Diversos tipos de resíduos industriais já foram testados como fonte de adubação à pastagem, mas pouco se sabe sobre o real potencial do lodo proveniente da indústria de gelatina. Por causa disto, o objetivou-se avaliar o lodo proveniente da indústria de gelatina como adubo e verificar sua interferência nas características agronômicas, morfogênicas, do solo e no capim Piatã ao longo de sucessivos ciclos produtivos. O experimento foi conduzido em Araguaína, Tocantins em Neossolo Quartzarênico Órtico, de fevereiro a novembro de 2013. Foram testados quatro doses de lodo de gelatina numa única aplicação de 0; 50; 150 e 300 m3 ha-1 durante cinco ciclos de corte com 21 dias de descanso e altura de corte de 20 cm. O lodo de gelatina foi capaz de elevar o teor de cálcio e fósforo e não alterou o pH, indicando que não houve restrição do uso por salinização ou acidificação. Verificou-se que o lodo de esgoto modificou positivamente os componentes morfológicos avaliados como também a taxa de crescimento cultural. Foi verificado aumento no número de folhas totais e vivas por perfilho com aumentos lineares no primeiro ciclo produtivo, no qual também verificou-se maior comprimento de bainha correlacionando-se positivamente ao maior comprimento médio de lâminas foliares. O incremento na taxa de aparecimento foliar foi maior que 25% em todos os ciclos com 300 m3 ha-1, sendo que com a elevação da dose ocorreu menor filocrono e maior taxa de alongamento de colmo. O lodo de gelatina promoveu as melhores respostas no primeiro ciclo de pastejo com produtividade de 4149 kg ha-1 de massa seca total e 15,7 g de N kg-1 com 173 m3 ha-1, mas, a dosagem mais eficiente foi de 23,3 m3 ha-1. No terceiro ciclo a dose de 300 m3 ha-1 teve as maiores respostas, mas foram inferiores ao 1º ciclo, no quinto ciclo não teve efeito do lodo. Conclui-se que até a aplicação máxima testada o lodo de gelatina pode ser usado para produção de pastagem. / Many types of industries waste have been thoroughly tested as a source of fertilizer to grassland, but little is known about the real potential of the sludge from gelatin industry as fertilizer to the pasture. The objective this work evaluate the sludge from gelatin industry as fertilizer and verify its agronomic characteristics interference about morphogenetic, and efficiency of use by grass and soil. The experiment was conducted in Araguaína, Tocantins in sand soil, from february to november 2013. Were tested four doses of sludge 0; 50; 150 and 300 m3 ha-1 and its effects in five cutting cycles with 21 days of rest and cutting height of 20 cm. The sludge from gelatin was able to raise the levels of calcium, phosphorus and did not change the pH, indicating that there was no restriction of use by salinisation or acidification. The sewage sludge modified morphological components evaluated positively, increased the values of leaf area index and growth rate. The number of total and leaves alive for tiller there were linear increases in the first production cycle, this also was found greater sheath length correlating positively to average length of leaf blades. The increase in the rate of leaf appearance was greater than 25% in all cycles with 300 m3 ha-1, and with the elevation of dose occurred less filocrono and higher rate of elongation of thatched roofs. The gelatine sludge promoted the best answers in the first grazing cycle with productivity of 4149 kg ha-1 of total dry mass and 15.7 g N kg-1 with 173 m3 ha-1, but the most effective dosage was 23.3 m3 ha-1. In the third cycle the dose of 300 m3 ha-1 had the highest responses, but were lower than the 1st cycle in the fifth cycle had no effect of the treatment. It is concluded that until the maximum tested en the work, the gelatine sludge can use in grass production.

No estudo da dinâmica de solutos num meio poroso é de suma importância o conhecimento das propriedades do meio e dos líquidos percolantes, bem como de fatores externos. Um fator externo relevante é a temperatura e, nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho a determinação de parâmetros de transporte dos íons potássio e nitrato para diferentes valores de temperatura em experimentos de deslocamento miscível. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o fator de retardamento (R), o coeficiente de difusão/dispersão (D) e a dispersividade (λ) e as temperaturas utilizadas foram a ambiente (25°C a 28°C), 40°C e 50°C. Os sais utilizados foram nitrato de potássio e cloreto de potássio, preparados em uma solução composta de 50ppm de nitrato e 2000ppm de potássio e o meio poroso um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, textura média. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a temperatura apresentou influência na velocidade da solução no meio poroso e no coeficiente de dispersão. / In the study of solute dynamics in porous media, it is of extreme importance the knowledge of the medium and transporting liquid properties as well as of external factors as temperature. In this sense, the objective of this work was the determination of parameters for potassium and nitrate ions under different temperatures in miscible displacement experiments, in a sandy loam Oxisol. The evaluated parameters were retardation factor (R) difusion/dispersion coefficient (D) and dispersivity (λ), whereas the used temperatures were the prevailing temperature (25°C to 28°C), 40°C and 50°C. The used salts were potassium nitrate and potassium chloride, prepared in a composed solution of 50 ppm of nitrate and 2000 ppm of potassium. From the results, it could be concluded that the temperature showed high influence on soil solution velocity and dispersion coefficient

The Ethiopian Highlands have been studied extensively, hosting a large amount of research for development projects in agriculture and forestry over several decades. The encounters in these projects were also encounters of different ways of knowing that were negotiated by the actors meeting in the space provided by the projects. This research explores these encounters and the social worlds they are embedded in, drawing on actor-oriented approaches as well as theories of narratives and framing. Ways of knowing and citizen epistemologies are taken as a lens to understand the role of identities in knowledge production and use. The two case studies were agroforestry research projects in the Ethiopian Highlands. The research followed a range of qualitative and ethnographic research methods. Different types of farmers and scientists meet in the case studies. I recognise that they all have individual agency, nevertheless I use the terms ‘scientist' and ‘farmer' in this thesis. I use the terms to describe certain groups of actors who all draw on different ways of knowing, and different value systems, when interacting with each other and their environment. The results indicate that the importance of social worlds at different scales and the contexts of research projects tend to be underestimated. In spite of good intentions scientific methodologies, terminologies and narratives tend to dominate. Scientists in the case studies acknowledged the existence of farmers' ‘indigenous' knowledge, but they determined the value of knowledge by its scientific applicability and the replicability of experiments. Research systems force the scientists into a certain modus operandi with limited possibilities to experiment and to respond to the complexities and diversities of people's social worlds. Farmers in the case studies preferred observation from their parents, observing from others or the environment as a way of learning and gaining knowledge. Depending on their personalities and their life histories they also relied on alternative ways of knowing rooted in spirituality, emotions and memories. Powerful influences on ways of knowing resulted from the way languages and authority had been used. These often led to the exclusion of marginalised community members from access to knowledge and technologies. Unfortunately, common narratives prevailed in the case studies, and alternative ways of knowing were often marginalised. By acknowledging different ways of knowing and the importance of different social worlds and different ways of doing research, both scientists and farmers could benefit and develop more sustainable pathways for agricultural and forestry land use.

No estudo da dinâmica de solutos num meio poroso é de suma importância o conhecimento das propriedades do meio e dos líquidos percolantes, bem como de fatores externos. Um fator externo relevante é a temperatura e, nesse sentido, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho a determinação de parâmetros de transporte dos íons potássio e nitrato para diferentes valores de temperatura em experimentos de deslocamento miscível. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o fator de retardamento (R), o coeficiente de difusão/dispersão (D) e a dispersividade (λ) e as temperaturas utilizadas foram a ambiente (25°C a 28°C), 40°C e 50°C. Os sais utilizados foram nitrato de potássio e cloreto de potássio, preparados em uma solução composta de 50ppm de nitrato e 2000ppm de potássio e o meio poroso um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, textura média. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a temperatura apresentou influência na velocidade da solução no meio poroso e no coeficiente de dispersão. / In the study of solute dynamics in porous media, it is of extreme importance the knowledge of the medium and transporting liquid properties as well as of external factors as temperature. In this sense, the objective of this work was the determination of parameters for potassium and nitrate ions under different temperatures in miscible displacement experiments, in a sandy loam Oxisol. The evaluated parameters were retardation factor (R) difusion/dispersion coefficient (D) and dispersivity (λ), whereas the used temperatures were the prevailing temperature (25°C to 28°C), 40°C and 50°C. The used salts were potassium nitrate and potassium chloride, prepared in a composed solution of 50 ppm of nitrate and 2000 ppm of potassium. From the results, it could be concluded that the temperature showed high influence on soil solution velocity and dispersion coefficient

A agricultura de precisão (AP) depende do gerenciamento da variabilidade dos fatores que influenciam a produtividade agrícola. Seu principal produto de tomada de decisões são mapas que fornecem a variação de parâmetros do solo. Para obter mapas confiáveis há necessidade de coletar grande quantidade de amostras, resultando em custos elevados de aplicação da técnica. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as particularidades de grades amostrais que visam à compreensão da distribuição espacial dos parâmetros químicos do solo, assim como propor uma metodologia de avaliação da fertilidade do solo. Para isto, foram testados diferentes instrumentos de coletas, tipo de amostras e metodologia de confecção de amostras. O estudo parte do pressuposto que o método tradicional de levantamento da fertilidade analisa diversos parâmetros quantificados em laboratórios para prescrição de recomendações agrícolas. Seu uso intensivo é limitado pelo custo, comprometendo a precisão da aplicação de insumos agrícolas. Desta maneira, o trabalho testou um método que visa quantificar atributos químicos do solo de baixo custo e estimar parâmetros ligados a prescrição agrícola e, assim, aumentar o número de amostras com menos número de parâmetros a serem analisados, ao invés de poucas amostras com muitos parâmetros. A metodologia apresentou resultados satisfatórios quanto à quantificação da necessidade de calagem. Para a maioria das áreas estudadas a necessidade de calagem estimada foi estatisticamente igual à necessidade de calagem calculada pelo método tradicional de análise de solo. A menor diferença apresentada pelas metodologias quanto a necessidade de calagem foi de 0,035 Mg ha1 e a maior diferença foi de 0,203 Mg ha1. / Precision agriculture (PA) management depends on the variability of the factors that influence agricultural productivity. Its main product decisions are based on maps that provide the variation of soil parameters. For reliable maps there is a need to collect large amount of samples, resulting in costly implementation of the technique. The present study aimed to evaluate the sampling grids particularities designed to understand the spatial distribution of soil chemical parameters, as well as propose a methodology for evaluation of soil fertility. We tested different instruments of soil collecting, type of samples and sample preparation methodology. The study assumes that the traditional method of fertility survey analyzes several parameters quantified in the laboratory for prescribing agricultural recommendations. Its use is limited by the cost-intensive, compromising the accuracy of the application of agricultural inputs. This way the work tested a method that aims quantify soil chemical attributes with low cost and estimate parameters related to the agricultural prescription, and so, increase the number of samples with less parameters to be analyzed instead of a few samples with many parameters. The methodology presented satisfactory results for quantification of lime requirement. For most of the areas studied the effects of limestone was statistically equal to the estimated lime requirement calculated by the traditional method of soil analysis. The smallest difference presented by the methodologies and the need for liming was 0.035 Mg ha1 and the biggest difference was 0.203 Mg ha1.

Os mecanismos que regulam o desenvolvimento de micorrizas arbusculares (MAs) em condições de baixo e alto nível de P ainda são desconhecidos. Tem sido proposto que proteínas secretadas no apoplasto das raízes podem ter papel importante na regulação de MAs. A análise comparativa do proteoma do fluido intercelular (FI) de raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) com o de raízes não-colonizadas, em condições de baixo e alto nível de P, poderia contribuir para a elucidação dos mecanismos que controlam o desenvolvimento das MAs, e foi o objetivo deste trabalho. Plântulas de cana-de-açúcar foram inoculadas com Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum ou Gigaspora rosea e cultivadas em substrato esterilizado contendo 20 ou 200 mg P kg -1 . Oito semanas após a inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas, e os seguintes parâmetros avaliados: matéria seca da parte aérea, acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea e colonização micorrízica intrarradicular. Os resultados mostraram que, em condições de alto P, a taxa de colonização intrarradicular por G. clarum e G. etunicatum foi menor do que no controle com baixo P. Para a análise comparativa do proteoma do FI das raízes, quantidades iguais de proteínas de plantas não-inoculadas ou inoculadas com G. clarum, em condições de baixo P ou alto P, foram separadas por eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida desnaturante. A análise dos proteomas do FI das raízes revelou a predominância de proteínas ácidas. Nos proteomas do FI de raízes de cana-de-açúcar, em condições de baixo P, foram detectadas 49 proteínas. Destas, 8,2% apresentaram acúmulo induzido e 10,2% acúmulo suprimido (³50%) no FI de raízes colonizadas por G. clarum, em relação ao controle não-inoculado. Desse total, 13 proteínas foram detectadas somente no FI de raízes de plantas inoculadas e representam micorrizinas putativas ou proteínas fúngicas extracelulares, induzidas em condições de baixo P. Nos proteomas do FI de raízes de cana-de-açúcar, em condições de alto P, foram detectadas 56 proteínas. Destas, 8,9% apresentaram acúmulo induzido e 16,1% acúmulo suprimido (³50%) no FI de raízes colonizadas por G. clarum, em relação ao controle não-inoculado. Desse total, 12 proteínas foram detectadas somente no FI de raízes de plantas inoculadas e representam micorrizinas putativas ou proteínas fúngicas extracelulares, induzidas em condições de alto P. Comparando-se os proteomas do FI de raízes de plantas não-inoculadas, em condições de baixo e alto P, foram detectadas 16 proteínas únicas de condições de baixo P e 24 proteínas únicas de condições de alto P. Comparando-se os proteomas do FI de raízes de plantas inoculadas com G. clarum, em condições de baixo e alto P, foram detectadas 12 proteínas únicas de condições de baixo P e 5 proteínas únicas de condições de alto P. Essas proteínas podem ter papéis importantes, diretos ou indiretos, no controle de MAs. A caracterização das proteínas com acúmulo diferencial no FI de raízes de cana-de-açúcar por espectrometria de massa e/ou seqüenciamento N-terminal poderá contribuir para definir suas possíveis funções nas MAs. / The mechanisms controlling arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) development at different soil P concentrations are not understood. It has been proposed that proteins secreted in the root apoplast may have important roles in AM regulation. The analyses of the intercellular fluid (IF) proteome from sugarcane roots inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, grown at low or high P conditions, compared to the IF proteome from not-inoculated roots may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms controlling AM development, and was the aim of this work. Sugarcane seedlings were inoculated with Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum or Gigaspora rosea, and grown in sterilized substrate containing 20 or 200 mg P kg -1 . Eight weeks after inoculation, the plants were harvested and the following parameters evaluated: shoot dry weight, nutrients in the shoots and intraradical fungal growth. The results showed that intraradical colonization by G. clarum and G. etunicatum at high P conditions was significantly lower than at low P. Equal amounts of proteins were used to compare the proteome from the IF of not-inoculated and G. clarum inoculated roots, at low and high P conditions, using 2D-PAGE. The proteome analyses revealed the predominance of acidic proteins in the IF of sugarcane. A total of 49 proteins were detected in the IF of sugarcane at low P soil concentration. From those, 8.2% were induced and 10.2% suppressed (³ 50%) in the IF of roots inoculated with G. clarum, as compared to not-inoculated controls. Thirteen proteins were detected only in the IF of mycorrhizal roots, and represent putative mycorrhizins or extracellular fungal proteins induced at low P conditions. A total of 56 proteins were detected in the IF of sugarcane at high P conditions. From those, 8.9% were induced and 16.1% suppressed (³ 50%) in the IF of roots inoculated with G. clarum, as compared to not-inoculated controls. Twelve proteins were detected only in the IF of mycorrhizal roots, and represent putative mycorrhizins or extracellular fungal proteins, induced at high P conditions. Comparing the proteomes from the IF of non-inoculated sugarcane roots at low and high P conditions, 16 proteins were detected only at low P conditions, whereas 24 proteins were detected only at high P conditions. Comparing the proteomes from the IF of sugarcane roots inoculated with G. clarum at low and high P conditions, 12 proteins were detected only at low P conditions, whereas 5 proteins were detected only at high P conditions. Those proteins may be, direct or indirectly, involved in the development and/or efficiency of AM. Further characterization of those proteins by mass spectrometry and/or N-terminal sequencing would contribute to the determinations of their possible functions in AM.

A recent upsurge exists of archaeologists using ancient hair as a research tool, with new uses of this previously discarded archaeological material being introduced annually. Human hair deteriorates extremely slowly, and since the average modern human sheds approximately one hundred hairs per day, there should be copious amounts of hair debris left behind after humans leave a site; it is just a matter of how much of the hair survives in the archaeological environment. Most loose hair recovered from archaeological sites, however, is found fortuitously and in many cases, because archaeologists were not actively searching for ancient hair, it is possible they tainted the hair they later tested in ways that compromised their data, or more importantly contaminated their samples with modern hair and did not test ancient hair at all. No standardized method has previously been established for searching for ancient hair in an archaeological site. This paper considers (a) a method of soil extraction in the field that avoids contamination with modern hair and elements that might hinder later test data; (b) the processing of samples in the laboratory while continuing sample integrity; (c) identification of the types of soils and environments that are most favorable to hair preservation; and (d) an examination of the relevance of hair extraction from sites including the practicality and research potential. This paper examines five archaeological sites, using three different methods of hair extraction, examining the pros and cons of each. This should enable future researchers to find a method that works best for their particular site. It also analyzes the soil chemistry of the sites in order to study the soil and hair survival relationship, so that scientists can better determine which soils hold the best potential for hair survival. Laboratory methods that avoid contamination of the samples are also outlined in order to help researchers keep sample integrity after leaving the archaeological site.

Stormwater runoff is one of the main sources of pollution for urban waterways. Stormwater has traditionally been managed through concrete-based storm drainage systems, but the past twenty years have introduced an alternative in the form of green infrastructure. Green infrastructure for stormwater management involves the use of low impact development (LID), often vegetated facilities to mimic natural hydrologic systems that capture and allow infiltration of rainwater where it falls and from impervious surfaces upstream, before entering the drainage system. Portland, Oregon and Los Angeles, California have adopted green infrastructure into their stormwater management plans. For this project, bioswales, a form of vegetated LID facility, were tested in each city to determine their pollutant retention capabilities. Results from Portland show that bioswales filter out heavy metals effectively, and results from Los Angeles show that bioswales accumulate heavy metals in the soil over the course of the year (also due to filtering out metals from the stormwater). These results raise the question of whether accumulation can reach dangerous levels or saturate the soil with pollutants so that removal efficiency is diminished, indicating a need for further monitoring. However, the success of bioswales up to this point is encouraging and indicates that this method should continue to be employed.

A recent upsurge exists of archaeologists using ancient hair as a research tool, with new uses of this previously discarded archaeological material being introduced annually. Human hair deteriorates extremely slowly, and since the average modern human sheds approximately one hundred hairs per day, there should be copious amounts of hair debris left behind after humans leave a site; it is just a matter of how much of the hair survives in the archaeological environment. Most loose hair recovered from archaeological sites, however, is found fortuitously and in many cases, because archaeologists were not actively searching for ancient hair, it is possible they tainted the hair they later tested in ways that compromised their data, or more importantly contaminated their samples with modern hair and did not test ancient hair at all. No standardized method has previously been established for searching for ancient hair in an archaeological site. This paper considers (a) a method of soil extraction in the field that avoids contamination with modern hair and elements that might hinder later test data; (b) the processing of samples in the laboratory while continuing sample integrity; (c) identification of the types of soils and environments that are most favorable to hair preservation; and (d) an examination of the relevance of hair extraction from sites including the practicality and research potential. This paper examines five archaeological sites, using three different methods of hair extraction, examining the pros and cons of each. This should enable future researchers to find a method that works best for their particular site. It also analyzes the soil chemistry of the sites in order to study the soil and hair survival relationship, so that scientists can better determine which soils hold the best potential for hair survival. Laboratory methods that avoid contamination of the samples are also outlined in order to help researchers keep sample integrity after leaving the archaeological site.

This thesis deals with questions on various applications using soils and sediments as sources of information in archaeological research. Human environmental impact on soils and sediments, in terms of pollution, is a well known phenomenon as the industrialisation intensified during historical times and onwards and has left strong pollutive marks. However, humans have always accumulated or emitted matter and various compounds in connection to their habitats for subsistence, but these earlier traces are not always detectable, depending on soil and sediment state of preservation. Bioessential elements are intimately linked to humans and their dwellings and especially phosphate has been evident in this respect. It was established already in the 1930s, that even Stone Age settlements could be located through elevated phosphate content in extensive soil phosphate mappings. This thesis is a compilation on results from several sites and excavations from the southern to the northern parts of Sweden. There is a wide variety of soil types and chronological setting in the material, from highly acid podzols to calcareous soils, and sediments dated to Younger Dryas to current top soils. Sites from the Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Early and Late Iron Age and Medieval are all represented. Methods that have been implemented are firstly various forms of analysis in regards to soil phosphate, magnetic susceptibility and organic matter. Furthermore, metal and non-metal elements have been considered, as well as lead isotopes. A multiproxy approach is applied in some examples where biological and chemical data is combined to interpret past events. In this thesis there are also five papers presented. The first paper deals with methodological issues concerning multi-element analyses of various soil samples (off-site to feature) from an archaeological excavation. The second paper is about the possibilities that may be used when analysing the soil organic phosphate in relation to prehistoric agriculture. Paper three and fourth are compilations of large scale contract archaeological project. These papers deal with theoretical, methodological and practical issues concerning environmental archaeology in relation to contract archaeology. Studies on landscape development and erosion are among the cases presented. The last paper deals with a late Mesolithic - early Neolithic settlement in Vuollerim, N. Sweden, and spatial dimensions on the human use of settlement (off-site to on-site) and house floors (intra-site), are discussed.