sua saúde como ruim ou muito ruim (25,64%) e idosos que residem sozinhos (22,42%) não têm expectativa de suporte para o cuidado. Os idosos que avaliaram a própria saúde como ruim ou muito ruim têm três vezes mais chance de não ter expectativa. As mulheres têm duas vezes mais chance de não ter expectativa de suporte para o cuidado, e, se residirem sozinhas, tem três vezes mais chance de ausência de expectativa. Esta pesquisa evidencia que a expectativa de suporte para o cuidado dos idosos da cidade de Campinas - SP está diretamente relacionada ao gênero, é independente da idade e que os idosos estão em situação vulnerável para a falta de expectativa de suporte para o cuidado e percepção de saúde, podendo estar mais suceptíveis ao declínio funcional, morbidades e à falta de suporte para o cuidado / Abstract: The anticipated support for care is the belief that the elderly have people around that will provide future assistance to him should the need arise, relieving stress in a stressful situation, can inhibit the development of diseases and exerting a positive role in their recovery. This research aimed to compare the anticipated support for care, arranging housing and health related outcomes, by gender and age group of older adults and identify the variables associated with lack of anticipated support for care in dwelling elderly. It was performed from the data of the Research Network on Frailty in Elderly Brazilian Network (FIBRA), using data from the city of Campinas- SP (n = 671). There were selected sociodemographic variables (gender, age and arrangement of housing), health-related variables (self-reported illnesses, functional capacity, perceived health and frailty) and expectation of support for care to perform BADL's and IADL's. A descriptive analysis and by using the chi-square or Fisher exact test, comparison analysis of the main categorical variables of gender, age and anticipated support for care. To explore the factors associated with the absence of expected support for the careful analysis was used for univariate and multivariate analysis with stepwise criterion for variable selection. FIBRA Study and the present study were approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Unicamp (208/2007). More women live alone (20.52%), has more diseases (49.02%), disabilities in BADL's (12.42%), worse assessment of their health (7.39%) and expect to receive care only a person should the need arise (46.84%). Large percentage of men have to carry out their AAVD's (95.59%) is expected to support care (93.33%) and expect to be cared for by a greater number of people if they need it (55.34%). Increased number of oldest-old elderly living alone (22.55%) and has inability to perform IADL's (35.96%). The affirmative answers regarding the anticipated support support for care were more positive for men, guys who live together, who failed to perform one or more AAVD and perceived health good and very good. Large percentage of seniors who rated their health as poor or very poor and elderly who live alone have negative anticipated support for care. Elderly people who assess their health as poor or very poor are three times more likely to have no expectations. Women are twice as likely to have no anticipated support for care and, if they reside alone has three times more likely to lack of expectation. This research shows that the anticipated support for elderly care in the city of Campinas - SP is directly related to gender, is independent of age and who are vulnerable in relation to the expectation of support for the care and health perception, with more susceptible to functional decline and lack of expected support / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestra em Ciências da Saúde

Socialt stöd, och då särskilt från den närmaste chefen kan påverka en individs välbefinnande i arbetet positivt. I denna studie intervjuades sex första linjens teknikchefer om vilka förväntningar de hade på socialt stöd från sina egna närmaste chefer samt vilket socialt stöd de upplevde, här indelat i fyra kategorier: instrumentellt, informativt, värderande samt emotionellt stöd. Vidare undersöktes hur det upplevda sociala stödet påverkade chefernas välbefinnande i arbetet, då främst genom upplevelsen av meningsfullhet och engagemang. Vid analysen hittades de fyra typerna av socialt stöd i både förväntningar och upplevt stöd. Förväntningar på socialt stöd tenderade att anpassas till befintligt stöd. Dessutom framkom att tillit upplevdes vara stödjande, vilket liksom övriga stödtyper ökade välbefinnandet i form av känslor av meningsfullhet och engagemang. Avsaknad av socialt stöd minskade dessa, men kunde ge känslor av frihet. Meningsfullhet skapades även av att arbeta med människors utveckling. Tillit som stödkategori behöver utforskas mer i framtiden.

Under de senaste 20 åren har det blivit vanligare att organisera verksamheter i team. Upplevelsen av att arbeta team skiljer sig mellan individer, team och verksamheter. Tidigare forskning har främst fokuserat på hur vårdpersonal upplever teamarbete. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka personalens upplevelse av teamarbete och hur det påverkar arbetsklimatet i kommunal verksamhet. 12 kommunanställda intervjuades om deras upplevelse av teamarbete. Den insamlade datan analyserades, av en fenomenologiinspirerad, forskningsanalys som kallas för EPP-metoden. Upplevelsen av teamarbete beskrivs utifrån de tre abstrakta teman (1) Socialt klimat, (2) Arbetsprocess samt (3) Arbetsstruktur. Studiens resultat visade att majoriteten av personalen upplevde teamarbete inom den kommunala verksamheten som positiv samt att deras upplevelse av hur teamarbete påverkar arbetsklimatet var bra. Resultatet stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning gällande teamarbetets positiva aspekter och även hur det påverkar arbetsklimatet.