CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O desgaste dentÃrio à a perda nÃo cariosa de tecido dentÃrio caracterizado por uma etiologia multifatorial tendo como principal fator a interaÃÃo entre erosÃo ocasionada por Ãcidos e forÃas abrasivas intra-orais. Essa dissertaÃÃo à constituÃda por dois artigos que objetivam, respectivamente: (1) revisar criticamente a literatura disponÃvel sobre as tÃcnicas de anÃlises de alteraÃÃes micromorfolÃgicas da estrutura dentÃria submetida a processos de erosÃo e/ou abrasÃo; (2) avaliar o efeito do NaF e MFP presentes em dentifrÃcios comercializados na prevenÃÃo da desmineralizaÃÃo da estrutura dentÃria por processos erosivos ou erosivos e abrasivos. No artigo 1, a literatura cientÃfica pertinente ao assunto foi obtida usando a base de dados nacionais e internacionais e busca manual de referÃncias citadas em artigos cientÃficos. No artigo 2, foi realizado um estudo in situ, randomizado, duplo-cego, cruzado, boca-dividida, em trÃs fases de 5 dias cada, com a participaÃÃo de 15 voluntÃrios, que utilizaram dispositivos palatinos, contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental humano tratados com diferentes dentifrÃcios: controle (11,2 ppm F, silica), MFP (1450 ppm F, silica) e NaF (1450 ppm F, silica). Os blocos foram submetidos à erosÃo por imersÃo em bebida do tipo cola (Coca-ColaÂ) por 60 s, 4 vezes ao dia, em horÃrios prÃ-determinados. Em seguida, os voluntÃrios escovaram seus dentes por 25 segundos e, com o dispositivo na boca, bochecharam o dentifrÃcio/saliva por 60 segundos, sendo posteriormente um lado do dispositivo (2 blocos) escovado com uma pequena porÃÃo de dentifrÃcio por 40 movimentos de vai-e-vem. As alteraÃÃes no esmalte foram avaliadas por testes de microdureza e por microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. Os dados obtidos foram testados usando ANOVA (p < 0,05). A anÃlise crÃtica do artigo 1 mostrou que a literatura apresenta diferentes mÃtodos para anÃlise de desgaste dentÃrio, variando de tÃcnicas bem estabelecidas a tÃcnicas de uso recente, sendo seus conhecimentos necessÃrios para o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros. Os resultados do artigo 2 demonstraram que nÃo houve diferenÃa no efeito da remineralizaÃÃo dos dentifrÃcios fluoretados nas condiÃÃes de erosÃo e erosÃo associada à abrasÃo em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle (p > 0,05). Contudo, os dados de dureza referentes à condiÃÃo (erosÃo ou erosÃo + abrasÃo) apresentaram-se diferentes estatisticamente (p < 0.0001). Conclui-se que o conhecimento sobre tÃcnicas de anÃlise acerca do desgaste dentÃrio à indispensÃvel para a sua determinaÃÃo e que à premente a realizaÃÃo de mais estudos para avaliaÃÃo do efeito do flÃor, na forma de NaF ou MFP, presente em dentifrÃcios comercializados utilizando tÃcnicas complementares que permitam a mediÃÃo do desgaste. / Dental wear is the non-carious loss of dental hard tissue, characterized by a multifactorial etiology with the main factor the interaction between erosion caused by acids from diet or endogenous and abrasives forces intra-oral. This dissertation consisting of two articles, which aim, respectively: (1) to critically review the available literature about the techniques of analysis of micromorphological changes in structure dental subject to erosion and/or abrasion, (2) to evaluate the effect of NaF and MFP in dentifrices available in market in the prevention of demineralization of tooth structure by erosive or erosive and abrasive process. In study 1, the scientific literature to the issue was searched using base of data nationals and internationals and manual tracing of references cited in scientific papers. In study 2, a in situ study, randomized, double-blind, crossover, slipt-mouth was conducted in three phases of 5 days each, with the participation of 15 volunteers who used palatal devices, containing 4 blocks of human tooth enamel treated with different dentifrices: control (11,2 ppm F, silica), MFP (1450 ppm F, silica) and NaF (1450 ppm F, silica). The slabs were subjected to erosion by immersion in a cola drink (Coca-ColaÂ) for 60 s, 4 times a day, at predetermined times. Then, the volunteers brushed their teeth, for 25 seconds and, with the device in the mouth, swished the dentifrice/saliva slurry for 60 seconds, after on side of appliance (2 blocks) was brushed with a small portion of the dentifrice by 40 brushing strokes. The enamel changes were evaluated for microhardness test and scanning electron microscopy. Data scores were submitted to ANOVA (p < 0,05). The critical review presented in study 1 showed which the literature presents different methods for analysis of dental wear, ranging from techniques well-established to techniques of recent use, therefore their expertise is needed for the development of future studies. The results of study 2 demonstrated that there was no differences in remineralization effect of fluoride dentifrices in the condition of erosion and erosion plus abrasion in relation of control group (p > 0,05). However, the harness data concerning to condition (erosion or erosion + abrasion) showed different statistically (p < 0.0001). The results of these studies indicate the knowledge about techniques of analysis of dental wear is essential for its determination. Moreover, it is imperative the realization of more studies to evaluate the fluoride effect in form of NaF or MFP, present in dentifrices available in the market using complementary techniques that allow the measurement of wear.

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la rugosidad superficial de una resina compuesta tipo BulkFill: Aura® BulkFill (SDI) con la resina Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) al ser inmersas a dos bebidas rehidratantes: Sporade® y Gatorade®. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 88 especímenes de resina divididos en cuatro grupos, confeccionados con una matriz metálica (10mm x 4mm). Se insertó las resinas con una espátula de resina, y se fotoactivó con la lámpara Elipar LedTM, con una intensidad de 1200 mW/cm2. Se sumergieron los especímenes en agua destilada. A las 24 horas, se midió la rugosidad con el rugosímetro Mitutoyo SJ-210P. Luego, se realizó la inmersión en bebidas rehidratantes y se midió la rugosidad final a los 7 días. Resultados: La rugosidad inicial y final de las resinas Aura® BulkFill (SDI) y Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) presentaron diferencias significativas después de la inmersión en bebidas rehidratantes. Para los especímenes de Aura® BulkFill (SDI) al someterla a Sporade® se encontró una media inicial de 1.20 y una media final de 1.76 y los valores para Gatorade® fueron 0.77 y 1.73. Mientras que la rugosidad superficial de Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) al sumergirla en Sporade® fue 0.82 y 1.55, y en Gatorade® 0.77 y 1.73. Al comparar la diferencia de la rugosidad superficial final e inicial (deltas), la resina Aura® BulkFill presentó diferencias significativas mientras que, Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill no tuvo diferencias al sumergirlas en ambas bebidas rehidratantes. Conclusiones: Las resinas estudiadas incrementaron su rugosidad luego de ser inmersas a las bebidas mencionadas. / Objective: To compare in vitro the surface roughness of a BulkFill composite resin: Aura® BulkFill (SDI) with Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill resin (Ivoclar Vivadent) when immersed in two rehydration drinks: Sporade® and Gatorade®. Materials and methods: 88 resin specimens divided into four groups were used, with a metal matrix (10 mm x 4 mm). The resins were inserted with a resin spatula, and photo-activated with the Elipar LedTM lamp, with an intensity of 1200 mW/cm2. The specimens were immersed in distilled water. After 24 hours, the roughness was measured with the Mitutoyo SJ-210P rugosimeter. Then, the immersion in rehydration drinks was performed and the final roughness was measured after 7 days. Results: The initial and final roughness of the resins Aura® BulkFill (SDI) and Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) showed significant differences after immersion in rehydration drinks. For specimens of Aura® BulkFill (SDI) when subjected to Sporade® an initial mean of 1.20 and a final average of 1.76 was found and the values for Gatorade® were 0.77 and 1.73. While the surface roughness of Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill (Ivoclar Vivadent) when immersed in Sporade® was 0.82 and 1.55, and in Gatorade® 0.77 and 1.73. When comparing the difference of the final and initial surface roughness (deltas), the Aura® BulkFill resin showed significant differences while, Tetric N-Ceram® BulkFill did not have differences when immersing them in both rehydration drinks. Conclusions: The resins studied increased their roughness after being immersed in the aforementioned beverages. / Tesis

The first part of the thesis describes the theories of international marketing. The second part deals with analysis of the company and brand Kofola at the Czech market, and summarizes the basic specifics of the company's expansion to Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Russia. The final part is devoted to analysis of Austrian soft-drinks market and drafts a strategy for Kofola there.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-16T11:48:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisângela Valdine Diogo Manuel.pdf: 1703236 bytes, checksum: ba7fe23c738481c7c7ea70881a020ee4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-16T11:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisângela Valdine Diogo Manuel.pdf: 1703236 bytes, checksum: ba7fe23c738481c7c7ea70881a020ee4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Consumer behavior is a widely studied topic and the findings in this field direct the marketing planning of various companies. The consumer of soft drinks, in particular, has been gaining momentum gradually as study and market area. In Angola, however, this is still in its infancy, with few published scientific research. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the purchasing behavior of consumers of soft drinks, based on the identification of relevant attributes, influence factors and information sources valued at their purchase decision. A survey was applied (survey) with structured questions to a sample of 129 consumers in the city of Luanda, Angola, to assess their purchasing behavior based on established variables. It was found that the Blue soft drink consumers are mostly young people concentrated in the range of 18 to 30 years of age who are not yet in the labor market. On the other hand, it was found that the largest share of respondents are female and have completed higher education. It was also concluded that the variety of flavors is the factor that determines the purchase, the television media with more influence that decision / O comportamento do consumidor é um tema amplamente estudado e as descobertas nesse campo direcionam o planejamento do marketing de diversas empresas. O consumidor de refrigerantes, em específico, vem ganhando destaque gradualmente como área de estudo e mercado. Em Angola, porém, esse é ainda incipiente, com poucas pesquisas científicas publicadas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o comportamento de compra dos consumidores de refrigerantes, com base na identificação de atributos relevantes, fatores de influência e fontes de informação valorizadas na sua decisão de compra. Foi aplicado um levantamento (survey) com questões estruturadas a uma amostra de 129 consumidores da cidade de Luanda, em Angola, para avaliar o seu comportamento de compra com base nas variáveis estabelecidas. Verificou-se que os consumidores de refrigerantes Blue são majoritariamente jovens concentrados na faixa dos 18 aos 30 anos de idade e que ainda não se encontram no mercado de trabalho. Por outro lado, constatou-se que a maior parcela dos entrevistados é do sexo feminino e possui o ensino superior completo. Concluiu-se igualmente que a variedade de sabores é o fator que determina à compra, sendo a televisão a mídia que mais influência essa decisão

In Mexico about 73 percent adults and 33 percent children have overweight or obesity; and nearly 14 percent adults are estimated to have Type 2 diabetes, being the principal cause of mortality. Obesity and diabetes rates rose sharply starting in the 1980's and 1990's, coinciding with the globalization processes that Mexico underwent resulting in a higher availability and consumption of energy-dense and nutrient-poor ultra-processed foods. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), carbonated cola beverages such as Coca-Cola in particular, are widely consumed and well integrated into Mexico's cultural fabric and constitute the major source of added sugars in the Mexican diet. High intake of SSBs is associated with weight gain, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome, In 2014, the Mexican government introduced a 1-peso-per-liter (approx. US 8 cents; about 10 percent of the pre-tax price) on industrialized SSBs along with many other public health measures in an attempt to curb rising obesity rates. Two years into the SSB tax, purchases of sugary beverages in stores decreased by 7.6 percent on average. This decrease in purchases is remarkable, nevertheless, based on the existing cross-sectional data, the change cannot be s attributable solely to the effect of the taxation. Moreover, there are many other concurrent factors that might have affected demand and purchases of SSBs: like an 8 percent ad valorem tax imposed on discretionary energy-dense food in 2014, the regulation of foods and beverages in schools, and the regulation of food and beverage marketing on TV targeted to children. Further, it may be plausible for the SSB tax to have exerted effect via other mechanisms, such as increasing awareness of negative health outcomes. There is evidence from other countries that junk food and SSB taxes imposed with public health goals contribute to enhancing people's awareness about the negative health consequences of unhealthy foods. The purpose of this study was to explore what are Mexicans' beliefs, attitudes, social norms, and behaviors in relation to SSBs in the context of the SSB tax, and why and how behaviors have been modified. This purpose was addressed using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, starting with a quantitative survey with a nationally representative sample, followed by a qualitative study with parents and construction workers. Quantitative study. The first phase of the study consisted of closed-ended questions (designed to ask about awareness of and opinion about the effectiveness of the tax, psychosocial determinants of SSB consumption, and perception of change in SSB consumption since the year the tax was implemented) that were developed and inserted into a new questionnaire of the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT) carried out by the Mexican INSP. The questionnaire was administered face-to-face to 6,650 Mexican adults 20-59 years old, providing a representative sample at the national, urban and rural, and regional levels. The two principal statistical analysis conducted were: (a) Logistic regression, used to evaluate the probability of a person reporting a decrease in SSB consumption, given their awareness of the tax, opinion about its effectiveness, psychosocial (SSB health-related beliefs, self-efficacy, and liking of SSBs) and environmental (availability of potable water) determinants, after controlling for covariates; (b) Multiple linear regression analysis, utilized to examine the association between the same factors and current consumption of taxed SSBs. Results showed that compared with adults not aware, adults who were aware of the SSB tax were more likely (OR=1.30) to report a decrease in SSB consumption (p=.012). In urban areas, adults aware of the tax drank a significantly lower amount of taxed SSBs (-15.7%; p=.023) than those not aware. Self-efficacy and liking of SSBs were significantly associated with a reported decrease in consumption and with current consumption (p<.001), while health beliefs and availability of potable water were not significantly associated with either reported change in SSB consumption or current consumption of taxed SSBs. We conclude that implementation of an SSB tax accompanied by highly visible campaigns may further influence the impact of taxes on SSBs consumption. Qualitative study. The second phase consisted of a qualitative multi-case study involving interviews and focus groups with parents of children 9 years old or younger and construction workers that assisted in interpreting the findings of the quantitative study. This study also expanded upon the quantitative findings particularly in relation to the ways people modified (or not) their purchasing and consumption behaviors after the imposition of the SSB tax and the reasons why. The analysis was informed by the Reasoned Action Approach and the hyperbolic (future) discounting concept from behavioral economics theory. The main findings of the study with parents are that most reported drinking less soda than in the two-four years prior and that they largely are trying to reduce their children's consumption of SSBs and encourage water consumption. Changes in parents' behaviors and practices were precipitated by health concerns and not necessarily by price increases (although these were of concern). Half of the participants knew about the tax and its purpose; and it seems like the debate around the tax might have contributed to increasing awareness about the detrimental health consequences of taxed beverages. We conclude that for many of these parents the current taxation of SSBs may have had a mild effect on SSB consumption; a higher level of the tax (20 percent) may impose an additional constraint. The main findings of the study with construction workers are that they consume a high amount of both soda and water during their work days (approx. 1.25. liters and 4 liters, respectively). They associate consumption of soda to pause and meal breaks, and consumption of water to the times when they are working. Nevertheless, their identity as construction workers is constructed in relation to their soda consumption. While they are aware of the health consequences that a high soda consumption can entail, it seems like they had never contemplated the need and/or possibility of changing their practices. Construction workers have not (permanently) altered their patterns of soda consumption in the context of the tax. Presence of an illness (i.e., kidney problems) triggered changes in some, but they were only temporary. We conclude that a 1 peso-per-liter (10 percent) tax is not enough to trigger changes in practices in this group, and that the government should consider a higher level of the tax to have an effect on these consumers. In this dissertation, the interpretation of the quantitative and the qualitative results in combination yields a better understanding about the potential influence of the SSB tax on Mexicans SSB-related behaviors and psychosocial factors. The key conclusions of this work are that: 1) A considerable number of the Mexican adult population is aware of the tax on SSBs, but that awareness differs by socio-demographic characteristics; 2) A large majority of the population beliefs that the tax is not reducing consumption of taxed SSBs meaningfully; 3) having been exposed to debates/campaigns in relation the tax, combined withto the price increase, may have contributed to increasing health awareness and/or rethinking beverage choices in some population groups that are more sensitive to diet/nutrition and health (e.g., parents in their role as caregivers) but not of others (e.g., construction workers); 4) the most salient determinants of SSB consumption are: social norms, liking for SSBs, perceived behavioral control, and the beverage environment; 5) Mexican adults are knowledgeable about the health consequences of a high consumption of industrialized SSBs, however, while knowledge is necessary, it might not be sufficient to result in large behavioral changes. This study contributes to the fields of public health and food and nutrition policy by suggesting an alternative pathway through which health taxes may exert an impact on people's behavior. It also highlights the complexity of food choice and behavior change and the need for comprehensive approaches, grounded in research of psychosocial determinants, to have a meaningful impact on changing consumers' behaviors. The findings of this dissertation suggest that in the future, governments could consider accompanying public health taxes with comprehensive and targeted education campaigns in an attempt to create synergy between both approaches. In addition, future nutrition education and public health campaigns might focus more on teaching self-regulation skills, after motivation has been established, and on shifting social norms around SSB drinking.

Lime softening, chlorination, clarification and filtration have been long recognized treatment processes for beverage water specifically the carbonated soft drink (CSD) because it provides consistent water quality required for bottling plants, however these processes are becoming uneconomical and causes more problems than the benefits they offer. These processes require very large foot print, occupy large plant volume, and generate large volume of sludge which causes disposal problems. Chlorination produces trihalomethanes (THMs) and other by-products which are detrimental to health and imparts tastes to the final products. Using the newly developed submerged spiral wound ultrafiltration membranes in conjunction with lime softening may replace the conventional lime softening, clarification and filtration processes. This research was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with lime softening. The objectives of this research was to achieve the water quality required by the CSD bottlers; determine the relationships of operating parameters such as pH and membrane flux with trans-membrane pressure (TMP), and membrane permeability; determine the optimum dosage of lime; evaluate the operating parameters as basis for the design and construction of the full scale plant; and predict the membrane cleaning intervals. A pilot unit consisting of lime reactor and UF system was designed and built for this research. The pilot unit was operated at various pH ranging from 7.3 to 11.2 and at membrane flux rates of 15, 30 and 45 gfd. The pilot unit was also operated at the CSD bottler’s operating conditions which is pH 9.8 at flux of 30 gfd. The pilot unit operated for a total of 1800 hours. The raw water source was from city water supply. The filtrate from the pilot unit achieved alkalinity reduction to 20 to 30 mg/L preferred by CSD bottlers, with lime dosage close to the calculated value. The filtrate turbidity during the test was consistently within 0.4 to 0.5 NTU. The TMP values obtained during the test ranges from 0.1 to 2.5 psi, while the permeability values ranges from 18.19 to 29.6 gfd/psi. The increase in flux results to corresponding increase in TMP, and increase in operating pH, increases the rate of TMP. Permeability decreases with increasing operating pH. The TOC reduction ranges from 2.6 % to 15.8% with increasing operating pH. No scaling of the UF membranes was observed during the test. Thirty days UF membrane cleaning interval was predicted. The results from this research can use as the basis of designing and operating a full scale Lime Softening UF Treatment Plant.

Two major nutritional concerns in the United States today are the increasing consumption of soft drinks and the decreasing intake of fruits and vegetables. This study hypothesized that there is a negative correlation between soft drink consumption and fruit and vegetable intake among college students.Data were collected by means of a 3-day food record. The collection time occurred on three consecutive specified days with college students who ate in the college dining commons. These food records were then analyzed on computer software. A Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained by comparing the average intake of fruits and vegetables for each individual with the average intake of soft drinks for each individual. Using an alpha level of 0.05 and 75 degrees of freedom, a significant negative correlation was found between the amount of soft drinks consumed and the amount of fruits and vegetables eaten. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

No description available.

The main subject of the thesis was the logistics, savings of the expenditure of material, materials handling and stock-keeping in consequence of consumer package.This thesis is solved in theoretical way with many know-how from practise. The product portfolio and production process were described on the base of local examination.

nÃo hà / This work has as general objective identifying rivalry characteristics among the main firms of the brazilian soft drinks market, those firms are Coca-Cola Co, AmBev â American Beverages and âtubaÃnasâ, products that make the competitive fringe of this industry. Therefore, this research points out the market competitive features through a historical analysis of the period from 1991 to 2009, it also exposes a short literature revision about Fusion and Acquisition concepts, and it shows and uses PCAIDS (Proportionately Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System) model as a tool of fusion simulation between firms, facing an concentration act assumption. This research suggests that âtubaÃnasâ seems to be closer substitutes to Coca-Cola Co brands, than to AmBev products, pointing out a greater rivalry with the first firm than with the second one. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral identificar as caracterÃsticas de rivalidade entre as principais firmas que compÃem o mercado brasileiro de refrigerantes, sendo estas, Coca-Cola Company, AmBev â Companhia de Bebidas das AmÃricas e as TubaÃnas, produtos que formam a espessa franja concorrencial desta indÃstria. Para tanto, aponta as caracterÃsticas concorrenciais do mercado atravÃs de uma anÃlise histÃrica dos perÃodos de 1991 â 2009, expÃe uma breve revisÃo da literatura quanto aos conceitos de FusÃo e AquisiÃÃo, apresenta e utiliza o modelo PCAIDS (Proportionately Calibrated Almost Ideal Demand System), como ferramenta de simulaÃÃo de fusÃo entre firmas, diante de um suposto ato de concentraÃÃo. A pesquisa sugere que as TubaÃnas aparentam ser substitutas mais prÃximas Ãs marcas da Coca-Cola Company que Ãs da AmBev, indicando maior rivalidade com a primeira que com a segunda.