Beim Kolikpferd stellt der Einsatz von Laxantien den wesentlichen Teil der konservativen Behandlung primärer Obstipationen des Zäkums und großen Kolons dar. Um die Obstipation zu erreichen muss das über eine Nasenschlundsonde eingegebene Abführmittel den Magen verlassen und den Dünndarm passieren. Dabei soll das Flüssigkeitsvolumen möglichst vollständig im Intestinaltrakt verbleiben, um effektiv die Ingesta zu durchfeuchten und so die Obstipation zu lösen. Je nach Art und Konzentration des gewählten Laxans werden Resorptions- und Sekretionsvorgänge an der Darmschleimhaut ausgelöst, die sich als Elektrolytverschiebungen oder Alterationen des Wasserhaushaltes im Blut zeigen können. Ziel dieser Studie war es, beim gesunden Pferd einen Einfluss der am häufigsten eingesetzten Laxantien auf die Magenentleerungszeit zu ermitteln. Zudem sollten Auswirkungen auf den Elektrolyt- und Wasserhaushalte untersucht werden. Für die vorliegende Studie wurde sechs gesunden, nüchternen, adulten Warmblutpferden abwechselnd je eines von 5 Laxantien über eine Nasenschlundsonde in den nüchternen Magen eingegeben: 1,8% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 1); 4,2% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 2); Paraffinöl (Protokoll 3); 25% Natriumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 4); 25% Magnesiumsulfatlösung (Protokoll 5). Als Kontrolle wurde Wasser verabreicht: 10 L Wasser (Protokoll 6); 2 L Wasser (Protokoll 7). Zur indirekten Messung der Magenentleerung wurde der flüssige Passagemarker D-(+)-xylose (0,5 g/kg KG als 10% Lösung) jedem Protokoll zugefügt mit mindestens einer Woche Auswaschzeit zwischen den einzelnen Protokollen. Zu festgelegten Zeitpunkten wurden EDTA-Blut- und Serumproben aus der Jugularvene entnommen. Die Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose wurde colorimetrisch untersucht. Die Zeit bis zum Erreichen der maximalen Serumkonzentration von D-Xylose (Tmax) wurde als Magenentleerungszeit angesehen. Zur Einschätzung des Wasserhaushaltes wurden Totalprotein, Albumin und Hämatokrit bestimmt. Der Elektrolythaushalt wurde anhand der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Chlorid, Magnesium und Gesamtkalzium beurteilt. Zudem wurde der Einfluss auf die Wasseraufnahme und die Kotkonsistenz grobsinnlich untersucht. Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass weder isotone Natriumsulfatlösung noch Paraffinöl die Magenentleerungszeit im Vergleich zu Wasser beeinträchtigen. Isotone Magnesiumsulfatlösung als auch hypertone Lösungen salinischer Laxantien führen zu einer signifikanten Verzögerung der Magenentleerung im Vergleich zu Wasser. Nach 10-stündiger Nahrungskarenz führte die Applikation von Wasser bei gesunden Pferden zum Abfall der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium, Kalium, Magnesium, Gesamtkalzium und Chlorid. Isotone Lösungen von Natriumsulfat (1,8%) und Magnesiumsulfat (4,2%) führten nach einmaliger Applikation zum signifikanten Anstieg der Serumkonzentrationen von Natrium bzw. Magnesium innerhalb der Referenzbereiche. Paraffinum liquidum hatte keine starke Alterationen des Elektrolythaushaltes zur Folge. Hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypernatriämie sowie einen signifikanten Abfall der Kalium- und signifikanten Anstieg der Chloridkonzentration. Hypertone Magnesiumsulfatlösung (25%) verursachte Hypermagnesämie sowie eine signifikante Abnahme der Kalium- und Gesamtkalziumkonzentration. Keines der verabreichten Laxantien führte zur Dehydratation. Alterationen der Wasseraufnahme oder der Kotkonsistenz wurden ausschließlich durch hypertone Natriumsulfatlösung verursacht, die die Wasseraufnahme deutlich steigerte und vorübergehend dünnbreiigen Kotabsatz induzierte. Bei primären Obstipationen des großen Kolons muss bis zur Lösung der Obstipation meist eine mehrmalige Applikation von Abführmitteln erfolgen. Hypertone Natrium- bzw. Magnesiumsulfatlösung erhöht die Serumkonzentration von Natrium bzw. Magnesium signifikant und könnte eine klinische Hypernatriämie bzw. Hypermagnesiämie erzeugen. Aus diesem Grund sind isotone Lösungen zu bevorzugen. Außerdem ist Kolikpferden mit primärer Dickdarmobstipation, die mit salinischen Laxantien behandelt werden, freier Zugang zu Wasser zu gewähren, um den entstehenden Durst der Pferde zu stillen. Zusammenfassend ist die Verabreichung isotoner Natriumsulfatlösung zu empfehlen, weil dieses effektive Laxans weder die Magenentleerungszeit verzögert, noch starke Elektrolytimbalanzen verursacht.:1 Einleitung ......................................................................................... 1 2 Ergebnisse........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Publikation 1: Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the D-xylose adsorption test......... 5 2.2 Publikation 2: Einfluss von Laxantien auf den Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt bei gesunden Pferden...-........................................ 21 3 Diskussion........................................................................................ 30 3.1 Untersuchungsmethoden der Magenentleerung........................... 30 3.1.1 D-Xylose..................................................................................... 30 3.2 Magenentleerungszeit.................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 32 3.2.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 32 3.2.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 33 3.3 Elektrolythaushalt......................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 35 3.3.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 36 3.3.3.1 Natriumsulfat........................................................................... 36 3.3.3.2 Magnesiumsulfat..................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 38 3.4 Wasserhaushalt............................................................................ 39 3.5 Wasseraufnahme und Kotkonsistenz............................................ 39 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................... 42 5 Summary........................................................................................... 44 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................... 46 Danksagung / The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with cecal or large colon impaction. To reach the impacted mass, the laxative must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine. The fluid volume should stay inside the gastro-intestinal tract to soften the intestinal contents and resolve the impaction. Depending on the type and concentration of the laxative, absorption and secretion can be triggered in the intestinal mucosa which might be shown as electrolyte abnormalities, or as alterations in the water balance in the blood. The aim of this study was to determine an influence of the most frequently used saline and lubricant laxatives on gastric emptying time in healthy horses. Furthermore the effect on electrolyte and water balance was to be investigated. Six healthy adult fasted Warmblood horses were used for this study which was performed with 5 laxatives, administered via nasogastric tube: 1.8% sodium sulfate (trial 1), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (trial 2), mineral oil (trial 3), 25% sodium sulfate (trial 4), 25% magnesium sulfate (trial 5). Water was used as control: 10 L water (trial 6), 2 L water (trial 7). For indirect measurement of gastric emptying the liquid passage marker D-(+)-xylose (0.5 g/kg bwt as 10% solution) was added to each trial with a minimum washout period of at least one week between the individual trials. EDTA blood and serum samples were taken from the jugular vein at predetermined time points. The serum concentration of D-xylose was analyzed colorimetrically. The time to reach peak serum concentration of D-xylose (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying time. Total protein, albumin and PCV were chosen to evaluate water balance. Electrolyte balance was evaluated on the basis of the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and total calcium. Furthermore the impact on water uptake and fecal consistency was roughly examined. Isotonic solutions of sodium sulfate as well as mineral oil do not delay gastric emptying time compared to water. Isotonic solutions of magnesium sulfate as well as hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics significantly delay gastric emptying time in comparison to water. After ten hours of food restriction the administration of water decreased the serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, total calcium and chloride in healthy horses. A single administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate (1.8%) or magnesium sulfate (4.2%) significantly increased serum sodium, respectively serum magnesium concentrations, within the reference range. Mineral oil did not alter electrolyte balance. Hypertonic solution of sodium sulfate (25%) caused hypernatremia, a significant decrease in potassium concentration and a significant increase in chloride concentration. Hypertonic solution of magnesium sulfate (25%) caused hypermagnesemia and a significant decrease in potassium and total calcium concentrations. None of the administered laxatives caused dehydration. Altered water uptake or fecal consistency was caused by hypertonic solution of sodium sulphate only, which considerably increased water consumption and transitionally induced runny feces. For treatment of simple large colon impactions, administration of laxatives usually has to be repeated, until the obstruction has resolved. Hypertonic solutions of sodium and magnesium sulfate significantly increase serum sodium or magnesium concentrations, respectively and may cause clinically hypernatremia or hypermagnesemia. Therefore isotonic solutions are preferable. Furthermore horses with simple large colon impaction, which are treated with saline cathartics need to have free access to water in order to satisfy their arising thirst. In summary it can be stated that the administration of isotonic solution of sodium sulfate is to be recommended, since this effective laxative does neither delay gastric emptying time nor leads to severe electrolyte alterations.:1 Einleitung ......................................................................................... 1 2 Ergebnisse........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Publikation 1: Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy Warmblood horses evaluated with the D-xylose adsorption test......... 5 2.2 Publikation 2: Einfluss von Laxantien auf den Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt bei gesunden Pferden...-........................................ 21 3 Diskussion........................................................................................ 30 3.1 Untersuchungsmethoden der Magenentleerung........................... 30 3.1.1 D-Xylose..................................................................................... 30 3.2 Magenentleerungszeit.................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 32 3.2.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 32 3.2.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 33 3.3 Elektrolythaushalt......................................................................... 34 3.3.1 Wasser....................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 isotone Lösungen...................................................................... 35 3.3.3 hypertone Lösungen.................................................................. 36 3.3.3.1 Natriumsulfat........................................................................... 36 3.3.3.2 Magnesiumsulfat..................................................................... 36 3.3.4 Paraffinöl.................................................................................... 38 3.4 Wasserhaushalt............................................................................ 39 3.5 Wasseraufnahme und Kotkonsistenz............................................ 39 4 Zusammenfassung........................................................................... 42 5 Summary........................................................................................... 44 6 Literaturverzeichnis.......................................................................... 46 Danksagung

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Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos são os mais utilizados em situações onde é indispensável resistência à corrosão e excelentes propriedades mecânicas. O níquel costuma ser o principal elemento de liga utilizado na estabilização da fase austenítica, e nos últimos anos seu valor, de acordo com a London Metal Exchange, sofreu variações abruptas de preço, desestabilizando o mercado do aço inoxidável. Nesse contexto os aços da série 200, também conhecidos como aços Cr-Mn-Ni, que substituem parte do níquel por manganês para manter a estabilidade da fase austenítica, tiveram sua produção incrementada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a resistência à corrosão por pite de dois aços inoxidáveis austeníticos, aço 17Cr-6Mn-5Ni (designado como aço 298, não normalizado) e o aço UNS S30403. Para tanto, foram estudadas duas variáveis: o efeito da temperatura de solubilização e da composição química do eletrólito, a qual foi constituída por soluções aquosas com teor fixo de 0,6M NaCl e adições progressivas de Na2SO4 visando verificar o efeito inibidor do íon sulfato nos diferentes aços com os diferentes tratamentos de solubilização (1010°C, 1040°C, 1070°C e 1100°C). A corrosão por pite foi determinada através de ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica cíclica e os resultados obtidos foram discutidos através das variações microestruturais encontradas. Foram empregadas técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, análises por dispersão de energia, difração de raios X, medidas magnéticas com ferritoscópio e análise de imagem para quantificação da fase ferrita. Primeiramente, constatou-se que, na maioria das condições de composição química de eletrólito e tratamento térmico, em geral o aço UNS S30403 apresenta maior potencial de pite do que o aço 298. Mais detalhadamente, os resultados mostraram que a adição de íon sulfato aumenta a resistência à corrosão por pite em meio contendo cloreto dos aços 298 e UNS S30403 em todas as condições de tratamento térmico, sendo que o efeito benéfico da adição de sulfato é mais acentuado para o aço 298. O tratamento de solubilização teve pouca influência sobre a resistência à corrosão por pite do aço UNS S30403 (considerando-se cada eletrólito isoladamente); por outro lado, o aço 298 apresentou forte dependência com o tratamento térmico: na ausência de sulfato (0,6M NaCl) os tratamentos de solubilização diminuíram o potencial de pite; já na presença de sulfato, teores crescentes de Na2SO4 tiveram um efeito benéfico, cada vez mais forte, chegando ao ponto de atingir, para as concentrações de 0,6M Na2SO4 nas condições de tratamento térmico a 1070°C e 1100°C, potenciais de pite mais elevados do que os respectivos para o aço UNS S30403. Foi detectada a presença de uma segunda fase (ferrita, enriquecida em cromo) em ambos os aços (UNS S30403 e 298), e a presença de precipitados ricos em manganês no aço 298. Os distintos comportamentos foram explicados através da solubilização dos precipitados ricos em manganês. Concluiu-se que a dissolução, de tais precipitados, permitiu o aumento do teor de manganês na matriz austenítica do aço 298, sendo que a consequência disso, para o eletrólito puro em NaCl, foi a diminuição do potencial de pite desse aço, enquanto que na presença de sulfato, o efeito inibidor desse íon foi potencializado devido a maior afinidade química entre o íon sulfato e o elemento manganês - agora em solução sólida comparativamente àquela do íon cloreto e este elemento. Como o aço UNS S30403 não apresenta manganês como elemento de liga, nem consequentemente os precipitados ricos nesse elemento, o efeito deletério da solubilização, não foi observado em NaCl, e o efeito benéfico da adição de Na2SO4, sobre a resistência à corrosão por pite, não foi significativo para esse aço em função da temperatura de solubilização. / Austenitic stainless steels are widely used when both high corrosion and mechanical resistance are essentials. In general, nickel is added to stainless steels to stabilize the austenite phase. During the last decade, the nickel price fluctuated considerably; unstabling the stainless steel global market. The 200 series stainless steels, also known as Cr-Mn-Ni stainless steels, emerged as an alternative for traditional austenitic steels. In these steels, manganese replaces a fraction of nickel content, maintaining stable the austenitic phase. Consequently, the production of stainless steel containing manganese has increased notoriously. The present study has the aim to compare the pitting resistance corrosion, between the 17Cr-6Mn-5Ni (designated as 298) and UNS S30403 austenitic stainless steels. The effect of solution heat treatment temperature, and the chemical composition of environment aqueous solution were evaluated (the electrolytes used are constituted for aqueous solution with 0,6M NaCl fixed and Na2SO4 progress additions) verifying the inhibitor effect of sulfate ion in both steels on distinct temperature ranges (1010°C, 1040°C, 1070°C and 1100°C) defined for the solution heat treatments. The pitting corrosion resistance was determined by means of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and the answers obtained were discussed through the microstructural variations found. Optical and electron microscopy technique, X ray diffraction analysis, magnetic measurements using the ferritoscope and image analysis to ferrite phase quantification were used during this investigation. In most conditions examined, the UNS S30403 steel show highest pitting potential that 298 steel. In more detail, the results showed that addition of sodium sulfate increased the pitting corrosion resistance in media containing chloride ions of both UNS S30403 and 298 steels, in all heat treatment conditions, being more pronounced in 298 steel. The solution heat treatment had little influence on pitting resistance corrosion of UNS S30403 steel (considering separately each electrolyte); on the other hand, the 298 steel showed a strong dependence with the heat treatments: in absence of sulfate (0,6M NaCl) the heat treatments decreased the pitting corrosion resistance, but in presence of sulfate, the gradual increment of Na2SO4 concentration had a beneficial effect, each time more strong, reaching, for 0,6M NaCl+0,6M Na2SO4 condition in heat treatment temperatures 1070°C and 1100°C, higher pitting potential values than UNS S30403 steel. The presence of a chromium-rich second phase (chromium ferrite) in both steels (UNS S30403 and 298) and manganese-rich precipitates in 298 steel were detected. The different behaviors were explained through annealing solution of manganese-rich precipitates found in 298 steel. It is concluded that after heat treatments, the dissolution of these precipitates increased the manganese content in solid solution in 298 steel. Consequently decreasing the pitting potential values for 0,6M NaCl electrochemical condition (environment without Na2SO4). On the other hand, in presence of Na2SO4 the inhibitor effect is potentialized due to highest chemical affinity between ion sulfate and manganese (now in solid solution) compared to that between chloride ion and manganese. The UNS S30403 stainless steel does not contain manganese as alloying element, nor manganese-rich precipitates, deleterious effect in 0,6M NaCl was not observed, and the beneficial effect on pitting corrosion resistance due the sulfate additions was not significantly different in this steel when the annealing solution temperature is changed.

Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos são os mais utilizados em situações onde é indispensável resistência à corrosão e excelentes propriedades mecânicas. O níquel costuma ser o principal elemento de liga utilizado na estabilização da fase austenítica, e nos últimos anos seu valor, de acordo com a London Metal Exchange, sofreu variações abruptas de preço, desestabilizando o mercado do aço inoxidável. Nesse contexto os aços da série 200, também conhecidos como aços Cr-Mn-Ni, que substituem parte do níquel por manganês para manter a estabilidade da fase austenítica, tiveram sua produção incrementada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a resistência à corrosão por pite de dois aços inoxidáveis austeníticos, aço 17Cr-6Mn-5Ni (designado como aço 298, não normalizado) e o aço UNS S30403. Para tanto, foram estudadas duas variáveis: o efeito da temperatura de solubilização e da composição química do eletrólito, a qual foi constituída por soluções aquosas com teor fixo de 0,6M NaCl e adições progressivas de Na2SO4 visando verificar o efeito inibidor do íon sulfato nos diferentes aços com os diferentes tratamentos de solubilização (1010°C, 1040°C, 1070°C e 1100°C). A corrosão por pite foi determinada através de ensaios de polarização potenciodinâmica cíclica e os resultados obtidos foram discutidos através das variações microestruturais encontradas. Foram empregadas técnicas de microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, análises por dispersão de energia, difração de raios X, medidas magnéticas com ferritoscópio e análise de imagem para quantificação da fase ferrita. Primeiramente, constatou-se que, na maioria das condições de composição química de eletrólito e tratamento térmico, em geral o aço UNS S30403 apresenta maior potencial de pite do que o aço 298. Mais detalhadamente, os resultados mostraram que a adição de íon sulfato aumenta a resistência à corrosão por pite em meio contendo cloreto dos aços 298 e UNS S30403 em todas as condições de tratamento térmico, sendo que o efeito benéfico da adição de sulfato é mais acentuado para o aço 298. O tratamento de solubilização teve pouca influência sobre a resistência à corrosão por pite do aço UNS S30403 (considerando-se cada eletrólito isoladamente); por outro lado, o aço 298 apresentou forte dependência com o tratamento térmico: na ausência de sulfato (0,6M NaCl) os tratamentos de solubilização diminuíram o potencial de pite; já na presença de sulfato, teores crescentes de Na2SO4 tiveram um efeito benéfico, cada vez mais forte, chegando ao ponto de atingir, para as concentrações de 0,6M Na2SO4 nas condições de tratamento térmico a 1070°C e 1100°C, potenciais de pite mais elevados do que os respectivos para o aço UNS S30403. Foi detectada a presença de uma segunda fase (ferrita, enriquecida em cromo) em ambos os aços (UNS S30403 e 298), e a presença de precipitados ricos em manganês no aço 298. Os distintos comportamentos foram explicados através da solubilização dos precipitados ricos em manganês. Concluiu-se que a dissolução, de tais precipitados, permitiu o aumento do teor de manganês na matriz austenítica do aço 298, sendo que a consequência disso, para o eletrólito puro em NaCl, foi a diminuição do potencial de pite desse aço, enquanto que na presença de sulfato, o efeito inibidor desse íon foi potencializado devido a maior afinidade química entre o íon sulfato e o elemento manganês - agora em solução sólida comparativamente àquela do íon cloreto e este elemento. Como o aço UNS S30403 não apresenta manganês como elemento de liga, nem consequentemente os precipitados ricos nesse elemento, o efeito deletério da solubilização, não foi observado em NaCl, e o efeito benéfico da adição de Na2SO4, sobre a resistência à corrosão por pite, não foi significativo para esse aço em função da temperatura de solubilização. / Austenitic stainless steels are widely used when both high corrosion and mechanical resistance are essentials. In general, nickel is added to stainless steels to stabilize the austenite phase. During the last decade, the nickel price fluctuated considerably; unstabling the stainless steel global market. The 200 series stainless steels, also known as Cr-Mn-Ni stainless steels, emerged as an alternative for traditional austenitic steels. In these steels, manganese replaces a fraction of nickel content, maintaining stable the austenitic phase. Consequently, the production of stainless steel containing manganese has increased notoriously. The present study has the aim to compare the pitting resistance corrosion, between the 17Cr-6Mn-5Ni (designated as 298) and UNS S30403 austenitic stainless steels. The effect of solution heat treatment temperature, and the chemical composition of environment aqueous solution were evaluated (the electrolytes used are constituted for aqueous solution with 0,6M NaCl fixed and Na2SO4 progress additions) verifying the inhibitor effect of sulfate ion in both steels on distinct temperature ranges (1010°C, 1040°C, 1070°C and 1100°C) defined for the solution heat treatments. The pitting corrosion resistance was determined by means of cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and the answers obtained were discussed through the microstructural variations found. Optical and electron microscopy technique, X ray diffraction analysis, magnetic measurements using the ferritoscope and image analysis to ferrite phase quantification were used during this investigation. In most conditions examined, the UNS S30403 steel show highest pitting potential that 298 steel. In more detail, the results showed that addition of sodium sulfate increased the pitting corrosion resistance in media containing chloride ions of both UNS S30403 and 298 steels, in all heat treatment conditions, being more pronounced in 298 steel. The solution heat treatment had little influence on pitting resistance corrosion of UNS S30403 steel (considering separately each electrolyte); on the other hand, the 298 steel showed a strong dependence with the heat treatments: in absence of sulfate (0,6M NaCl) the heat treatments decreased the pitting corrosion resistance, but in presence of sulfate, the gradual increment of Na2SO4 concentration had a beneficial effect, each time more strong, reaching, for 0,6M NaCl+0,6M Na2SO4 condition in heat treatment temperatures 1070°C and 1100°C, higher pitting potential values than UNS S30403 steel. The presence of a chromium-rich second phase (chromium ferrite) in both steels (UNS S30403 and 298) and manganese-rich precipitates in 298 steel were detected. The different behaviors were explained through annealing solution of manganese-rich precipitates found in 298 steel. It is concluded that after heat treatments, the dissolution of these precipitates increased the manganese content in solid solution in 298 steel. Consequently decreasing the pitting potential values for 0,6M NaCl electrochemical condition (environment without Na2SO4). On the other hand, in presence of Na2SO4 the inhibitor effect is potentialized due to highest chemical affinity between ion sulfate and manganese (now in solid solution) compared to that between chloride ion and manganese. The UNS S30403 stainless steel does not contain manganese as alloying element, nor manganese-rich precipitates, deleterious effect in 0,6M NaCl was not observed, and the beneficial effect on pitting corrosion resistance due the sulfate additions was not significantly different in this steel when the annealing solution temperature is changed.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-19T13:37:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizgustavodeoliveira.pdf: 3109049 bytes, checksum: 4df3b04529f2b0980313cfda47b84ab7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T14:46:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizgustavodeoliveira.pdf: 3109049 bytes, checksum: 4df3b04529f2b0980313cfda47b84ab7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizgustavodeoliveira.pdf: 3109049 bytes, checksum: 4df3b04529f2b0980313cfda47b84ab7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-22 / Doenças inflamatórias intestinais, entre elas colite ulcerativa e doença de Crohn, compreendem um amplo espectro de afecções que apresentam em comum inflamação crônica do trato gastrointestinal. Colite ulcerativa afeta exclusivamente o cólon e o reto, possui etiologia ainda pouco conhecida podendo estar relacionada com fatores ambientais, genéticos e de resposta imune. O tratamento se baseia em medicamentos como aminossalicilatos, glicocorticóides e imunossupressores, porém seus efeitos colaterais atrapalham a adesão do paciente ao tratamento por longos períodos. Condroitim sulfato (CS) e glucosamina (GlcN) são atualmente indicados para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias, como a osteoartrite, principalmente por apresentarem efeito anti-inflamatório ao diminuírem a ação do fator de transcrição NF-kB diminuindo a expressão de metaloproteases (MMP), TNF-α, iNOS entre outros mediadores inflamatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da associação de CS e GlcN na colite ulcerativa experimental induzida por dextran sulfato de sódio (DSS) em ratos Wistar. Para isso foram avaliados o índice de atividade da doença (IAD), parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, morfológicos e a atividade de MMP-2 e -9 da matriz extracelular no intestino grosso, concentração de NO tecidual e concentração de glicosaminoglicanos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) controle, (2) controle + CS/GlcN, (3) DSS , (4) DSS + CS/GlcN. Observamos que o tratamento com CS/GlcN melhorou a severidade da colite aguda em ratos, verificado pela redução do score histológico e melhora de parâmetros hematológicos. CS/GlcN também reduziu a destruição de células caliciformes observados pelo azul de alcian, bem como a produção de óxido nítrico, a atividade de mieloperoxidase e metaloproteases, principalmente de MMP-9. Além disso, foi observado uma redução na concentração de GAGs total no grupo DSS + CS/GlcN quando comparado ao grupo DSS. Portanto, a administração de CS/GlcN apresentou melhoras em alguns dos parâmetros avaliados principalmente na atividade de MMP-9, mostrando um potencial destes compostos para futura utilização no tratamento dessa patologia. / Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease comprising a broad spectrum of diseases those have in common chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis affects only the colon and rectum, has still poorly understood etiology and this could may be related to environmental factors, genetic and immune response. Treatment is based on drugs as aminosalicylates, immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids, but its side effects hinder patient compliance with treatment for long periods. Chondroitin sulphate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) are currently indicated for treatment of inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis, mainly because of the anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing the activity of transcription factor NF-kB and decreasing the expression of metalloproteases (MMP), TNF-α, iNOS and other inflammatory mediators. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of the combination of CS and GlcN in experimental ulcerative colitis model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats. To do so we evaluated the disease activity index (DAI), haematological and biochemical parameters, morphological changes and activity of MMP-2 and -9, NO and glycosaminoglycans concentration in the large intestine. Animals were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) control + CS / GlcN, (3) DSS-induced colitis, (4) DSS + CS / GlcN. We observed that treatment with CS/GlcN improved the severity of acute colitis in rats verified by histological score reduction and improvement in hematological parameters. CS/GlcN also reduced goblet cells destruction observed by alcian blue, as well as nitric oxide production, the activity of myeloperoxidase and metalloproteases, especially MMP-9. Moreover, we observed a reduction in the concentration of total GAG + DSS group CS / GlcN when compared to DSS. Therefore, administration of CS/GlcN showed improvements in some of the parameters evaluated mainly on the activity of MMP-9, showing a potential future use of these compounds for the treatment of this pathology.

Effects of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) particle deposition on the atmospheric corrosion of copper (Cu) metal and a Cu-based alloy (Cu5Al5Zn) used in architectural applications were investigated at laboratory conditions compared with effects induced by sodium chloride (NaCl) and to some extent ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 induced corrosion. Pre-deposited surfaces were exposed to repeated wet/dry conditions in a climatic chamber and the formation of corrosion products were assessed using light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis (SEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared techniques (FTIR microscopy) and cathodic reduction (CR). Na2SO4 induced corrosion resulted in corrosion cells locally over the surface on both Cu and Cu5Al5Zn, of increased oxygen content in the anodic area of the cells (center of pre-deposited area). The main corrosion products formed on Cu metal are basic copper sulfates and cuprite (Cu2O), while basic sulfates (copper and/or zinc) and Cu2O were the main corrosion products formed on Cu5Al5Zn. A combined deposition of Na2SO4 + NaCl was carried out on the Cu5Al5Zn alloy using two different deposition methods to investigate the possible interplay from a corrosion initiation perspective between the two salt particles. For short time exposed Cu5Al5Zn (1 cycle), two different corrosion cells formed, mainly induced by Na2SO4 and NaCl. Corrosion products formed in anodic areas of a Na2SO4 induced corrosion cell were similar to findings observed for Cu5Al5Zn pre-deposited with Na2SO4 only, whereas peripheral cathodic areas primarily were affected by NaCl dissolution and predominantly composed of Cu2O that was the main corrosion product with small amount of hydroxides and carbonates of the NaCl induced corrosion cells. After relatively longer exposure periods (2 and 6 wet/dry cycles), NaCl dominated the corrosion of the entire surface with the formation of more Cu2O, hydroxides and carbonates. Cathodic reduction findings revealed a negative interplay on corrosion for the mixed salt after short time exposures (1 and 2 cycles), whereas a slight synergistic effect was evident after a longer exposure period (6 cycles), compared with corrosion induced by single salts.

Η κρυστάλλωση και η διάλυση αλάτων αποτελούν σημαντικές διεργασίες οι οποίες συνεισφέρουν στην φθορά των μνημείων της πολιτιστικής μας κληρονομιάς, τα οποία έχουν κατά κύριο λόγο κατασκευασθεί από δομικά υλικά όπως ο ασβεστόλιθoς και το μάρμαρο. Η κρυστάλλωση ευδιάλυτων αλάτων (π.χ. θειϊκό νάτριο, θειϊκό μαγνήσιο, χλωριούχο νάτριο) σε πορώδη υλικά έχει καταστροφικές επιπτώσεις τόσο στις ιστορικές όσο και στις σύγχρονες κατασκευές από σκυρόδεμα. Το πιο κατεστρεπτικό άλας για την ακεραιότητα των κατασκευών έχει αποδειχθεί, ότι είναι το θειίκό νάτριο. Η κατανόηση του μηχανισμού κρυστάλλωσης του άλατος αυτού είναι απαραίτητη προϋπόθεση για τον περιορισμό ή τον έλεγχο του σχηματισμού του σε ατμοσφαιρικές συνθήκες. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, έγινε συστηματική μελέτη της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του δεκαένυδρου θειϊκού νατρίου (Μιραμπιλίτης) σε υπέρκορα διαλύματά του. Αναπτύχθηκε μεθοδολογία βασισμένη στον εξώθερμο χαρακτήρα της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του μιραμπιλίτη. Η πειραματική μελέτη περιορίσθηκε στην ετερογενή κρυσταλλική ανάπτυξη τόσο σε φύτρα Μιραμπιλίτη, όσο και σε ξένα υποστρώματα. Τα υποστρώματα τα οποία μελετήθηκαν περιλάμβαναν ασβεστόλιθο από την Γρανάδα (ασβεστιτικός κυρίως) καθώς και ψαμμόλιθο (Πράγα, Τσεχίας) πυριτικής κατά κύριο λόγο σύστασης. Η μελέτη της κινητικής της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του Μιραμπιλίτη, έδειξε ότι το καθορίζον την ταχύτητα στάδιο είναι η διάχυση των δομικών μονάδων στην επιφάνεια των κρυσταλλικών φύτρων του Μιραμπιλίτη. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό οδήγησε στην δοκιμή οργανοφωσφορικών ενώσεων, ως προς την επίδρασή τους στην κινητική της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης του μιραμπιλίτη. Οι ενώσεις αυτές ιονίζονται και αλληλεπιδρούν αποτελεσματικά με την κρυσταλλική επιφάνεια δηλητηριάζοντας τα ενεργά κέντρα κρυστάλλωσης. Ο βαθμός ιονισμού βρέθηκε ότι είναι καθοριστικός για την ανασταλτική τους δράση. Πειράματα ταχείας καταβύθισης ευδιάλυτων αλάτων ηλεκτρολυτών σε ασβεστολιθικά και ψαμμιτικά δοκίμια τα οποία έγιναν τόσο με εμβάπτιση, όσο και με έκθεση σε θάλαμο αλατονέφωσης επιβεβαίωσαν τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης της κινητικής της κρυστάλλωσης του Μιραμπιλίτη και της σχετικής αποτελεσματικότητος των αναστολέων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Πλην της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης ευδιάλυτων αλάτων, σημαντική συνεισφορά στην αποδόμηση των δομικών υλικών παίζει και η διάλυση του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου, το οποίο και αποτελεί τη βασική συστατική τους ένωση. Για τη μελέτη της διεργασίας της κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης και διάλυσης του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου τόσο απουσία όσο και παρουσία ανιόντων όπως τα θειϊκά και τα ανιόντα φθορίου χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μικροσκοπία ατομικής δύναμης,η οποία έδωσε την δυνατότητα in situ μέτρησης του ρυθμού κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης και διάλυσης σε συνθήκες σταθερού κορεσμού. Η παρουσία θειϊκών ανιόντων έδειξε ότι η κρυσταλλική ανάπτυξη του ανθρακικού ασβεστίου αναστέλλεται ενώ η παρουσία φθορίου επιταχύνει τη διάλυση. Τα αποτελέσματα των μετρήσεων της κινητικής των διεργασιών έδειξαν ότι οι επιμολύνσεις στα υπέρκορα διαλύματα δρούν στην κινητική λόγω προσρόφησης και δέσμευσης των ενεργών κέντρων κρυσταλλικής ανάπτυξης διάλυσης. / The research made in the present PhD Thesis entitled “Crystallization and dissolution study of electrolyte salts”. The objective of the dissertation concerned both crystallization and dissolution processes of soluble sodium sulfate and insoluble calcium carbonate electrolyte salts approached by different experimental aspects but directly connected to environmental and scientific issues. Salt crystallization is an important cause for the weathering and damage of historical and cultural heritage artifacts and ornamental stones. Soluble salts (i.e. sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride) have also a damaging and fateful impact on civil engineering structures of roads and building foundations. Most damaging salt for such built frameworks is proven to be sodium sulfate salt. Only when we have a better understanding of sodium sulfate crystallization in an unconstrained fluid medium can we progress to a study of sodium sulfate crystallization in porous building materials. At the beginning of this study batch crystallization experiments of sodium sulfate salt were conducted. Additionally potential organic inhibitors (i.e. organophosphonate, polyacrylates) were tested in the same batch experimental system. Popular and applicable limestone building material is of uniform composition consisting mainly calcium (calcitic material). Granada’s calcarenite has been selected as one of the target material to study. This natural stone is representative of the building material utilized in construction material monuments and susceptible to salt crystallization. In situ AFM experiments of both calcite crystal growth and dissolution were performed in the presence of different electrolyte solutions (i.e. sodium sulfate and sodium fluoride). Nanoscale phenomena during the growth of solid solutions on calcite surfaces were performed in the presence of sodium sulfate electrolyte solutions. Further molecular-scale surface processes during both growth and dissolution of calcite in the presence of sodium fluoride electrolyte solutions were carried out. In all cases significant kinetic data and reaction mechanisms were extracted. Accelerated degradation of Granada’s limestone and Czech sandstone experiments were executed. Tested materials were exposed and impregnated in concentrated solutions of soluble salts (i.e. sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride). Immersed limestone type material showed susceptibility to sodium sulfate and sandstone type material to sodium chloride salt solution. Different pre-treatments of limestone specimens with organophosphonate compounds resulted in limiting material damage from sodium sulfate influence. The use of such organic compounds may direct towards a potential implication of conserving building frameworks. Finally suspended limestone rods were subjected to sodium sulfate spray chamber. Pre-treatment of limestone rods with organophosphonate compounds were completed. Again applications of organophosphonate compounds to exposure of limestone material in salt spray chamber may work towards a case of preventing porous material from salt damage and protect building stones.

Les polyphénols, micronutriments abondants dans notre alimentation, sont bien connus pour leurs propriétés antioxydantes et anti-inflammatoires et leur consommation a été associée à un moindre risque de maladies chroniques (maladies cardiovasculaires, cancers…). Ces composés suscitent un intérêt croissant dans le domaine de la santé digestive. En effet, les polyphénols sont faiblement absorbés au niveau de l’intestin grêle et sont présents en quantité relativement importante dans le côlon. Les polyphénols et leurs métabolites pourraient donc exercer des effets bénéfiques à ce niveau. Des études expérimentales récentes suggèrent que les polyphénols pourraient aider à prévenir ou retarder la progression de l’inflammation colique. Le raisin est l’un des fruits les plus riches en polyphénols. Divers co-produits du raisin ont montré des effets bénéfiques vis-à-vis de différentes situations d'inflammation, effets souvent attribués à leur richesse en composés polyphénoliques. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient tout d’abord d’évaluer l’impact du régime de base sur le développement de l’inflammation colique induite par le sulfate de dextran sodique (DSS) chez le rat (1) puis d’évaluer les effets d’une supplémentation nutritionnelle en extraits de marc de raisin (EMR) riches en polyphénols dans la prévention de l’inflammation colique induite par le DSS (2). Pour cela, des rats Wistar ont été nourris ad libitum durant 21 jours avec un régime standard ou un régime semi-synthétique (1) ou les animaux ont été nourris avec un régime semi-synthétique supplémenté ou non avec un EMR (2). Dans tous les cas, l’inflammation colique a été induite par administration de DSS à 4% dans l’eau de boisson pendant les 7 derniers jours de l’expérimentation. Les effets ont été évalués au niveau colique par analyse histologique, détermination de différents marqueurs de l'inflammation et de la défense antioxydante et évaluation de l'expression de différents gènes impliqués dans l’inflammation et le stress oxydant.La consommation préventive de trois EMRs, issus de deux cépages différents (Alicante et Pinot) exerce des effets bénéfiques sur le développement de l’inflammation colique induite par le DSS. Globalement, la consommation à titre préventif d’EMRs prévient la perte de poids, retarde l’apparition des symptômes de la maladie et limite le développement des atteintes tissulaires induites par le DSS. Les EMRs atténuent l’inflammation comme en témoigne la diminution de l’activité de la MPO et le maintien des taux coliques en cytokines pro-inflammatoires au niveau des animaux témoins. De plus, ces EMRs modulent les activités des enzymes antioxydantes. Les EMRs limitent également la surexpression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la réponse inflammatoires et le stress oxydant (COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, MMP-9…). De plus, nous avons montré que les EMRs provenant du cépage Alicante exercent des effets protecteurs plus marqués que l’EMR Pinot.Ainsi, ces résultats soulignent d’une part l’influence du régime alimentaire de base dans l’induction de l’inflammation colique. D’autre part, la consommation à titre préventif d’EMRs exerce des effets protecteurs sur le développement de l'inflammation colique induite par le DSS via la modulation de marqueurs de l’inflammation et de la défense antioxydante. Ces résultats pourraient permettre d’envisager de nouvelles stratégies nutritionnelles dans la prévention des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin. / Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in plant foods, where they have been associated with lower risk of chronic diseases from cancer to cardiovascular disease. The beneficial health effects of polyphenols have been attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies point to a promising role of these micronutrients in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as given that a large fraction of dietary polyphenols reach the colon, polyphenols and their metabolites could exert beneficial effects locally at this level. Recent experimental data suggest that polyphenols could help prevent or delay the progression of intestinal inflammation. Grape is one of the richest sources of polyphenols, and various grape products have demonstrated beneficial effects in various chronic diseases. These effects are often attributed to grape polyphenolic compounds.This thesis aimed (1) to evaluate the impact of purified and non-purified basal diets on the development of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in the rat, then (2) to evaluate the effects of preventive consumption of polyphenol-rich red grape pomace extracts (GPEs) on DSS-induced colitis. Rats were fed for 21 days with (1) a non-purified or purified diet or (2) GPE-enriched purified diet, and colitis was induced by DSS administration in drinking water (4% w/v) during the last 7 days of the experimental design. The effects on colitis development were assessed by histological analysis, determination of various markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and evaluation of the expression of various genes implicated in this disorder.DSS induced a more marked colitis in rats receiving the purified diet than the non-purified diet. Indeed, rats receiving the purified diet, the inflammation was characterized by decreased appetite and weight gain, early onset of disease (diarrhea and rectal bleeding), and colon shortening. In rats fed the purified diet, DSS also induced marked histological colonic damage and increased MPO activity. In these animals, DSS also modulated oxidative status by affecting antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, DSS-induced inflammation was associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in colonic tissue, together with upregulation of the expression of various genes (iNOS, ICAM-1 and MMP-9).Preventive consumption of three GPEs from two different grape varieties (Alicante and Pinot) showed beneficial effects on DSS-induced colitis development. Overall, preventive dietary GPE supplementation delayed the onset of colitis symptoms and limited the extent of weight loss and colonic mucosa damage. GPE administration reduced inflammation (as evidenced by a decrease in MPO activity) and kept colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines at near-control levels. In addition, the three GPEs modulated antioxidant enzyme activities and limited the overexpression of several genes involved in DSS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress (COX-2, iNOS, ICAM-1, MMP-9). Moreover, Alicante-variety GPEs exerted stronger protective effects than Pinot-variety GPEs.These results highlighted (1) the influence of basal diet on induction of colonic inflammation and (2) that preventive consumption of GPEs exerted protective effects against colitis development by modulating inflammatory processes and oxidative stress markers. These findings open up perspectives for new preventive nutritional strategies in colonic inflammation management.