A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016. / Environmental income in rural socio-ecological systems consists of the monetary and non-monetary value derived by people from non-agricultural ecosystem goods and services that are sourced from wild or uncultivated natural systems. This environmental income forms an important part of rural households' diversified livelihood income portfolios and includes resources like fuelwood, herbs, fruits, game, medicinal plants and other materials that are used for clothing, shelter, arts and crafts. Rural households also depend on income from two other land-based income streams, crop farming and livestock husbandry, and off-farm activities income stream, which includes grants and wages, for both consumption and cash generation. While rural livelihoods are becoming increasingly reliant on off-farm income, land-based livelihood income streams (including environmental income) still play an important supplementary role, especially to satisfy subsistence needs. Past studies in the developing world have quantified livelihood incomes and have often associated these income values to the socio-economic characteristics of households. However, neither do these studies examine the different livelihood income streams collectively as a portfolio, nor do they sufficiently account for and create understanding around the correlations within the suites of influencing factors. Livelihoods are often analysed using frameworks that are used to understand households' livelihood income portfolios, especially their environmental income dependencies, in relation to influencing factors. These frameworks can be useful tools to gain a quantitative understanding of households’ livelihood income portfolios. This study aimed to quantify and understand the contribution of environmental income to rural households as part of their diversified livelihood portfolios and relate these livelihood portfolios to household socio-economic characteristics and adopted livelihood strategies using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) framework. Interviews were conducted during 2010 in 590 households spread across nine villages in the Bushbuckridge region, Mpumalanga, South Africa. The interviews focussed on the quantification of four livelihood income streams — environmental, livestock, crops and off-farm. These income streams were assessed at three points of assessment (POAs) in the livelihood income chain — the initial, primary income value into the household, the value used for household consumption, and the amount of cash generated. Livelihood incomes were analysed using summary statistics, frequency distributions and ordinations. These were used to gauge the value of these incomes to individual households as well as to the system as a whole, in both absolute terms and relative to each other. Ordinations were then used to explore the relationships between variables within the suite of household socio-economic characteristics and within the suite of adopted household livelihood strategies, and finally incorporating both. Lastly, the proportional environmental income dependencies of households were explored using global fractional logit generalised linear models (GLMs). The models first included the socio-economic characteristics as explanatory variables, and then the adopted livelihood strategies. Almost all households used the environmental, crop and off-farm income streams for primary income and consumption, with the primary income from off-farm activities being in the form of cash generation. In contrast, less than 12% of households were involved in the primary collection and consumption of livestock income. In general, fewer households were involved in the cash generation from the land-based livelihood income streams. However, these sellers represented a larger fraction of users for the livestock income stream then when compared to the other two land-based income streams. While livestock income was used less frequently than the other two land-based income streams, it was comparatively as valuable as the off-farm income stream to its users. Overall, absolute changes in the correlated land-based income streams were not related to the off-farm income streams. Relative variation in livestock primary income was related to the relative variation in primary income values from off-farm activities. Relative variation in the crops and environmental cash generation was related to corresponding cash generation values from off-farm activities. Whether the livelihood incomes were examined for primary income, consumption or cash generation, the worth of the different livelihoods were valued differently to the socio-ecological system as a whole compared to their value to households that were involved in those activities, and their value to individuals within households. The collective variations at all POAs of the land-based strategies were associated with different sets of household socio-economic characteristics and adopted livelihood strategies, compared to the sets that were associated with the off-farm livelihood income stream. Factors that were associated with an income stream at one POA did not necessarily have the same association at the other POAs. The choice of adopted livelihood strategies reduces the need to understand and account for all factors that influences the translation of different types of capital, which includes household socio-economic characteristics, into livelihood incomes. This simplified connection is crucial to standardising and creating models that can be put into practice at all POAs within the livelihood chain in these socio-ecological systems. Furthermore, proportional environmental income dependencies can be useful for evaluating how the worth of environmental income is related quantitatively to influencing factors. However, many of the dynamics between influencing factors and the income streams that contribute to environmental income stream are not captured. The methodological approach used in this study in analysing the livelihoods of households in the Bushbuckridge region provides a standardised framework of analysis. The quantification of the livelihood data in common monetary units at the three different POAs of primary income, household consumption and cash generation, allows the analysis to be expanded to different platforms of understanding. The collective understanding of the variation between the different income streams can be expanded to understand the worth of these income streams to households and individuals within these households, as well as to understand the worth of these income streams to the socio-ecological system as a whole. When combining the collective understanding of the income portfolios at the different POAs with a collective understanding of the suite of household socio-economic characteristics or with a collective understanding of the suite of adopted livelihood strategies, a platform for understanding the dynamics within livelihoods is created. This has potential for creating workable predictive models of environmental income dependency in these systems, especially using the adopted livelihood strategies. The results of this dissertation also raise caution that analyses of these socio-ecological systems needs to be interpreted at all POAs simultaneously with the collective understanding of the links between incomes and socio-economic characteristics, and with the links between incomes and adopted livelihood strategies. There is more value during strategic planning in asking how to encourage a set of adopted livelihood strategies that are associated with the desired dependencies than asking which socio-economic household factors are likely to result in said dependencies. Policy intervention in the area that is aimed at increasing households' dependence on land-based activities needs to differentiate whether it will be encouraging the subsistence sourcing and consumption of resources, or will it encourage the cash generation from these income streams. Particular attention needs to be paid as to which households will be addressed. It will be wiser to implement some interventions across all households and rather focus other interventions on a few more involved households. / LG2017

Orientador: Eduardo Kokubun / Coorientador: Priscila Missaki Nakamura / Banca: Tania Rosane Bertoldo Benedetti / Banca: Jamile Sanches Codogno / Resumo: Introdução: No Brasil, o diabetes mellitus e a hipertensão arterial são responsáveis por gasto anual de R$12.3 bilhões e R$1.3 bilhões e praticar atividade física (AF) reduz esses gastos. Programas de promoção de AF no lazer na Atenção Básica de Saúde têm sido incentivados, mas poucos estudos no Brasil apresentam seus custos. Objetivo: Investigar o custo da intervenção de breve aconselhamento e de exercício físico supervisionado em Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), e a influência no nível de AF no lazer e no transporte em pessoas diabéticas e hipertensas, durante um ano. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 67 adultos diabéticos e/ou hipertensos de ambos os sexos, de 4 USF do município de Rio Claro-SP. Os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos de intervenção por meio de sorteio. Grupo aconselhamento (GA): aconselhamento para a prática de AF; Grupo exercício físico (GEF): prática de exercícios físicos nas USF, 2 vezes por semana com duração de 60 minutos; Grupo Perda (GP): participantes que foram convidados a participarem do GEF, mas não aderiram e Grupo Controle (GC): os participantes foram orientados a manter as atividades rotineiras. Os participantes foram avaliados a cada três meses (5 momentos) quanto ao nível de AF (IPAQ), percepção de saúde, variáveis antropométricas e os custos com saúde. As variáveis foram expressas em média, desvio padrão e porcentagem. Para verificar diferença entre grupos no nível de AF inicial, custo médio com medicamentos mensal e anual foi realizada uma Anova one-way, e para diferença entre os grupos nos momentos foi realizada uma Anova fatorial com intenção de tratar no programa SPSS versão 21.0. Resultados: Houve aumento na média do nível de AF no lazer para o grupo GA (20min ± 153,37) e GEF (106min ± 108,14), e diminuição para o grupo controle (15min ± 72,22) entre ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension are related to more than R$ 12.3 billion and R$ 1.3 billion annual expenses in Brazil and being physically active reduces the occurrence of this expense. Programs that increase the level of physical activity (PA) in leisure time be incentived in primary care, but few studies in Brazil to show their cost. Objective: to investigate the cost of intervention with Brief advice and Physical Exercise and them influence in PA in leisure time and transport, in hypertensive and diabetic individuals of family health units (USF). Methods: the study included 67 diabetic and / or hypertensive adults of both genders from 4 USF in Rio Claro-SP, Brazil. Participants were divided into four intervention groups in a randomization fashion. Group BA: counseling for PA; Group PEFUS: exercise intervention in USF, twice a week for 60 minutes; Group lost: invited to participate in PEFUS but didn't engage; and Group control: were instructed to maintain their regular activities. Participants were evaluated every three months (5 moments) about their PA level, health perception, anthropometric variables and health cost. The variables were expressed as mean, standard deviation and percentage. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare initial PA level and average cost of annual and monthly medication between groups. Changes over time and between groups were analyzed by means of two-way factorial ANOVAs with intention to treat. Results: The GA and GEF groups increased their leisure time PA in 20 (±153,37) and 106 minutes (±108,14), respectively whereas the control group decreased by 15 minutes (±72,22) between the final and initial moment. These was not effect of interventions on annual cost with drugs in the Brazilian health system. The annual cost of GA (R$ 61,05) is cheaper than GEF (R$ 95,52) per person. However, the GEF has ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Using the narrative imagery of Instagram and the cultural narrative of the Olympics, I explore the role of agency and autonomy in modern sport with a focus on the commercial and institutional arms of surfing. This project is an attempt to evaluate visual and cultural narrative from the perspective of a literary scholar and to root theory and philosophy in issues that go beyond scholarship and academics. In chapter one, I use sports sociologists Jennifer Hargreaves and Krista Comer as well as Jean Kilbourne and Rosalind Gill to illuminate and explore two surf-centric Instagram accounts, both of which imagine a story of surfing through a mostly visual medium. In chapter two, I turn to Elizabeth Grosz and Michel Foucault to help explore the institutionalized arm of surfing through its recent inclusion in the Olympic Games. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if there is a relationship between transformational principal leadership style, a safe school climate, and school safety (specifically, the number of reported fights and reported bullying incidents) in Broward County, Florida’s middle schools. This study also investigated if a relationship exists between transformational leadership and a safe school climate, transformational leadership, and the number of bullying incidents and student fights, and a safe school climate and the number of bullying incidents and student fights. The study surveyed 12 middle schools located in a large, urban district in south Florida. Principal leadership style was determined from the MLQ-5X, school safety climate was determined from the school district’s Annual Customer Survey, and the reported number of fights and bullying incidents recorded in the school district’s Discipline Management System were collected via records request for each participating middle school and tallied. Pearson correlations were conducted to examine the bivariate association between the leadership dimensions, a safe school climate, and school violence. Separate multiple linear regression models were used to examine the following relationships: leadership style and the number of reported fights and reported bullying incidents; leadership style and a safe school climate; and a safe school climate and the number of reported fights and reported bullying incidents. The findings suggested that there were no statistically significant correlations between leadership style (transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire), and bullying or fighting, and no statistically significant correlation between principal leadership style and middle school climate. There was a statistically significant correlation found between school climate and the number of student fights. The significance of this finding is important because it illustrates the adverse impact fighting has on student safety, which, in turn, adversely affects the school climate. Therefore, it is up to the school leader to create a climate where everyone feels safe can focus on student achievement. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The aim of the present research is to advance a general predictive model of the social psychological processes underlying collective action in contexts where collective action is met with significant repression by the authorities. The model integrates the recent advancements in the collective action literature and examines the unique predictive role of anger and fear (emotional pathway), political, identity consolidation and participative efficacies (instrumental pathway), politicised identification (identity pathway) as well as moral obligation, over and above past participation. Moreover, the research investigates how perceived risk, due to government sanctions, shapes these antecedents and the willingness to engage in collective action. Five survey studies (Studies 1 to 5) test this model in various repressive contexts (i.e., Egypt, Hong Kong, Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey). In addition, one experimental study (Study 6) examines the causal relation between perceived risk and (a) the antecedents of collective action and (b) the action intentions in a British sample. The results confirm the intensifying role of perceived risk, whereby it indirectly spurs further resistance through shaping the antecedents of collective action. The results also suggest that protesters are intrinsically motivated to engage in collective action when placed under risk. Specifically, although not motivated by political efficacy, protesters are strategic as they are motivated by the likelihood to consolidate the identity of their protest movement and the likelihood of their own participation to incrementally contribute to achieving the desired goals. Moreover, they are emotional, politicised and dutiful as their outrage towards how the authorities treat the protesters, their identification with their protest movement, as well as their sense of moral responsibility encourage them to take action despite the risks.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-22T12:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Luiz de Souza Vieira.pdf: 3642522 bytes, checksum: 4c32923f71afc48635ba61932b5a5fe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T12:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Luiz de Souza Vieira.pdf: 3642522 bytes, checksum: 4c32923f71afc48635ba61932b5a5fe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The humanity experiences new moments of uncertainty. We came to the 21st century of the Christian was in the midst of the astonishment of the finite support of life on the planet, due to the affectations in the biosphere. Given this dramatic context, the UN - United Nations has made constant calls for all social segments to reflect on their environmental responsibilities. In this sense, this thesis seeks to provide new reflections on the historical sense of Social Work in contemporary times and seeks to draw attention to the socio-environmental aspects that are articulated with the legal attributions of the profession in Brazil. Part of the realization that the social misery and social question identified in the 19 st century by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were in fact disputes over the different uses of natural resources, therefore, it is shown that they were expressions of the socio-environmental question. It has as theoretical support the ecological aspects addressed by Marx throughout his works, from his doctoral thesis. In this it is evident that such author, who is referential in Social Work, had great concern with the environment. The fact that the third generation of human rights includes environmental preservation is also aligned with this aspect. Thus, due to the ethical principle of the intransigent defense of Human Rights, all Social Workers are deontologically committed to reviewing their knowledge and doing, perhaps, to promote new professional reconception, necessary, therefore, to meet the demands that arise in function of these Signs of time. It is an exploratory research whose result seeks to clarify a context. The methodology used dialectics, interviews, field research, bibliographic sources, documents and correlational studies / A humanidade vive novos momentos de incerteza. Chegamos ao século XXI da era cristã em meio ao assombro da finitude dos suportes de vida no planeta, em função das afetações na biosfera. Diante deste contexto dramático, a ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas, tem feito constantes apelos para que todos os segmentos sociais reflitam sobre suas responsabilidades ambientais. Neste sentido esta tese busca propiciar novas reflexões sobre o sentido histórico do Serviço Social na contemporaneidade e busca chamar a atenção para os aspectos socioambientais que se articulam com as atribuições legais da profissão no Brasil. Parte da compreensão de que a miséria social e a questão social identificadas no século XIX por Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels eram na realidade disputas pelos diferentes usos dos recursos naturais, portanto, demonstra-se que eram expressões da questão socioambiental. Tem como suporte teórico os aspectos ecológicos abordados por Marx ao longo de suas obras, desde sua tese doutoral. Nisto se evidencia que tal autor, que é referencial no Serviço Social, teve grande preocupação com o meio ambiente. Alinha-se com tal aspecto o fato da terceira geração dos Direitos Humanos incluir também a preservação ambiental. Deste modo, pelo princípio ético da defesa intransigente dos Direitos Humanos, todos os Assistentes Sociais estão deontologicamente comprometidos a rever seus saberes e fazeres, quiçá, a promoverem nova reconceituação profissional, necessária, portanto, para os enfrentamentos das demandas que se apresentam em função destes sinais dos tempos. Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória cujo resultado busca aclarar um contexto. A metodologia utilizou-se da dialética, de entrevistas, de pesquisa de campo, fontes bibliográficas, documentos e estudos correlacionais

Undergraduates' field of study is intricately linked to inequality in the US, where women have surpassed men in most indexes of academic achievement but continue to be less likely than men to complete STEM degrees. This gendered variation in major selection has substantial implications for stratification: college major choice is closely related to labor market outcomes and advancement to future degrees. Building on recent theoretical developments in social aesthetics and field theory, the project argues that academic interests are developed in concert with encounters in the environment, and that position in academic fields at the start of university, gendered distributions of interest patterns, and peer influence play a critical role in gender differentiation in college major choice. The project uses a unique longitudinal data combining complex administrative databases from an elite American university, merging admissions, housing, course, financial aid, and alumni data. Multiple correspondence analysis shows that students' interests are organized in academic fields characterized by divisions between knowledge domains: science interests oppose social sciences, economics interests oppose humanities, and life sciences are differentiated from hard sciences. Knowledge domains share features of retention and attraction, and movement between disciplines that are close together in students' interest spaces are more common. Using clustering methods, the project shows that there are important distinctions in how students are interested in disciplines: some students are particularly devoted to knowledge domains, while other students are generalists. These finding have important implications for women and men, who have different interest patterns. There is durability in gender differences in high school interests reinforced by both retention and attraction to disciplines once at school. The last chapter of the dissertation explores the role that peer influence plays in these outcomes. Because students' interests are organized in academic fields, peer influence on academic major choice is better understood as a field effect. Utilizing the fact that roommate assignment is random at this university, the project shows that choosing a major is associated with roommate's interests coming into college, and this association depends on students' own initial interests when applying to university. Generalist science students are more likely to complete science degrees when they have science or engineering roommates compared to those who have humanities roommates, while devoted science students are less mutable. Because women are less likely to have roommates who are in sciences and engineering, gender segregation of roommates contributes to gender difference in STEM outcomes. By reframing choice as a question of social aesthetics, the project makes important contributions to understanding choice, inequality and peer influence.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-288). Examines language used by general practitioners and in mass media to ask 'what are the implications of constructions of menopause for health care practice and public health for women at menopause?'. Presents the findings of qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine general practitioners working in rural South Australia and qualitative and quantitative analyses of 345 south Australian newspaper articles from 1986 to 1998.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-288). / x, 288 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines language used by general practitioners and in mass media to ask 'what are the implications of constructions of menopause for health care practice and public health for women at menopause?'. Presents the findings of qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with nine general practitioners working in rural South Australia and qualitative and quantitative analyses of 345 south Australian newspaper articles from 1986 to 1998. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2001?

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Sociology