Este estudo identifica as vantagens do uso de um estator fabricado usando a tecnologia da metalurgia do pó, identificando suas vantagens e desvantagens. O motor elétrico utilizado é um motor do tipo universal originalmente o estator desta máquina, possui o núcleo fabricado em chapas laminadas, este foi substituído por um estator com núcleo em bloco maciço, mantendo-se as demais partes do motor originais, ou seja, nestes testes o rotor bobinado continuará a utilizar chapas laminadas e escovas originais. Motores elétricos foram desenvolvidos no início do século XIX e desde então vem sendo utilizado em larga escala com mudanças pouco significativas na sua forma construtiva, materiais e processo de fabricação. Neste trabalho o principal objetivo foi o desenvolvimento de um núcleo do estator para motor universal a partir dos processos da metalurgia do pó (M/P). Simulações com o software FEMM identificaram o comportamento de várias ligas (Fe-P, Fe-Si e Fe-Ni). Após análise dos dados da simulação foi selecionado o Fe1%P, por ter apresentado os melhores resultados para a aplicação na máquina elétrica em questão. As simulações permitiram comparações dos parâmetros eletromagnéticos e torque, entre estatores utilizando chapas de silício do motor original e estatores de núcleo maciço com dados das ligas experimentadas fabricadas através da metalurgia do pó. A fabricação destes núcleos consiste nas misturas da liga, compactação utilizando matriz para formato desejado, sinterização e acabamentos através de usinagem e eletroerosão. Foi utilizada uma furadeira manual comercial, testada em bancada para levantamento detalhado a fim de caracterizar as propriedades que definem a eficiência do equipamento com o estator original. Os mesmos testes foram conduzidos apenas substituindo o estator, agora de núcleo maciço. Processo de fabricação através da metalurgia do pó permite um menor consumo de material e energia, sendo este um processo muito mais eficiente quando comparado ao processo de fabricação das chapas laminadas de ferro silício. / This study will identify the advantages of using a fabricated stator using the technology of powder metallurgy, identifying its advantages and disadvantages. The electric motor used is a universal type motor, originally the stator core of this machine are made of laminated plates, this was replaced by a stator core with solid block , keeping the remaining parts of the original machine, ie these tests the wound rotor continued to use rolled sheet and original brushes. Electric motors were developed in the early of 19th century, and has since been used in large scale with little significant changes in its constructive form, materials and manufacturing process. This work has as main goal the development of a stator core for universal motor from the processes of powder metallurgy (M/P). Simulations with the FEMM software identified the behavior of various alloys (Fe-P, Fe -Si and Fe-Ni) .After data analysis of the simulation was selected Fe1%P, for having presented the best results for the application in the electric machine in question. The computer simulations of electromagnetic parameters and comparisons torque between stator plates using the original silicon motor stators and solid core of data experienced alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy. The manufacture of these core constitutes mix league, using compression matrix to desired shape, sintering and finishing by machining and EDM. Trade manual drill was used, tested on bench for detailed study to characterize the properties that define the efficiency of the equipment to the original stator. The same tests were conducted just by replacing the stator, now solid core. Manufacturing process by powder metallurgy allow less consumption of material and energy, this is a much more efficient process compared to the process of manufacturing the laminated silicon iron sheets.

We present results of an experimental and theoretical study of the magnetic properties of soft magnetic gels consisting of micron-sized magnetizable particles embedded in a polymer matrix. Experiments demonstrate hysteretic dependences of composite magnetization on an applied magnetic field and non-monotonic, with maximum, dependence of the sample susceptibilities on the field. We propose a theoretical approach which describes the main physical features of these experimental results.

<p>    </p> <p>Electrical steels are one type of soft magnetic material. They are based on Fe-Si alloys and are widely used for magnetic cores in transformers and electric motors. It is well known that Fe- 6.5Si wt% is the most efficient composition; however, at such a high silicon concentration (6.5wt.% = 12.1 at.% Si in Fe), the poor workability of the alloy makes it unacceptable for industrial production via conventional sheet steel rolling processes. This problem was approached in two different ways. First, a machining-based approach that suppresses the mechanisms that lead to cracking during conventional rolling was implemented for processing of thin metal strips. Two related machining-based sheet production technologies called free machining (FM), and hybrid cutting extrusion (HCE) were used to produce strips of high resistivity electrical steel. The maximum strip width achieved was 50 mm, and it was produced with a combination of FM and light rolling with a surface roughness comparable to cold-rolled sheet surfaces. Second, a new experimental alloy Fe-4Si-4Cr wt% was developed with improved magnetic properties compared to ~ Fe-3.2Si wt% and outstanding workability. Results report that the new experimental alloy has an electrical resistivity of 85 ± 3 𝜇Ω ∙ 𝑐𝑚 which is higher than Fe-6.5%Si. Also, the results on the Fe-4Si-4Cr workability show that this new alloy can withstand 75% cold-rolled reduction. The magnetic properties characterization was done via standard stacked toroid testing, and results show that Fe-4Si-4Cr experimental alloy exhibits excellent magnetic performance with a reduction in core losses of 33% at 400 Hz compared to commercial alloys with ~ Fe-3.2Si wt%. Recrystallization kinetics and texture evolution in the experimental alloy were evaluated for traditionally rolled and machining-based samples. Results were used to construct annealing maps. These maps represent the stages of the annealing process for a range of temperature versus time conditions, i.e., the annealing maps are a graphical summary showing the different stages of the annealing process for the Fe-4Si-4Cr experimental alloy in the two conditions. Despite the significant differences in the deformation texture of the two conditions, the recrystallization kinetics were similar. Finally, the two conditions retained the as-deformed texture in the intermediate annealing but to a lesser degree after completing a full anneal. In the case of the rolled sample, it is possible to trace the original texture fibers (γ-fiber, the partial α-fiber, and the θ -fiber) in the fully annealed data, but the texture intensity is just 2.5 mrd. On the other hand, the texture of the fully annealed HCE sample changes as compared to the as-deformed condition, located close to (110)[112] with a surprisingly strong peak of ~ 25 mrd. </p>

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-22T18:13:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:46:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Matheus Levi Paranaguá Pinheiro - 2016.pdf: 7647037 bytes, checksum: bf9bc878e354cc06e12bc89d9e7be3c6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Initially in this work, are presented the development and implementation of a new methodology to control the magnetic induction waveform, which was inserted into the automated measurement system for the characterization of soft magnetic materials, called SCaMMa. In the sequence, studies related to the magnetic hysteresis and to the magnetic losses, especially in silicon steels, are presented. The magnetic hysteresis in silicon steels has been analysed through the inverse version of the Jiles–Atherton classical model and through a modified one found in the literature. Concerning the determination of its parameters, the theory and the computational implementation of the heuristic method known as “Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA)” have been addressed. Within this context, it was possible to investigate two drawbacks of the Jiles–Atherton model: i) the modeling of the so–called inner loops; and ii) the modeling of the minor loops. In the study of the magnetic losses in silicon steels, it was employed in this work the Bertotti´s model, which establishes the total magnetic losses division in three independent components: hysteresis losses, classical losses, and excess losses. It was investigated two versions of this model, so–called B1 and B2, in which the magnetic hysteresis losses are modeled respectively through the Steinmetz´s model and through the theory of two–portion hysteresis losses subdivision: the one so-called high induction hysteresis losses, and the other, low induction hysteresis losses. Due to some failures, a new approach was chosen reviewing two of the model coefficients calculation: the one related to the classic loss, and the other related to the excess loss. After this reviewing, the magnetic loss models could present predictions that are more exact. / Apresenta-se inicialmente neste trabalho o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma nova metodologia para controlar a forma de onda da indução magnética, a qual foi inserida no sistema de medição automatizado para a caracterização de materiais magnéticos moles, denominado SCaMMa. Na sequência, apresentam-se estudos relativos à histerese magné- tica e às perdas magnéticas que ocorrem nesses materiais, especialmente os aços para fins elétricos. A histerese magnética em aços para fins elétricos foi abordada através da versão inversa do modelo clássico de Jiles–Atherton e através de uma versão modificada, encontrada na literatura, desse mesmo modelo. Em relação à determinação dos parâmetros desse modelo, são abordadas a teoria e a implementação computacional do método heurístico conhecido como “Algoritmo do Embaralhamento dos Sapos Saltitantes” (tradução livre de Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA)). Nesse contexto, pôde-se investigar duas deficiências do modelo de Jiles–Atherton: modelagem dos laços de histerese ditos internos e modelagem dos laços de histerese menores. No estudo das perdas magnéticas em aços elétricos, empregou–se o modelo de Bertotti, o qual estabelece a divisão das perdas magnéticas totais em três componentes independentes: perdas por histerese, perdas clássicas e perdas em excesso. Foram investigadas duas versões desse modelo, os modelos denominados B1 e B2, nos quais as perdas por histerese são modeladas respectivamente através do modelo de Steinmetz e da teoria de subdivisão destas perdas em duas outras: perdas por histerese em altas e em baixas induções. Diante de alguns insucessos, optou-se por uma nova abordagem desse assunto, fazendo uma revisão do cálculo dos coeficientes relacionados à perda clássica e à perda em excesso desses modelos. Essa revisão se mostrou bastante efetiva, no sentido de que a partir de então, os modelos de previsão de perdas possibilitaram a obtenção de resultados mais exatos.

As the major electricity consumer, electrical machines play a key role for global energy savings. Machine manufacturers put considerable efforts into the development of more efficient electrical machines for loss reduction and higher power density achievements. A consolidated knowledge of the occurring losses in electrical machines is a basic requirement for efficiency improvements. This thesis deals with iron losses in electrical machines. The major focus is on the influences of the stator core magnetic material due to the machine manufacturing process, temperature influences, and the impact of inverter operation. The first part of the thesis gives an overview of typical losses in electrical machines, with focus put on iron losses. Typical models for predicting iron losses in magnetic materials are presented in a comprehensive literature study. A broad comparison of magnetic materials and the introduction of a new material selection tool conclude this part. Next to the typically used silicon-iron lamination alloys for electrical machines, this thesis investigates also cobalt-iron and nickel-iron lamination sheets. These materials have superior magnetic properties in terms of saturation magnetization and hysteresis losses compared to silicon-iron alloys. The second and major part of the thesis introduces the developed measurement system of this project and presents experimental iron loss investigations. Influences due to machine manufacturing changes are studied, including punching, stacking and welding effects. Furthermore, the effect of pulse-width modulation schemes on the iron losses and machine performance is examined experimentally and with finite-element method simulations. For nickel-iron lamination sheets, a special focus is put on the temperature dependency, since the magnetic characteristics and iron losses change considerably with increasing temperature. Furthermore, thermal stress-relief processes (annealing) are examined for cobalt-iron and nickel-iron alloys by magnetic measurements and microscopic analysis. A thermal method for local iron loss measurements is presented in the last part of the thesis, together with experimental validation on an outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous machine. / <p>QC 20140516</p>