付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22772号 / 工博第4771号 / 新制||工||1746(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 松原 厚, 教授 小森 雅晴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Disruptions severely undermine the reliability of railway systems. Consequently, a lot of investments are made to improve disruption management. Much has already been written about disruption management, often with the purpose of supporting operators in their decision making. However, to the best of our knowledge, this literature doesn't consider the structural differences of disruption management in different countries. An overview of the various ways in which disruptions are solved and conditions under which that happens could help rail infrastructure managers and train operating companies to reconsider the ways in which they operate. This paper takes stock of the similarities and differences in how disruptions are managed in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Of importance is not only how these systems work on paper, but above all what happens in practice, i.e. the habits and routines that operators have developed for solving disruptions.

The level of autonomation and the number situations which an autonomous vehicle can handle continuously increases. However, even fully autonomous vehicles will need human support, especially when system failures occur. Remote operations enables vehicles to operate autonomously when possible and keeps the human in the loop to assist when needed by allocating them to a remote operating center (ROC). It is a new field within autonomous trucks and little research has thus been conducted on the topic. By taking an approach from the fields of aviation and maritime, where remote operations has been researched for longer, the study aims to transfer knowledge to road freight and to enable remote operations at a management mode. The focus of the study is thus to investigate which information is important for the remote operator (RO) when manual procedures are automated, and to define recommendations for how a ROC could be designed from a human-automation teamwork and situational awareness perspective. The results of the conducted interviews find that the RO first and foremost needs information regarding failures of the automation, including how the failures could be solved. However, it also confirms previous research emphasizing interactive interfaces to avoid passive monitoring, as that is likely to cause an out-of-the-loop problem. Furthermore, recommendations which could be defined regarding the design of a ROC include incorporating both verbal and digital communicational abilities, and the possibility to collaborate, both internally and externally. Lastly, the results show an importance to differentiate between different modes of remote operations in the ROC to remain clear of the responsible actor and avoiding automation surprise.

Este trabalho identifica o Código de Ética e Prática Profissional da engenharia de software como o conjunto de práticas para consideração de fatores humanos na engenharia de software. A seguir, estende o Kernel da especificação Essence, e o utiliza para conduzir a aplicação desse conjunto de práticas. A prova de conceito indica que o conjunto de práticas identificadas não garante a consideração de fatores humanos na engenharia de software. Considerar a ética nas interações existentes na empreitada de engenharia de software não é um simples caso de utilização de checklists como forma de verificar o que deve ser feito para certificar que algo foi realizado. Considerar a ética é mais do que isso. É necessário que todas as pessoas tenham consciência da importância da ética, do respeito de um ao outro e à sociedade. / This text identifies the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice as a set of practices to consider human factors in software engineering. Afterwards, it extends the Kernel of the Essence specification, and applies it to steer the use of this set of practices. The proof of concept indicates that the identified set of practices does not ensure the consideration of human factors in software engineering. Considering ethics, in the interactions that are present in software engineering endeavor, is not a simple case of using checklists to ascertain what must be done to ensure that something was carried out. Taking ethics into consideration is more than that. It is imperative that all the people should become aware of how important ethics is, and so is the respect for each other and for the society. Keywords: This text identifies the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice as a set of practices to consider human factors in software engineering. Afterwards, it extends the Kernel of the Essence specification, and applies it to steer the use of this set of practices. The proof of concept indicates that the identified set of practices does not ensure the consideration of human factors in software engineering. Considering ethics, in the interactions that are present in software engineering endeavor, is not a simple case of using checklists to ascertain what must be done to ensure that something was carried out. Taking ethics into consideration is more than that. It is imperative that all the people should become aware of how important ethics is, and so is the respect for each other and for the society.

Erfahrungsmanagement (EM) ist eine Spezialform des Wissensmanagements, die sich mit aufgabenbezogenem Wissen beschäftigt. Diese Arbeit entwickelt ein Rahmenwerk für Assistenzsysteme, die Menschen bei EM-Aufgaben unterstützen. Es untersucht nicht nur technische Fragen (Erfahrungswissen sammeln, strukturieren, speichern und wiederverwenden) sondern auch organisatorische (Erfahrungswissen evaluieren und pflegen) und psychosoziale Aspekte (ein EM-System integrieren, Barrieren vermeiden, den Systemeinsatz bewerten). Fallbasierte Anwendungsbeispiele für industrielle und experimentelle Szenarien zeigen, welche Prozesse wo unterstützt oder gar teilautomatisiert werden können. Sie dienen der experimentellen Evaluierug der Fragen, die ich zu Beginn jedes Anwendungskapitels formuliert habe. / Experience Management (EM) is a special form of Knowledge Management that deals with task-based knowledge. This thesis provides a framework for assistant systems that support human beings in EM tasks. It deals not only with technical issues (how to collect, structure, store, retrieve, and reuse experiential knowledge), but als with organizational issues (how to evaluate and maintain it) and psychosocial questions (how to integrate an EM system, how to avoid barriers, how to evaluate the success of the whole system). Case-based sample applications from both, industrial and experimental scenarios, show to what extend the particular EM processes can be supported or which sub-processes can even be automated. By means of experiments with these implemented samples, we evaluate the topics that are discussed at the beginning of each application chapter.

Este trabalho identifica o Código de Ética e Prática Profissional da engenharia de software como o conjunto de práticas para consideração de fatores humanos na engenharia de software. A seguir, estende o Kernel da especificação Essence, e o utiliza para conduzir a aplicação desse conjunto de práticas. A prova de conceito indica que o conjunto de práticas identificadas não garante a consideração de fatores humanos na engenharia de software. Considerar a ética nas interações existentes na empreitada de engenharia de software não é um simples caso de utilização de checklists como forma de verificar o que deve ser feito para certificar que algo foi realizado. Considerar a ética é mais do que isso. É necessário que todas as pessoas tenham consciência da importância da ética, do respeito de um ao outro e à sociedade. / This text identifies the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice as a set of practices to consider human factors in software engineering. Afterwards, it extends the Kernel of the Essence specification, and applies it to steer the use of this set of practices. The proof of concept indicates that the identified set of practices does not ensure the consideration of human factors in software engineering. Considering ethics, in the interactions that are present in software engineering endeavor, is not a simple case of using checklists to ascertain what must be done to ensure that something was carried out. Taking ethics into consideration is more than that. It is imperative that all the people should become aware of how important ethics is, and so is the respect for each other and for the society. Keywords: This text identifies the Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice as a set of practices to consider human factors in software engineering. Afterwards, it extends the Kernel of the Essence specification, and applies it to steer the use of this set of practices. The proof of concept indicates that the identified set of practices does not ensure the consideration of human factors in software engineering. Considering ethics, in the interactions that are present in software engineering endeavor, is not a simple case of using checklists to ascertain what must be done to ensure that something was carried out. Taking ethics into consideration is more than that. It is imperative that all the people should become aware of how important ethics is, and so is the respect for each other and for the society.

<p>This licentiate thesis describes and analyses the modern history of the socio-technical systems for urban water supply and sanitation in East Africa with focus on Uganda and Kenya. The key objective of the thesis is to evaluate to what extent the historic processes frame and influence the water and sanitation services sectors in these countries today. The theoretical approach combines the Large Technical Systems approach from the discipline of History of Technology with New Institutional Economics. Throughout, urban water and sanitation service systems are regarded as socio-technical systems, where institutions, organisation and technology all interact. The thesis consists of three separate articles and a synthesis in the form of a framework narrative. The first article provides a discussion of the theoretical framework with special focus on the application of Public Goods theory to urban water and sanitation. The second article describes the establishment of the large-scale systems for water supply and sanitation in Kampala, Uganda in the period 1920-1950. The third article focuses on the politics of urban water supply in Kenya with emphasis on the period 1900-1990.</p><p>The main findings in this thesis are that the socio-technical systems for urban water and sanitation evolve over long periods of time and are associated with inertia that makes these systems change slowly. The systems were established in the colonial period to mainly respond to the needs and preferences of a wealthy minority and a technological paradigm evolved based on capital-intensive and large-scale technology. Attempts to expand services to all citizens in the post-colonial period under this paradigm were not sustainable due to changes in the social, political and economic environment while incentives for technological change were largely absent. History thus frames decisions in the public sphere even today, through technological and institutional inertia. Knowing the history of these socio-technical systems is therefore important, in order to understand key sector constraints, and for developing more sustainable service provision.</p>

This study in contemporary history describes the transformation of the public sphere in Sweden during the period 1969-1999, and analyses the role of information technology and politics in the process. The overall aim of the study is to explain how, and why, the public sphere in Jürgen Habermas sense has deteriorated during a period of rapid technological and political change, when increasing attention has been given to information technology as a new tool for improving democracy and empowering citizens. Theoretical inspiration is drawn from two perspectives within the modern history of technology and sociology of technology; the LTS (Large Technical Systems) and STS (Science, Technology and Society) approaches, as well as from the regime theory concept within political science. This multidisciplinary framework provides the theoretical basis for the study, including terms as socio-technical systems, system builder, technification, interpretative flexibility, stabilization, closing and regime change. In addition, the analysis draws upon previous research in economic history, where focus often has been on the important role of institutions. The term path dependence is central in this tradition. The starting point for the study is the process of a mutual legitimization between citizens and political actors that traditionally has taken place within the public sphere. In return for citizens support and trust, political actors have granted format rights to the public space. Two aspects of this interdependence are addressed: Freedom of speech and citizen’s access to public information, and their access to arenas where an exchange of political ideas and opinions is taking place. In the study, the former is a question of the legal system and the limits to freedom of speech in new medias such as the Internet, while the latter concerns citizen’s technical means and possibilities to connect to electronic networks. Research interest is concentrated on the formal political system, focusing both actors and structural factors such as technological development, media convergence, ideological change and international integration in the transformation process. Four case studies of institutional changes during formative moments, within what is defined as the legal and the technical infrastructures, are conducted and represent the empirical base of the thesis. The case studies are centered on Swedish governmental commissions, on the government itself and on proceedings in the parliament, and concerns formation and transformation of computer law, as well as the deregulation and privatization of the technical infrastructure. In the latter process Televerket (Swedish Telecom) has been an influential promoter of competition and institutional separation between tele- and data communications, representing a major regime change in favour of market relations in the technical infrastructure. In the area of computer law, the Swedish regime dominated by SCB (Statistics Sweden) was incorporated into a joint European data protection regime, resulting in limitations of freedom of speech on the Internet. These regime changes have also transformed the role of the state, constituting a “net watchers state”. Another important finding is that promotion of democracy and improvement of access to the public sphere, never was on the agenda in the political transformation processes studied, although a parallel discourse on democracy and information technology existed throughout the period studied.

Recent technologies have changed the way companies acquire and use computing resources. Companies have to adapt their capabilities, which combine business processes, skills, etc., to exploit the opportunities presented by these technologies whilst avoiding adverse effects. The latter part is, however, becoming increasingly difficult due to the uncertain long-term impact recent technologies have. This thesis argues that companies are required to adapt their capabilities in a way that increases the company's resilience so that they are robust yet flexible enough to succeed under uncertain conditions. By focusing on cloud computing as one recent technology, this thesis first identifies the underlying processes of adapting capabilities to cloud computing by investigating how software vendors migrated their products into the cloud. The results allow the definition of viewpoints that influence the adaptation of capabilities to cloud computing. Furthermore, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is applied to one software vendor after the migration of their product into the cloud. FRAM enables the analysis of ‘performance variabilities' that need to be dampened to increase the resilience of systems. The results show that FRAM appropriately informs steps to increase and measure resilience when migrating products into the cloud. The final part develops cFRAM which extends FRAM through the viewpoints to enable the analysis of capabilities within FRAM. The goal of cFRAM is to enable companies to (1) identify existing capabilities, (2) investigate the impact of cloud computing on them, and (3) inform steps to adapt them to cloud computing whilst dampening performance variabilities. The results of the cFRAM evaluation study are unequivocal and show cFRAM is a novel method that achieves its goal of enabling companies to adapt their capabilities to cloud computing in a way that increases the company's resilience. cFRAM can be easily adapted to other technologies like smartphones by changing the viewpoints.

The UK has committed to deep, long-term reductions in national greenhouse gas emissions as part of a global effort to address climate change. Material efficiency, reducing the material inputs per service output, has long been identified as a globally underexplored mitigation strategy. Previous studies show unrealised technical potential to improve the efficiency of steel use, a large contributor of industry emissions, in the UK. This thesis explores why these opportunities may be unrealised along the steel supply chain.