Job seekers have often made job choices based upon the degree to which they fit the tasks requirements of the job. This concept is referred to as person-job (P-J) fit. In addition, research has suggested that job seekers self-select organizations to work for based upon the perceived fit between themselves and the organization. This concept is referred to as person-organization (P-O) fit.

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The purpose of this study was to compare nonverbal emotional expressiveness between substance users and nonsubstance users.

The rise in America’s drug poisoning rates has been described as a public health crisis and has long been attributed to the rapid rise in opioid supply due to increased volumes of medical prescribing in the United States that began in the mid-1990s and peaked in 2012. In 2016, the introduction of the “deaths of despair” hypothesis provided a more nuanced explanation for the rising rates of drug poisoning deaths: increasing income inequality and stagnation of middle-class worker wages, driven by long-term shifts in the labor market, reduced employment opportunities and overall life prospects for persons with a high school degree or less, driving increases in “deaths of despair” (i.e., deaths from suicide, cirrhosis of the liver, and drug poisonings). This focus on economic and social conditions as capable of shaping geospatial differences in drug demand and attendant drug-related harms (e.g., drug poisonings) provides a larger context to factors potentially underlying the heterogeneous distribution of prescription opioid supply across the United States. However, despite the likelihood that economic and social conditions may be important demand-side factors that also interact with supply-side factors to produce the rates of fatal drug poisonings, little information exists about the effect of area-level socioeconomic conditions on fatal drug poisoning rates, and no study has investigated whether socioeconomic conditions interact with prescription opioid supply to affect area-level rates of fatal drug poisonings. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to test the independent and joint effects of supply- and demand-side factors, operationalized as prescription opioid supply and socioeconomic conditions, on fatal drug poisoning in the U.S. First, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to critically evaluate the evidence on the ecological relationship of prescription opioid supply and socioeconomic conditions on rates of drug poisoning deaths. The systematic review provides robust evidence of the independent effect of each prescription opioid supply and socioeconomic conditions on rates of drug poisoning deaths. The gap in the literature on the joint effects of prescription opioid supply and socioeconomic conditions was clear, with no study examining the interaction between supply- and demand-side factors on rates of fatal drug poisonings. Moreover, although greater prescription opioid supply was associated with higher rates of fatal drug poisonings in most of the studies, two studies presented contradictory findings, with one study showing no effect of supply on drug poisoning deaths and the other showing locations with higher levels of prescription opioid supply were associated with fewer drug-related deaths. Three limitations were also identified in the reviewed studies that could partially explain the observed associations. First, although studies aggregated data on drug poisoning deaths to a range of administrative spatial levels, including census tract, 5-digit ZIP code, county, 3-digit ZIP code, and state, no study investigated the sensitivity of findings to the level of geographic aggregation. Second, spatial modeling requires the assessment of spatial autocorrelation in both the unadjusted and adjusted data, but few studies even assessed spatial autocorrelation in the data, and fewer still incorporated spatial dependencies in the model. This is important because when spatial autocorrelation is present, the independence assumption in standard statistical regression models is violated, potentially causing bias and loss of efficiency. Third, studies operationalized prescription opioid supply and socioeconomic conditions using a variety of different measures, and no study assessed the sensitivity of findings to the different measures of supply and socioeconomic conditions. Second, the ecological relationship between prescription opioid supply and fatal drug poisonings was examined. For this, pooled cross-sectional time series data from 3,109 U.S. counties in 49 states (2006-2016) were used in Bayesian Poisson conditional autoregressive models to estimate the effect of county prescription opioid supply on four types of drug poisoning deaths: any drug (drug-related death), any opioid (opioid-related death), any prescription opioid but not heroin (prescription opioid-related death), and heroin (heroin-related death), adjusting for compositional and contextual differences across counties. Comparisons were made by type of drug poisoning (any drug, any opioid, prescription opioids only, heroin), level of geographic aggregation (county versus state), and measure of prescription opioid supply (rate of opioid-prescribing per 100 persons and morphine milligram equivalents per-capita). Results indicated a positive association between prescription opioid supply and rates of fatal drug poisonings consistent across changes in type of drug poisoning, level of aggregation, and measure of prescription opioid supply. However, removing confounders from the model caused the direction of the effect estimate to reverse for drug poisoning deaths from any drug, any opioid, and heroin. These results suggested that differences in adjustment for confounding could explain most of the inconsistent findings in the literature. Finally, a rigorous test of the hypothesis that worse socioeconomic conditions increase risk of fatal drug poisonings at the county level, and interact with prescription opioid supply was conducted. This analysis used the same pooled cross-sectional time series data from 3,109 U.S. counties in 49 states (2006-2016). The analysis modeled the effect of five key socioeconomic variables, including three single socioeconomic variables (unemployment, poverty rate, income inequality) and two index variables (Rey index, American Human Development Index [HDI]) on four types of drug poisoning deaths: any drug (drug-related death), any opioid (opioid-related death), any prescription opioid but not heroin (prescription opioid-related death), and heroin (heroin-related death). Using a hierarchical Bayesian modeling approach to account for spatial dependence and the variability of fatal drug poisoning rates due to the small number of events, the independent effect of socioeconomic conditions on rates of drug poisoning deaths and their joint multiplicative and additive effect with prescription opioid supply were estimated. Results showed that rates of fatal drug poisonings were higher in more economically and socially disadvantaged counties; the five key indicator variables were differentially associated with drug poisoning rates; and the American Human Development Index (HDI) and income inequality were most strongly associated with fatal drug poisoning rates. Finally, the results indicate that both HDI and income inequality interact with county-level prescription opioid supply to affect drug poisoning rates. Specifically, the effect of higher prescription opioid supply on rates of fatal drug poisonings was greater in counties with higher HDI and more equal income distributions than counties with lower HDI and less equal income distributions. Overall, this dissertation increased knowledge about the separate and conjoint roles of supply- and demand-side factors in the geospatial distribution of fatal drug poisonings in the U.S. The idea that area-level prescription opioid supply are key drivers of prescription drug use, misuse, and addiction and the attendant consequences, including nonfatal and fatal drug poisonings, has been in the literature for well over a decade. However, no study to date has shown that area-level socioeconomic conditions modify the effect of prescription opioid supply on fatal drug poisonings. By identifying important contextual factors capable of modifying the effect of prescription opioid supply reductions on mortality, high-risk geographic areas can be prioritized for interventions to counter any unintended effects of reducing the prescription opioid supply in an area. As federal and state policies continue to target the rising rates of fatal drug poisonings, these findings show that area-level socioeconomic conditions may represent an important target for policy intervention during the current drug poisoning crisis and a critical piece of information necessary for predicting any future drug-related crises.

This study is devoted primarily to a consideration of socio-economic status in relation to achievement in mathematics. However, a review of socio-economic status in relation to intelligence (as revealed in studies in the field) is first made because of the wide use of intelligence tests in an attempt to determine the child’s ability to succeed in school.

The main objective of the study is to show how the use of tax incentives as means of attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is threatening the realisation of socio-economic rights in Africa. Particular attention is given on how the granting of generous tax incentives can affect the proper and adequate provision of public services and infrastructures by highly reducing government revenue. The research does not intend to analyse the impact of loss of revenue through tax incentives on each and every socio-economic right. Rather the focus is on its general impact on obligations of African states to respect, protect and fulfill socio-economic rights as derived from the major international, regional and national human rights instruments / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr Pramod Bissessur, Faculty of Law and Management, University of Mauritius / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This research is founded upon three fundamental premises. The first is that good governance is central to human development. The second premise is that the realisation of socio-economic rights is a necessary condition for the attainment of human development. The third premise is that pro-poor growth policies and frameworks are veritable tools through which human development can be delivered and socio-economic rights realised. The research Focuses on the view that human development should be the end of every growth policy regime and good governance the means to such end. Socio-economic rights on the other hand should serve as indicators to the formulation, implementation and the measurement of such policies / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Lilian Chenwi of the Community Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The rise of on-demand platform work typified by Uber has intensified a decades-long trend away from standard work relationships and toward contingent work structures, characterized by the unbounding of work in space and time. Yet many workers have always toiled outside of a traditional workplace and “standard” schedule. My dissertation examines how contingent workers in four different industries navigate unstable work schedules across unsettled work geographies, drawing on 120 interviews with agricultural and oil and gas workers in Texas and on-demand delivery workers and university adjuncts in New York City. Across these “old” and “new” cases of contingent work performed across rural and urban landscapes, work processes restructure space and time in such a way that workers do not know when, for how long, or where they will have work. I call this temporal and spatial instability positional uncertainty – repurposing an oilfield term for the inability to pinpoint precisely where one is at any given moment in the drilling process. The experience of positional uncertainty forces workers to subordinate the rhythms and geographies of their own lives to the temporal and spatial imperatives of their respective labor processes, leading to time struggle (unpaid periods of waiting or “zombie time” and overwork) and challenges in space (related to the bifurcation or unbounding, respectively, of the spaces of work and home). Workers respond, first, by doing boundary work, and second, by telling both critical and anchoring stories in attempts to bring coherence and meaning to the day-to-day and the long-term. The dissertation highlights the integral role of time and space in structuring social life, the active maneuvers by which workers struggle to re-configure time and space to produce coherence and make a life for themselves, and the short- and long-term costs of the transfer of risk onto workers through positional uncertainty. The strategic comparison reveals parallel strategies across disparate cases in response to the warping of time and space and illuminates how positional uncertainty exacerbates deep-set structural inequalities.

This study focuses on the association between patient characteristics, which include both demographic and contextual factors, and patients' experiences with health care. The pre-existing literature provides rich information about patients' various demographics related to patient experience. Despite the abundance of empirical evidence showing that patients' demographics do affect how they perceive their health care. However, there is little to no empirical knowledge explaining the significance of such factors. As the existing literature points out the need for taking into contextual factors such as patient's beliefs, attitudes, skills that are pertinent to dealing with health care, my study proposes patient activation as such a contextual factor that explains the association between patient demographics and patient experience. Findings suggest that patient activation is a strong predictor of two patient experience measures: patients' rating of doctor-patient communication and their self-reported difficulties in getting needed care. However, it is also observed that the mediating effects of patient activation vary by the two dimensions of patient experiences. Though this study demonstrates that promoting patient activation may be able to normalize how patients report the quality of doctor-patient interaction, further research is needed to address access to care issues.

This dissertation asks: what has happened to the children and grandchildren of former industrial workers, those who came of age in the shadow of industrial ruination in the Rust Belt? It draws on 105 interviews with working-class descendants who grew up in or near the Mon Valley in Pennsylvania, to explore how those descendants engage with industrial ruins. For most, the ruins recalled the breakdown of the employer-employee social contract, a sense of betrayed tradition, and the current (abysmal) state of affairs for the working class. Most advocate for the destruction of the ruins, as the loss and failure embodied by industrial ruination acts as a trap, imprisoning them in the past. Their attempts to build a new working-class identity require letting go of industrial work and the memories of the lost past. For a wider range of perspectives, two other groups of descendants were interviewed—fifteen arsonists and four cultural producers (novelists). The arsonists, who set fire to abandoned buildings, draw on regional fire symbolism and maintain their inherited association between work and identity as they struggle to resurrect industry. The novelists, who have all published in the vein of American Gothic literature, are seeking to reinterpret the past to serve the needs of the present, using supernatural figures alongside ruins in their novels in order to allow the main characters to identify, recover, and reinterpret a hidden past, which allows for mourning and the formulation of a new class identity. Each of these groups of descendants is cobbling together different versions of working-class identity, but all show that navigation of economic restructuring is a process of continual transformation. Descendants’ imaginative constructions are emblems not of solidity or permanence, but rather revision and reinvention.