Final draft report presented to the Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa / The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the major service quality variables that determine customer satisfaction for the Carbonated Soft Drink market which is dynamic and is also part of the highly competitive impulse beverage industry in South Africa. Amalgamated Beverages Industry (aka Coca Cola) still holds the lion’s share of the market although its share has fallen in the last 5 years presumably due to the growth in the consumption of substitutes such as bottled water, 100% fruit juices, energy drinks and dairy juice blends. The proliferation of “diet conscious” consumers has exacerbated the situation. These alternatives are the primary growth areas in the impulse beverage market. This has obviously threatened the viability and profitability of major players in this industry. To date the performance of Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSDs) has been less than satisfactory. There are other key players which have penetrated this market namely Pepsi, trading as Pioneer Foods, Royal, Pioneer Foods, California Cola, Pick ‘n Pay and Quality Beverages. For purposes of this study the three key players were chosen namely ABI, Pepsi and Quality Beverages. These key players have made huge investments in this industry at the level of production and distribution. In addition heavy investments go towards advertising and promotional campaigns. This research is exploratory in nature and makes way for further research in order to reach a more logical conclusion. This study is conducted within the confines of Gauteng region and more specifically Johannesburg North and Central. These two regions were chosen because the researcher resides close to these regions and wanted to minimize the costs involved in this study. The researcher also assumed the findings are a true representation of the broader picture of the South African scenario. Before collecting information the researcher initially consulted recent articles, books, magazines, company reports and even the internet in order to develop a clear understanding of the industry. This also helped the researcher to make logical decisions in the course` of undertaking the research. To that effect the researcher adopted the service quality SERVQUAL and the Gaps models in coming up with a measurement instrument for the research. The CSD companies have two broad categories of customers namely the trader and the end user or consumer. The trader purchases the product for purposes of research whilst the end user buys for consumption. This research focused on the trade customer. According to research experts a sample of more than 5% of the total population does not compromise validity. However the researcher opted for more than 10% of the total population in order to increase reliability of the results. Thus from the population size of 965 trade outlets the researcher arrived at a sample of 100. The traders were classified into four major categories namely retail outlets, wholesalers, restaurants and service stations. Information was collected from these 100 traders using personal interviews. The researcher is the one who conducted all the interviews. Information was gathered from buyers, managers and owners. The researcher took advantage of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists in order to make a meaningful analysis of the data collected. Many service oriented recommendations have been promulgated by this research. They are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive given the time constraint within which this research was conducted.

Also aged bottles are safer to use than new bottles because their chemical leaching was found to be lower than that of new bottles. This study recommends the reassessment of the absence of international guidelines for acetaldehyde in water and foods. The study also recommends that the amount of acetaldehyde that can be added to soft drinks as flavouring agent should be below the specific migration limit (SML) for migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottle into bottle contents. This is essential since the SML was designed to ensure that exposure to acetaldehyde, as a result of intake of bottled water and soft drinks in PET bottles, is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for acetaldehyde. As antimony was reported to go beyond the safe limits in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks after 11 months of storage this study discourages the use of bottle contents stored for a very long time.

Daugelio tyrimų išvados atskleidžia tai, kad vaikų elgesys, žinios, požiūris į maistą bei sveikatos būklė yra įtakoti maisto reklamos, kuri šiuo atžvilgiu skatina vaikų nepalankių sveikatai maisto produktų pasirinkimą. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti reklamos įtaką Vilniaus miesto mokyklų 5, 7, 9 klasių mokinių maisto produktų pasirinkimui. Tyrimo metodai ir apimtis. Tyrimas atliktas pirmąjį mokslo metų pusmetį (spalio, lapkričio, gruodžio mėnesiais). Apklausti Augusto pagrindinės mokyklos, Radvilų gimnazijos, Minties gimnazijos, Šeškinės vidurinės ir Antano Vienuolio pagrindinės mokyklos 5, 7, 9 klasių mokiniai. Išdalinta 650 anketų, 14 anketų buvo grąžintos tuščios (mokiniai sirgo), 31 anketa atmesta, nes nebuvo atsakyta į anketos klausimus arba jos buvo tiesiog sugadintos. Atsako dažnis 93,1%. Statistikai duomenys apdoroti naudojantis statistinės analizės ir duomenų apdorojimo programine įranga – SPSS (16 versija), WINPEPI ir Microsoft Excel programa. Rezultatai ir išvados. Didžioji dauguma mokinių (80%) kasdien pusryčiauja, pietauja ir vakarieniauja. Aukštesnių klasių mergaičių, praleidžiančių pagrindinius valgymus, daugiau nei berniukų. Šiek tiek mažiau nei pusė mokinių vadovaujasi sveikos mitybos piramide ir vaisius valgo kiekvieną dieną. Kasdien daržoves valgančių mokinių dalis siekia trečdalį. Bulvių traškučius ir saldžiuosius gėrimus dauguma respondentų perka retai. Šiek tiek mažiau negu pusė mokinių, siekdami, kad tėvai jiems nupirktų išreklamuotą maisto produktą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Many foreign scientific researches has revealed that children's behavior, knowledge, approach to food and health status are influenced by food advertising. This fact has negative health impact on children's food choices. Goal - to assess the impact of advertising on 5th, 7th, 9th classes student's food choice in schools of Vilnius city. Methods and scope of research. The research was made on the first half of the school year (in October, November and December). 5th, 7th, 9th classes students of 5 schools in Vilnius city: Žygimantas Augustas primary school, Radvilų gimnasium, Minties gimnasium, Šeškinė high school, Antanas Vienuolis primary school, were surveyed. 650 questionnaires were distributed, 14 questionnaires were returned blank (pupils were ill), 31 questionnaires rejected because an answers were illogical. The response rate is 93,1%. Statistical data processing was done using statistical analysis and data processing software - SPSS (version 16), WINPEPI and Microsoft Excel. Results and conclusion. The majority of students (80%) on a daily basis has breakfast, lunch and dinner. Higher grade girls spent their main meals, more than boys. Less than half of students follow a healthy diet pyramid and eat fruit every day. One third of students eat vegetables every day. Potato chips and sweet drinks by most respondents are buying rare. Only a third of parents buy advertised food for children, but that rarely do. Although about 90% of the students themselves buy an advertised... [to full text]

Final draft report presented to the Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South Africa / The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the major service quality variables that determine customer satisfaction for the Carbonated Soft Drink market which is dynamic and is also part of the highly competitive impulse beverage industry in South Africa. Amalgamated Beverages Industry (aka Coca Cola) still holds the lion’s share of the market although its share has fallen in the last 5 years presumably due to the growth in the consumption of substitutes such as bottled water, 100% fruit juices, energy drinks and dairy juice blends. The proliferation of “diet conscious” consumers has exacerbated the situation. These alternatives are the primary growth areas in the impulse beverage market. This has obviously threatened the viability and profitability of major players in this industry. To date the performance of Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSDs) has been less than satisfactory. There are other key players which have penetrated this market namely Pepsi, trading as Pioneer Foods, Royal, Pioneer Foods, California Cola, Pick ‘n Pay and Quality Beverages. For purposes of this study the three key players were chosen namely ABI, Pepsi and Quality Beverages. These key players have made huge investments in this industry at the level of production and distribution. In addition heavy investments go towards advertising and promotional campaigns. This research is exploratory in nature and makes way for further research in order to reach a more logical conclusion. This study is conducted within the confines of Gauteng region and more specifically Johannesburg North and Central. These two regions were chosen because the researcher resides close to these regions and wanted to minimize the costs involved in this study. The researcher also assumed the findings are a true representation of the broader picture of the South African scenario. Before collecting information the researcher initially consulted recent articles, books, magazines, company reports and even the internet in order to develop a clear understanding of the industry. This also helped the researcher to make logical decisions in the course` of undertaking the research. To that effect the researcher adopted the service quality SERVQUAL and the Gaps models in coming up with a measurement instrument for the research. The CSD companies have two broad categories of customers namely the trader and the end user or consumer. The trader purchases the product for purposes of research whilst the end user buys for consumption. This research focused on the trade customer. According to research experts a sample of more than 5% of the total population does not compromise validity. However the researcher opted for more than 10% of the total population in order to increase reliability of the results. Thus from the population size of 965 trade outlets the researcher arrived at a sample of 100. The traders were classified into four major categories namely retail outlets, wholesalers, restaurants and service stations. Information was collected from these 100 traders using personal interviews. The researcher is the one who conducted all the interviews. Information was gathered from buyers, managers and owners. The researcher took advantage of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists in order to make a meaningful analysis of the data collected. Many service oriented recommendations have been promulgated by this research. They are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive given the time constraint within which this research was conducted.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-19T18:26:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denise Rosane Perdomo Azeredo.pdf: 2006973 bytes, checksum: 610e1499e6733b78ee2eb47034198a7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T18:26:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Denise Rosane Perdomo Azeredo.pdf: 2006973 bytes, checksum: 610e1499e6733b78ee2eb47034198a7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Nowadays consumer desired healthy foods that promote benefits and free from food additives. The chemical composition of soft drinks, artificial colors and preservative, may pose a risk to consumer health due to the possibility of benzene formation, a recognized carcinogenic agent in humans and the association between artificial colors, allergic reactions and DNA damage. In this study, an orange soda formula containing the preservatives sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate with carrot and apple concentrate was developed. In parallel, we developed a standard formula containing tartrazine and sunset yellow. Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analysis of formulas were carried out during the storage period of 150 days. It was observed that there were no changes in physicochemical parameters. However, the colorimetric analysis revealed a short shelf life in the sample containing the carrot and apple concentrate. Regarding microbiology, both formulations were according to regulation by public health agencies. The yeasts and molds counts presented 1 log cycle growth in the formula containing the carrot and apple concentrate, suggesting that the robustness of the developed matrix may be affected, if the hygiene conditions of processing line sanitation are not observed. It was found that the color was the sensory characteristic that most influenced consumers regarding the acceptability of the samples, signaling that this parameter interfered significantly in evaluating flavor and appearance The results obtained by microbiological challenge test and determination of growth potential (?) indicated that yeast and lactic acid bacteria are able to multiply in the formula containing carrot and apple concentrate without preservatives (? ? 0.5 log10), indicating that the formula is sensitive. Acid acetic bacteria, in these conditions, were inhibited. A preserved formula with the addition of carrot and apple concentrate and other formula with the addition of artificial colors were prepared. The results referring to the growth potential (?) indicated that yeast and lactic acid bacteria were inhibited (? ? 0.5 log10) in both formulas. However, the preservative resistant yeasts presented growth ability (? ? 0.5 log10). In the apple and carrot concentrate, it was observed that yeast, lactic acid bacteria and fungus Penicillium citrinum were inhibited, indicating that this ingredient should not be considered a nutrient source for microbial multiplication that would affect the formula robustness. It was verified the growth of the preservative resistant yeasts (growth potential ? ? 0,5 log10) in all the evaluated formulas and ingredient. The data obtained, in this study, indicate that the development of more natural foods still represents a challenge for the food industry. / Atualmente o consumidor anseia por alimentos mais naturais, saud?veis, que promovam benef?cios ? sa?de e que sejam isentos de aditivos. Nesse sentido, a composi??o qu?mica dos refrigerantes, especialmente no que concerne aos corantes artificiais e conservadores pode representar riscos ? sa?de do consumidor, devido a possibilidade de forma??o de benzeno, reconhecido agente carcinog?nico ao homem, e a associa??o entre corantes artificiais, rea??es al?rgicas e efeitos delet?rios ao DNA. Nessa pesquisa, inicialmente, desenvolveu-se uma formula??o de refrigerante de laranja, contendo os conservadores benzoato de s?dio e sorbato de pot?ssio, na qual os corantes artificiais ? amarelo tartrazina e amarelo crep?sculo foram substitu?dos por concentrado de cenoura e ma??. Em paralelo, desenvolveu-se uma formula??o controle. Foram realizadas an?lises f?sico-qu?micas, microbiol?gicas e sensorial das formula??es durante o per?odo de armazenamento de 150 dias. Observou-se o atendimento ao padr?o de identidade e qualidade e estabilidade das formula??es em rela??o aos par?metros f?sico-qu?micos. Entretanto, na an?lise colorim?trica observou-se uma degrada??o de cor percept?vel ao consumidor na amostra contendo o concentrado de cenoura e ma??. Em rela??o as an?lises microbiol?gicas, ambas as formula??es atenderam aos par?metros preconizados pela legisla??o. Entretanto, a contagem de bolores e leveduras apresentou crescimento de 1 ciclo log na formula??o contendo o concentrado de cenoura e ma??, sugerindo que a robustez da matriz desenvolvida pode ser afetada, se as condi??es de higieniza??o da linha de processamento n?o forem observadas. Em rela??o a an?lise sensorial, verificou-se que a cor foi a caracter?stica sensorial que mais influenciou os consumidores com rela??o a aceitabilidade das amostras, sinalizando que esse par?metro interferiu, de forma significativa na avalia??o do sabor e apar?ncia. Os resultados referentes a aplica??o do teste desafio e a determina??o do potencial de multiplica??o microbiana (?) indicaram que as leveduras e bact?rias l?cticas s?o capazes de se multiplicar na formula??o adicionada de concentrada de cenoura e ma?? sem conservadores (? ? 0,5 log10), sinalizando que a formula??o ? sens?vel. As bact?rias ac?ticas, nessas condi??es, foram inibidas. Nas formula??es preservadas quimicamente com adi??o de concentrado de cenoura e ma?? e a adicionada de corantes artificiais, os resultados referentes ao potencial de multiplica??o microbiana (?) indicaram que as leveduras e bact?rias l?cticas foram inibidas (? ? 0,5 log10) em ambas as formula??es. Entretanto, as leveduras resistentes a conservadores apresentaram habilidade de crescimento (? ? 0,5 log10). No ingrediente concentrado de cenoura e ma??, observou-se que as leveduras, bact?rias l?cticas e o fungo Penicillium citrinum foram inibidos, indicando que o concentrado n?o deve ser considerado uma fonte de nutriente para a multiplica??o microbiana que afetaria a robustez da formula??o. Constatou-se a multiplica??o das leveduras resistentes a conservadores, com potencial de multiplica??o ? ? 0,5 log10 em todas as formula??es e ingrediente avaliados. Os dados obtidos no presente estudo sinalizam que o desenvolvimento de alimentos mais naturais ainda representa um desafio para a ind?stria de alimentos.

Submitted by JOSÉ VARELA DONATO DONATO (jvarela@superig.com.br) on 2011-08-03T20:10:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Empreendedorismo e Estratégia.pdf: 2040306 bytes, checksum: ec0f87dee77d5c0f7e15ae6920a28565 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-08-03T20:28:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Empreendedorismo e Estratégia.pdf: 2040306 bytes, checksum: ec0f87dee77d5c0f7e15ae6920a28565 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-08-03T20:31:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Empreendedorismo e Estratégia.pdf: 2040306 bytes, checksum: ec0f87dee77d5c0f7e15ae6920a28565 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-08-04T13:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE - Empreendedorismo e Estratégia.pdf: 2040306 bytes, checksum: ec0f87dee77d5c0f7e15ae6920a28565 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / This research aims to describe how the process of creating two companies and their competitive strategies have developed in the carbonated soft drinks sector in the State of Ceará. It is a qualitative and descriptive research, in which interpretation plays a crucial role in data analysis, that consisted mainly of texts originated from interviews with the founders and general managers of two companies studied and managers of three supermarket chains as well as documents, articles, studies and statistics from the carbonated soft drinks sector. The research revealed that the entrepreneurial processes occured in a disordely way, the discovery of an opportunity resulted of a set of conditions, the entrepreneurs did not compare opportunities and used rational and non-rational criteria for evaluating opportunities, they didn’t have a long-term goal or vision at the beginning of their companies and exhibited confidence and optimism about the success of their business. Regarding the creation of competitive strategy, the results show that competition occurred in all segments of the value chain of companies, a cost leadership strategy was effective for entry into the market, but an obstacle to growth in face of changes in the economic profile and lifestyle of consumers; the intangible assets (brand reputation, knowledge, education for entrepreneurship, for example) and capabilities to effectively perform the activities in the value chain are more sustainable and valuable competitive advantages to business performance. Finally, the research results suggest that the development and evaluation of business creation projects must incorporate variables such as increasing the number of firms and their survival and mortality rates, entry costs, capacity utilization, and competitive movements in broader geographic areas. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo principal descrever como se desenvolveram, no setor de refrigerantes no Estado do Ceará, os processos de criação de duas empresas e de suas estratégias competitivas. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza descritiva, em que a interpretação desempenha papel crucial na análise dos dados, constituídos principalmente de textos, originados de entrevistas com os fundadores e gerentes gerais das duas empresas estudadas e gerentes de três redes de supermercados, além de documentos, estudos, artigos e dados estatísticos do setor de refrigerantes. A pesquisa revelou que os processos de empreender ocorreram de maneira desordenada; a descoberta de uma oportunidade resultou do atendimento de um conjunto de condições; os empreendedores não compararam oportunidades e usaram critérios racionais e não racionais para avaliação de oportunidades, não tiveram meta ou visão de longo prazo na implantação de suas empresas e exibiram confiança e otimismo quanto ao sucesso de suas empresas. Quanto à criação da estratégia competitiva, os resultados mostram que a competição ocorreu em todos os segmentos da cadeia de valor das empresas; uma estratégia de liderança em custo foi eficaz para a entrada no mercado, mas impeditiva ao crescimento diante das mudanças no perfil econômico e estilo de vida dos consumidores; os recursos intangíveis (reputação da marca, conhecimento, educação para o empreendedorismo, por exemplo) e capacidades de executar com eficiência as atividades na cadeia de valores foram vantagens competitivas mais sustentáveis e valiosas para o desempenho empresarial. Finalmente, os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que a elaboração e a avaliação de projetos de criação de empresas devem incorporar variáveis como aumento do número de firmas e suas taxas de sobrevivência e mortalidade, custos de entrada, utilização de capacidade e movimentos competitivos em espaços geográficos mais amplos.

This diploma thesis is focused on the communication strategy of the Staropramen brand Sládkova limonáda. The thesis is aimed on the description of the marketing strategy of the brand with main focus on communication strategy. The emphasis is placed on current trends affecting the market and the strategies of companies presented on the market. The major goal is to create a communication strategy plan for Staropramen Sládkova limonáda. The communication strategy is based on theoretical knowledge, information and data collected through a questionnaire survey, situational analysis and subsequent evaluation of the strategy of launching the brand on the Czech market.

The thesis deals with the marketing strategy of Brazilian brand of soft drinks Guaraná Antarctica. Fisrt it describes the brand marketing strategy in the domestic market in Brazil and its entry to international markets. Furthermore the thesis analyzes market opportunities of this brand of drinks with guarana extract in Czech Republic and evaluate the trasfer of marketing strategies to Czech environment. As a result changes to the marketing strategy in order to improve brand's position on the Czech market are proposed.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is an excellent material for bottling water, beverages, edible oils and other liquids because it is light, tough and transparent. PET bottles are also extensively reused for storage of drinking water, beverages and other liquids and for solar disinfection of microbiologically unsafe drinking water in the tropics. In spite of the usefulness of PET bottles earlier works have reported leaching of antimony and acetaldehyde from the bottle matrix into the liquid contents. Both antimony trioxide and acetaldehyde belongs to Group 2B (possible carcinogens) in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogen classification. Additionally acetaldehyde associated with alcoholic beverages (derived from alcoholic beverage and formed endogenously) has recently been upgraded to IARC Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). The research aims to assess the pattern and extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from British and Nigerian polyethylene terephthalate bottles into bottle contents under typical use and reuse conditions. The research compares the assessed extents of migration with the current regulations to determine whether the maximum acceptable levels of antimony and acetaldehyde are being exceeded and whether current regulations might need to be reassessed. To achieve these goals the pattern and extent of PET bottle use and reuse in Britain and Nigeria were appraised through survey. The survey revealed that new bottles with contents are typically stored prior to use for periods ranging between one and 7 days, with Nigerians storing for longer periods than British respondents. However storage of up to one year was reported. The extent of bottle reuse was high and similar for the two countries. Nevertheless Nigerian respondents reuse bottles for longer periods than British respondents. The survey findings together with relevant literature were used to design laboratory experiments that assessed the extent of antimony and acetaldehyde migration from PET bottles into water/beverages. A total of 82 brands of bottled water and soft drinks in plastic and glass bottles and in cartons were collected. A few samples from Nigeria in plastic pouches were collected. Materials used in bottling including glass and plastic bottle materials, metal and plastic bottle cap materials and plastic cap lining materials were collected. All samples were collected in supermarkets and shops in Britain and Nigeria except drinking water from taps which was collected in Britain only. Some bottles were aged for the purpose of studying the impact of bottle aging on chemical migration. Other bottles were stored with their contents to study the impact of long term storage of bottle contents on chemical migration. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise PET bottle material and other materials associated with water and soft drink bottling. Antimony and other trace metals in water and soft drinks were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Antimony content of PET and other plastics was determined by microwave digestion and ICP-MS. Acetaldehyde content of water and soft drinks and PET were determined using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID). Accuracy and precision for determination of antimony and other trace elements in bottle materials and bottle contents were good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Accuracy and precision for determination of acetaldehyde in bottle materials and bottle contents were also good as recoveries were around 100% and coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all analysis types. Impact of long term storage, elevated temperatures, bottle thickness, carbonation, bottle aging and bottle size on migration of antimony and acetaldehyde were also assessed. All plastic bottle materials analysed were found to be PET. Bottle cap materials were either polyethylene or polypropylene. All plastic cap lining materials from Britain and some from Nigeria were found to be ethylene vinyl acetate/polypropylene copolymer. Plastic cap lining materials from some Nigerian soft drinks were identified as polyvinyl chloride. Glass bottle materials analysed were found to be soda-lime glass. Metal bottle caps were identified as tinplate, tin-free-steel coated with chromium or aluminium coated with chromium. The antimony concentration in 32 PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria were similar and ranged between 177 and 310 mg/kg with an average of 250±30 mg/kg. The concentration agrees well with the industry reported concentration of between 150 and 350 mg/kg. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde in 25 fresh PET bottle materials from Britain and Nigeria ranged between 0.95 and 12.52 µg/g. The average concentration in British and Nigerian soft drinks PET materials are 4.76 and 2.17µg/g respectively. Concentration of residual acetaldehyde was higher in soft drinks and still water PET materials than in sparkling water materials. The concentration of residual acetaldehyde decreases as the bottle wall material becomes older. Also the thinner the bottle walls the lower the concentration of residual acetaldehyde. Antimony concentration in 47 freshly purchased British bottled water and soft drinks ranged between 0.03 and 6.61µg/L with only one sample going above the EU acceptable limit. Concentrations of other trace elements measured were low except titanium which was detected at part per million levels in soft drinks. Lead content of a Nigerian soft drink in glass bottle stored for 2 months was above the EU acceptable limit for lead. At realistic temperatures of 40 and 60°C antimony concentration in the water remained below the EU acceptable limit even after 48 hours of exposure but the concentration exceeded the limit for most exposures at 80°C. Concentration of antimony in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks was above the EU limit after 11 months of storage at room temperature. Aged bottles leach lower amount of antimony than new bottles. Similarly larger bottles leach lower amount of antimony than smaller bottles. The average acetaldehyde concentrations found in British fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks, sparkling water and still water were 5113, 1458, 22 and 8 µg/L respectively. Acetaldehyde was not detected in water bottled in glass. The concentration of acetaldehyde in five fruit juice samples in PET bottles and carton was beyond the EU specific migration limit (SML) of 6mg/kg. Also the tolerable daily intake of acetaldehyde could be exceeded as a result of intake of some soft drinks and fruit juices. Acetaldehyde content in soft drinks increase with storage but the increase cannot be accounted for by the residual acetaldehyde in PET. Acetaldehyde was found to be outgassing from some bottles. It was also found to be capable of migrating from soft drinks into bottle wall. Without replenishment the concentration of acetaldehyde in solution decreases with time. The use of PVC cap lining in Nigeria as found in this study is a cause for concern as PVC is associated with health risk issues. The study recommends actions to ensure that antimony in fruit juices and other bottled products remain within the regulatory standard from bottling to consumption for the purpose of safeguarding the health of consumers. Glass used in bottling should be well scrutinized to ensure that it does not contain high levels of lead or other chemical substances that can cause harm to consumers through migration into contents. PET bottles can safely be used for solar water disinfection without the risk of antimony intake at concentrations above safe limits as water temperature achievable as the result of the technique doesn¿t go beyond 60°C. Also aged bottles are safer to use than new bottles because their chemical leaching was found to be lower than that of new bottles. This study recommends the reassessment of the absence of international guidelines for acetaldehyde in water and foods. The study also recommends that the amount of acetaldehyde that can be added to soft drinks as flavouring agent should be below the specific migration limit (SML) for migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottle into bottle contents. This is essential since the SML was designed to ensure that exposure to acetaldehyde, as a result of intake of bottled water and soft drinks in PET bottles, is below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for acetaldehyde. As antimony was reported to go beyond the safe limits in some Nigerian bottled water and soft drinks after 11 months of storage this study discourages the use of bottle contents stored for a very long time. / Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the United Kingdom

Магистерская диссертация углубляет современные научные представления о содержании тематической группы «напитки». Исследование представляет собой опыт сопоставительного анализа лексических единиц русского и китайского языков, входящих в тематическую группу «напитки». Исследуемая тематическая группа «напитки» представлена тематическими подгруппами «алкогольные напитки» и «безалкогольные напитки». Были выделены лексем, которые являются культурно-специфическими для каждого из исследуемых языков. / The master’s thesis sheds light on the modern scientific views on the content of the themе group «drinks». The study is an experience of comparative analysis of lexical units of Russian and Chinese languages included in the themе group «drinks». The studied themе group «drinks» is represented by themе subgroups «strong drinks» and «soft drinks». Lexemes that are culturally specific for each of the studied languages were identified.