Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for Master of Arts in the Department of Isizulu at the University of Zululand, 2002. / In this research an attempt has been made at taking a socio Unguis tic view of the South Ndebele language. Particular attention was spent on the manner in which the ever-changing circumstances in life put pressure on the Ndebele language. This pressure is a social demand by the Ndebele community of making the language keep pace with time by making it define almost every activity in life. The reaction and response of the language on the other hand is studied carefully and the results noted. The research itself is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1 deals with the historical background of the Ndebele people. An attempt is being made to differentiate between the various types of the Ndebele groups by tracing the origins of the Ndebele people and also to give a somewhat accurate definition of the most common words which are often confused in the analysis of this language. Chapter 2 points to the early stages of linguistic changes which eventually resulted in different versions of speech. Special attention is given to the name "Nguni" and how the Ndebele people link and relate to this name. Chapter 3 takes a look at the influence exerted by other languages surrounding the isiNdebele language. It looks at processes like borrowing, adaptations and in some cases partial and total assimilation. It also looks at the means used by the isiNdebele language in a bit to resist the forces of "prestigious" languages. Chapter 4 focuses on the linguistic differences found among Ndebele dialects. It looks at the phonetic, phonological and some grammatical differences found between the Ndzundza and Manala Ndebele on one hand and also those of the Northern Ndebele on the other. Chapter 5 seeks solutions to the above-mentioned problems. Evaluations, recommendations and conclusions are made. The essential needs of the Ndebele language are looked into namely: • Graphization • Standardisation and • Modernisation

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Orientador: Odette Gertrudes Luiza Altmann de Souza Campos / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Banca: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Vanice Maria Oliveira Sargentini / Banca: Ana Maria Souza Lima Fargoni / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a variação da concordância verbal na língua escrita de informantes da região central do Estado de São Paulo, especificamente, Rio Claro. Para tanto, utilizamos um corpus composto de redações elaboradas por alunos da Escola Estadual Zita de Godoy Camargo. Este estudo é baseado na teoria sociolinguística, que considera a língua em seu contexto social. Partindo do pressuposto de que a concordância verbal do português do Brasil é uma regra variável, na qual há a variante de prestígio (marcada com o plural), e a variante desprestigiada (sem a marca de plural) em competição entre si, procuramos não só verificar esta variação como também identificar os fatores linguísticos e sociais que estão influenciando, condicionando esta variação na escrita formal. O uso das variantes foi analisado de acordo com fatores linguísticos e sociais já postulados por outros estudiosos. Dentre os fatores linguísticos, destacamos: a saliência fônica verbal, o paralelismo formal, e características do sujeito e do verbo. Os fatores extralinguísticos analisados foram: o sexo, a etnia, o nível social e o grau de escolaridade dos informantes. Realizamos uma análise quantitativa destes fatores através do programa computacional GOLDVARB 2001. Além da análise objetiva, realizamos uma investigação sobre a percepção dos informantes acerca do fenômeno estudado com base na avaliação subjetiva realizada por Labov (1983). Elaboramos nosso próprio questionário para relacionar a percepção que os informantes apresentam sobre a CV a fatores sociais e linguísticos, o que chamamos de teste de percepção. Tais questionários foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente, e demonstraram que fatores como, por exemplo, o número de livros que leem, a produção e "correção" da CV, bem como a expectativa do informante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents a social and linguistic study about the subject-verb agreement, as it is presented at the written language of individuals from SP state, Rio Claro. For this, we used a corpus composed of essays prepared by students of the State School of Zita Camargo Godoy. This study is based on Sociolinguistic, witch analyzes the language in social context. We assumed that subject-verb agreement of Brazilian Portuguese is a variable rule in the third person, in which formal (with plural) and informal variants (without plural) compete. Therefore, we tried not only to verify this variation, but also to identify the linguistic and social factors that lead to such variation in our region. It is important to mention that the use of the variants was analyzed according to linguistic and social elements, such as phonetical salience of the verb, formal parallelism, and characteristics of the subject and verb. Extra linguistic factors analyzed were: gender, social level and the level of education of the informants. We made a statistical analysis of these factors using the computer program GOLDVARB 2001, which selected the most important factors. Besides the objective analysis, we carried out an investigation concerning the informants' perception about the phenomenon studied, based on the subjective evaluation carried out by Labov (1983). We prepare our questionnaire itself in order to list the perception that the informants present about Subjectverb agreement (SVA) regarding social and linguistic factors, which we called perception test. These questionnaires were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively, and demonstrated factors such as, the number of books they read, the production and " correction " of the SVA, as well as the expectation of the informant and how this influences his perception regarding the SVA. We observed that the subject-verb agreement is a variable rule conditioned... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Nous vivons dans une ère où les coopérations scientifiques internationales se développent. Face au développement de la coopération médicale franco-laos, les besoins en ressources humaines qualifiées sont en relation ayec les compétences en français des futurs professionnels du secteur médical laotien : nous menons donc cette recherche pour améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement du français à l'université de médecine à Vientiane, en contexte laotien. Cette recherche propose une rencontre de la sociolinguistique, de l'approche interculturelle et de la didactique des langues. Le questionnement porte sur les liens de cohérence entre la situation sociolinguistique au Laos, les politiques linguistiques, la force des habitudes culturelles et l'utilisation du français professionnel. La mise en relation de ces différents modes de réflexion mettent en évidence certains besoins spécifiques de l'enseignement du français au Laos, dans une démarche ethnographique et comparative. Cette recherche questionne spécifiquement la place de la dimension interculturelle dans l'entretien médical au Laos et en France. et débouche sur une sociodidactique du français médical pour un public laotien. L"étude des pratiques et représentations des langues et cultures en présence a fait l'objet d'une enquête de terrain, empirique et qualitative, menée dans les services de l'hôpital Mahosot. à l'Institut de la Fracophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale de l'Uniyersité des Sciences de la Santé au Laos. / In the present times, the international cooperation is increasing, specially the cooperation franco-lao. The need of quality in human resource also asking for french skill. This research proposes an approach across sociolinguistics, socio-cultural and foreign language teaching to explore the french medical lesson, in the lao context. This work aims to understand global issues on the importance of the cultural aspect in Laos while relying on a case study located in Vientiane capital of Laos. The questioning retained examines the relationship existing coherence between lao sociolinguistic policy, language education state and the use of french in the medical field in Laos. Linking the different levels of analysis takes place through a process of concept to find the specific needs of the teaching french in Laos. This research specially questions the role of the intercultural dimension in medical conversation in Laos and in France and it questions a french medical socio-didactic for lao learner. The study of practices and representation on french has been a field survey at many departments of Mahosot hospital, at Institut de la Francophonie pour la medicine Tropicale and at University of Health Sciences of Laos. The reflection les some perspectives leads to better knowledge of the use of foreign languages in professional work and take importance the use of french in the social and medical environment.

The purpose of this sociolinguistic case study is to analyze the language processes and speech patterns of code-switching of an Egyptian Arabic-English-speaking three-year-old girl named Sara. Sara, who is the daughter of the study's author, has been exposed to and has learned both languages simultaneously since she was nine months old. Family composition played an immense role in the language the parents used with their child and the language the child chose to speak. Sara's parents spoke to her in Arabic since she was born; thus, a one-language household model was used. At the age of nine months, Sara started to attend day care and was exposed to English for the first time. The integral role of the environmental influences of the English language were considered and examined with regard to Sara's language choices within the framework of family gatherings, community settings/activities, and recreation/leisure activities, and the positive influence of these contexts was assessed.Sara facilitated her natural communicative abilities by code-switching lexical items between Arabic and English and vice versa to complete her sentences. Lexical switches including nouns, verbs, and adjectives were the most susceptible to code-switching. In addition, nouns and adjectives were code-switched more than verbs because of the incongruence in verbs between Arabic and English. Sara code-switched depending on the languague abilities of the interlocutor. However, there was no association between Sara's code-switching and the topics of conversation. It was found that the proportion of intersentential code-switching decreased over time and that of intrasentential code-switching increased during the three-year study.

<p>The study is focused on the interactional strategies used by interviewees in radio discourse, which are face-saving, relationship-securing and cooperative strategies. The interviewees’ speech is analysed according to their use of the selected discourse operators, which are the hedge <em>you know</em>, the personal pronoun <em>you</em>, personal address as well as greeting questions, information-seeking, reassuring and tag-questions. The results turned out to be almost similar to previous research. The face-saving strategy is shown to be male-dominant, while the relationship-securing and the cooperative strategies proved to have female dominance. The results are contrasted and reviewed by using two different kinds of normalization. The normalization is done both according to the percentage of the selected items and the percentage of the space used for every selected item and strategy.</p>

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gameiro_mb_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2884051 bytes, checksum: 375fdef003a9cd8054abba097df7d030 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Secretaria de Educação / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a variação da concordância verbal na língua escrita de informantes da região central do Estado de São Paulo, especificamente, Rio Claro. Para tanto, utilizamos um corpus composto de redações elaboradas por alunos da Escola Estadual Zita de Godoy Camargo. Este estudo é baseado na teoria sociolinguística, que considera a língua em seu contexto social. Partindo do pressuposto de que a concordância verbal do português do Brasil é uma regra variável, na qual há a variante de prestígio (marcada com o plural), e a variante desprestigiada (sem a marca de plural) em competição entre si, procuramos não só verificar esta variação como também identificar os fatores linguísticos e sociais que estão influenciando, condicionando esta variação na escrita formal. O uso das variantes foi analisado de acordo com fatores linguísticos e sociais já postulados por outros estudiosos. Dentre os fatores linguísticos, destacamos: a saliência fônica verbal, o paralelismo formal, e características do sujeito e do verbo. Os fatores extralinguísticos analisados foram: o sexo, a etnia, o nível social e o grau de escolaridade dos informantes. Realizamos uma análise quantitativa destes fatores através do programa computacional GOLDVARB 2001. Além da análise objetiva, realizamos uma investigação sobre a percepção dos informantes acerca do fenômeno estudado com base na avaliação subjetiva realizada por Labov (1983). Elaboramos nosso próprio questionário para relacionar a percepção que os informantes apresentam sobre a CV a fatores sociais e linguísticos, o que chamamos de teste de percepção. Tais questionários foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente, e demonstraram que fatores como, por exemplo, o número de livros que leem, a produção e “correção” da CV, bem como a expectativa do informante... / This work presents a social and linguistic study about the subject-verb agreement, as it is presented at the written language of individuals from SP state, Rio Claro. For this, we used a corpus composed of essays prepared by students of the State School of Zita Camargo Godoy. This study is based on Sociolinguistic, witch analyzes the language in social context. We assumed that subject-verb agreement of Brazilian Portuguese is a variable rule in the third person, in which formal (with plural) and informal variants (without plural) compete. Therefore, we tried not only to verify this variation, but also to identify the linguistic and social factors that lead to such variation in our region. It is important to mention that the use of the variants was analyzed according to linguistic and social elements, such as phonetical salience of the verb, formal parallelism, and characteristics of the subject and verb. Extra linguistic factors analyzed were: gender, social level and the level of education of the informants. We made a statistical analysis of these factors using the computer program GOLDVARB 2001, which selected the most important factors. Besides the objective analysis, we carried out an investigation concerning the informants’ perception about the phenomenon studied, based on the subjective evaluation carried out by Labov (1983). We prepare our questionnaire itself in order to list the perception that the informants present about Subjectverb agreement (SVA) regarding social and linguistic factors, which we called perception test. These questionnaires were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively, and demonstrated factors such as, the number of books they read, the production and “ correction “ of the SVA, as well as the expectation of the informant and how this influences his perception regarding the SVA. We observed that the subject-verb agreement is a variable rule conditioned... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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