No description available.

No description available.

Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são muito importantes para a nutrição mineral das plantas e para a recuperação de áreas degradadas, pois possibilitam um melhor desenvolvimento das espécies arbóreas usadas na revegetação. Entretanto, para um melhor desempenho dos FMA, as condições ambientais devem ser favoráveis, pois tanto a ocorrência quanto a diversidade desses fungos são bastante influenciados por diversos fatores como os químicos, físico e microbiológico do solo. Diferentes profundidades do solo devem ser consideradas para um levantamento mais detalhado. Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos, físicos e microbiológicos e, entre estes, a glomalina e a ocorrência e diversidade de FMA em diferentes profundidades (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm e 30-45 cm). As áreas selecionadas para estudo foram: nativa (NT) e em gradiente de recuperação ambiental: 5 anos (R05), 10 anos (R10) e 20 anos (R20), todas localizadas no Bioma Mata Atlântica, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As coletas de solo e raízes foram realizadas em dois períodos: janeiro (chuvoso) e junho (seco). A colonização radicular foi avaliada em três pontos de amostragem sendo: (A) na base do tronco, (B) distanciadas em 1m e (C) de plantas no entorno das árvores. Os esporos foram identificados e posteriormente foram calculados a abundância relativa, e os índices de riqueza (R), diversidade de Shannon (H) e dominância de Simpson (Is) das espécies de FMA. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, teste t, análise canônica discriminante (ACD) e análise de redundância (RDA). A colonização radicular foi maior para as áreas em estádios mais avançados de recuperação, nas raízes coletadas no ponto C e na época seca. A densidade de esporos de FMA, na época chuvosa, foi maior em R05 em todas as profundidades, enquanto que na época seca a densidade de esporos foi maior para R05 apenas em 0-15 cm, a partir de 15 cm uma maior densidade de esporos foi verificada para NT e R10. Considerando os dois períodos amostrados e as quatro áreas estudadas, foram identificadas 23 espécies de FMA, sendo os gêneros Glomus e Acaulospora os mais freqüentes. Um maior índice de riqueza (R) e diversidade (H) de espécies foi encontrado na área NT e nem sempre uma maior diversidade foi verificada nas camadas mais superficiais. Espécies do gênero Acaulospora (Ac. mellea e Ac. scrobiculata) e Glomus (G. viscosum e G. sp2.) foram sempre abundantes em todas as profundidades analisadas, enquanto que as espécies do gênero Gigaspora, Ambispora e Racocetra foram raras em todas as profundidades. A ACD indicou que Glomus viscosum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora mellea e Scutellospora heterogama foram as espécies que mais contribuíram para distinguir as áreas e a RDA mostrou que dentre os atributos do solo, o pH, H+Al, carbono do solo, glomalina, umidade, microporosidade e densidade foram os que mais influenciaram a diversidade de FMA. A umidade, densidade e glomalina correlacionaram positivamente com o número de esporos, já o nitrato do solo apresentou uma correlação negativa. / Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are very important for the recuperation of degraded land, because they enable better absorption of mineral nutrients by plants and favor the development of tree species used in revegetation.However, for greater efficiency of mycorrhizae the environmental conditions must be favorable, because the occurrence and diversity of these fungi are greatly influenced by several factors such as chemical, physical and microbiological soil attributes. Different soil depths should be considered for a more detailed survey. Chemical, physical and microbiological evaluations, including the soil glomalin content and the diversity of AMF at different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm) were performed. The areas selected for study were: native forest (NT) and a gradient of environmental restoration and reforestation: five years (R05), 10 years (R10) and 20 (R20), all located in the Atlantic forest, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The samples of soil and roots were taken in two periods: January (rainy) and June (dry season). Root colonization was assessed at three sites as follows: (A) at the base of the tree trunk, (B) 1m away from the trunk, and (C) seedlings growing around the adult trees. Spores were identified and the relative abundance and richness indices (R), Shannons diversity (H) and Simpsons dominance index (Is) of AMF were calculated. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, the t test, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). The root colonization was higher for areas with more advanced stages of recovery, in roots collected at point C and during the dry season. The density of spores in the rainy season was higher in R05 at all depths, while in the dry season the density of spores was higher for R05 only at 0-15 cm, and from 15 cm downwards a higher density of spores was observed for NT and R10.Considering the two periods and the four areas studied, we identified 23 AMF species, and the genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the most frequent. A higher richness (R) and diversity index (H) of species was found in the area NT. Not always the greatest diversity was found in the superficial layers. Species of Acaulospora (Ac. scrobiculata and Ac. mellea), Glomus (Glomus sp2. and G. viscosum) were always abundant at all depths, while the species of the genera Gigaspora, Ambispora and Racocetra were rare at all depths. The CDA indicated that Glomus viscosum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora mellea and Scutellospora heterogama were the species that contributed most to distinguishing the areas and the RDA showed that among the soil characteristics, pH, H + Al, soil carbon, glomalin, humidity, microporosity and density were the attributes that most influenced the diversity of AMF. Moisture, density and glomalin were positively correlated with the number of spores, however, the soil nitrate showed a negative correlation.

A estrutura das comunidades de arquéias e bactérias amônio oxidantes (AOA e AOB, respectivamente) e de bactéria fixadoras de nitrogênio de vida livre (BFNVL) foi avaliada em amostras de solo coletadas em três áreas de Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo (Santa Virgínia, Picinguaba e Restinga) por meio de metodologias independentes de cultivo. Após a extração do DNA do solo, o perfil das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL foi acessado por PCR-DGGE e seus respectivos genes, amoA, 16S DNAr e nifH, quantificados por meio de qPCR. Além disso, foi realizado o pirosequenciamento do gene 16S DNAr da região V3 em arquéias e da região V4 de bactérias. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de redundância (RDA) e similaridade (ANOSIM) e ao teste de Mantel. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL, sugerindo que a cobertura vegetal, assim como os atributos físico-químicos do solo, influencia a atividade destes micro-organismos nas três áreas. Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba apresentaram maior abundância de AOA e AOB, sendo AOA proporcionalmente mais abundante do que AOB em todas as áreas. Já as comunidades de BFNVL foram mais abundantes em Santa Virgínia e Restinga. A diversidade das comunidades de Crenarchaeota foi similar entre as áreas, porém, Picinguaba revelou maior diversidade de unidades taxonômicas operacionais (UTOs). Este trabalho possibilitou uma primeira exploração da diversidade e abundância das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL nos solos de Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo, sendo que as informações obtidas poderão auxiliar futuros estudos sobre o entendimento do papel destas comunidades no ciclo global do nitrogênio na Terra. / The community structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria (AOA and AOB, respectively) and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria was evaluated in soil samples collected in three areas of Atlantic forest of São Paulo (Santa Virgínia, Picinguaba and Restinga) using culture-independent molecular techniques. After DNA extraction from the soil samples, AOA, AOB and BFNVL profiles were accessed by PCR-DGGE, and their respective genes (amoA, nifH and 16S rDNA) were quantified by qPCR. In addition, it was performed the pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA variable V3 and V4 regions of archaea and bacteria, respectively. The data were subjected to redundancy analysis (RDA); analysis of similarity (ANOSIM); and the Mantel test. There were significant differences in the AOA, AOB and BFNVL community structure, suggesting that the vegetation cover and the physical and chemical attributes of soil influences the activity of these micro-organisms from the three areas. AOA and AOB were more abundant in Santa Virginia and Picinguaba, and AOA was more abundant than AOB in all areas. On the other hand, BFNVL communities were more abundant in Santa Virginia and Restinga. The diversity of Crenarchaeota communities was similar among the three areas, however, Picinguaba revealed greater diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This study allowed the first evaluation of the diversity and abundance of AOA, AOB and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria communities in the soils of the Atlantic Forest of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The information obtained here will support future studies focused on the role of these communities in the global nitrogen cycle on Earth.

Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são muito importantes para a nutrição mineral das plantas e para a recuperação de áreas degradadas, pois possibilitam um melhor desenvolvimento das espécies arbóreas usadas na revegetação. Entretanto, para um melhor desempenho dos FMA, as condições ambientais devem ser favoráveis, pois tanto a ocorrência quanto a diversidade desses fungos são bastante influenciados por diversos fatores como os químicos, físico e microbiológico do solo. Diferentes profundidades do solo devem ser consideradas para um levantamento mais detalhado. Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos, físicos e microbiológicos e, entre estes, a glomalina e a ocorrência e diversidade de FMA em diferentes profundidades (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm e 30-45 cm). As áreas selecionadas para estudo foram: nativa (NT) e em gradiente de recuperação ambiental: 5 anos (R05), 10 anos (R10) e 20 anos (R20), todas localizadas no Bioma Mata Atlântica, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As coletas de solo e raízes foram realizadas em dois períodos: janeiro (chuvoso) e junho (seco). A colonização radicular foi avaliada em três pontos de amostragem sendo: (A) na base do tronco, (B) distanciadas em 1m e (C) de plantas no entorno das árvores. Os esporos foram identificados e posteriormente foram calculados a abundância relativa, e os índices de riqueza (R), diversidade de Shannon (H) e dominância de Simpson (Is) das espécies de FMA. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA, teste t, análise canônica discriminante (ACD) e análise de redundância (RDA). A colonização radicular foi maior para as áreas em estádios mais avançados de recuperação, nas raízes coletadas no ponto C e na época seca. A densidade de esporos de FMA, na época chuvosa, foi maior em R05 em todas as profundidades, enquanto que na época seca a densidade de esporos foi maior para R05 apenas em 0-15 cm, a partir de 15 cm uma maior densidade de esporos foi verificada para NT e R10. Considerando os dois períodos amostrados e as quatro áreas estudadas, foram identificadas 23 espécies de FMA, sendo os gêneros Glomus e Acaulospora os mais freqüentes. Um maior índice de riqueza (R) e diversidade (H) de espécies foi encontrado na área NT e nem sempre uma maior diversidade foi verificada nas camadas mais superficiais. Espécies do gênero Acaulospora (Ac. mellea e Ac. scrobiculata) e Glomus (G. viscosum e G. sp2.) foram sempre abundantes em todas as profundidades analisadas, enquanto que as espécies do gênero Gigaspora, Ambispora e Racocetra foram raras em todas as profundidades. A ACD indicou que Glomus viscosum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora mellea e Scutellospora heterogama foram as espécies que mais contribuíram para distinguir as áreas e a RDA mostrou que dentre os atributos do solo, o pH, H+Al, carbono do solo, glomalina, umidade, microporosidade e densidade foram os que mais influenciaram a diversidade de FMA. A umidade, densidade e glomalina correlacionaram positivamente com o número de esporos, já o nitrato do solo apresentou uma correlação negativa. / Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are very important for the recuperation of degraded land, because they enable better absorption of mineral nutrients by plants and favor the development of tree species used in revegetation.However, for greater efficiency of mycorrhizae the environmental conditions must be favorable, because the occurrence and diversity of these fungi are greatly influenced by several factors such as chemical, physical and microbiological soil attributes. Different soil depths should be considered for a more detailed survey. Chemical, physical and microbiological evaluations, including the soil glomalin content and the diversity of AMF at different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm) were performed. The areas selected for study were: native forest (NT) and a gradient of environmental restoration and reforestation: five years (R05), 10 years (R10) and 20 (R20), all located in the Atlantic forest, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The samples of soil and roots were taken in two periods: January (rainy) and June (dry season). Root colonization was assessed at three sites as follows: (A) at the base of the tree trunk, (B) 1m away from the trunk, and (C) seedlings growing around the adult trees. Spores were identified and the relative abundance and richness indices (R), Shannons diversity (H) and Simpsons dominance index (Is) of AMF were calculated. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, the t test, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and redundancy analysis (RDA). The root colonization was higher for areas with more advanced stages of recovery, in roots collected at point C and during the dry season. The density of spores in the rainy season was higher in R05 at all depths, while in the dry season the density of spores was higher for R05 only at 0-15 cm, and from 15 cm downwards a higher density of spores was observed for NT and R10.Considering the two periods and the four areas studied, we identified 23 AMF species, and the genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the most frequent. A higher richness (R) and diversity index (H) of species was found in the area NT. Not always the greatest diversity was found in the superficial layers. Species of Acaulospora (Ac. scrobiculata and Ac. mellea), Glomus (Glomus sp2. and G. viscosum) were always abundant at all depths, while the species of the genera Gigaspora, Ambispora and Racocetra were rare at all depths. The CDA indicated that Glomus viscosum, Acaulospora scrobiculata, Acaulospora mellea and Scutellospora heterogama were the species that contributed most to distinguishing the areas and the RDA showed that among the soil characteristics, pH, H + Al, soil carbon, glomalin, humidity, microporosity and density were the attributes that most influenced the diversity of AMF. Moisture, density and glomalin were positively correlated with the number of spores, however, the soil nitrate showed a negative correlation.

A estrutura das comunidades de arquéias e bactérias amônio oxidantes (AOA e AOB, respectivamente) e de bactéria fixadoras de nitrogênio de vida livre (BFNVL) foi avaliada em amostras de solo coletadas em três áreas de Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo (Santa Virgínia, Picinguaba e Restinga) por meio de metodologias independentes de cultivo. Após a extração do DNA do solo, o perfil das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL foi acessado por PCR-DGGE e seus respectivos genes, amoA, 16S DNAr e nifH, quantificados por meio de qPCR. Além disso, foi realizado o pirosequenciamento do gene 16S DNAr da região V3 em arquéias e da região V4 de bactérias. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de redundância (RDA) e similaridade (ANOSIM) e ao teste de Mantel. Foram observadas diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL, sugerindo que a cobertura vegetal, assim como os atributos físico-químicos do solo, influencia a atividade destes micro-organismos nas três áreas. Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba apresentaram maior abundância de AOA e AOB, sendo AOA proporcionalmente mais abundante do que AOB em todas as áreas. Já as comunidades de BFNVL foram mais abundantes em Santa Virgínia e Restinga. A diversidade das comunidades de Crenarchaeota foi similar entre as áreas, porém, Picinguaba revelou maior diversidade de unidades taxonômicas operacionais (UTOs). Este trabalho possibilitou uma primeira exploração da diversidade e abundância das comunidades de AOA, AOB e BFNVL nos solos de Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo, sendo que as informações obtidas poderão auxiliar futuros estudos sobre o entendimento do papel destas comunidades no ciclo global do nitrogênio na Terra. / The community structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria (AOA and AOB, respectively) and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria was evaluated in soil samples collected in three areas of Atlantic forest of São Paulo (Santa Virgínia, Picinguaba and Restinga) using culture-independent molecular techniques. After DNA extraction from the soil samples, AOA, AOB and BFNVL profiles were accessed by PCR-DGGE, and their respective genes (amoA, nifH and 16S rDNA) were quantified by qPCR. In addition, it was performed the pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA variable V3 and V4 regions of archaea and bacteria, respectively. The data were subjected to redundancy analysis (RDA); analysis of similarity (ANOSIM); and the Mantel test. There were significant differences in the AOA, AOB and BFNVL community structure, suggesting that the vegetation cover and the physical and chemical attributes of soil influences the activity of these micro-organisms from the three areas. AOA and AOB were more abundant in Santa Virginia and Picinguaba, and AOA was more abundant than AOB in all areas. On the other hand, BFNVL communities were more abundant in Santa Virginia and Restinga. The diversity of Crenarchaeota communities was similar among the three areas, however, Picinguaba revealed greater diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This study allowed the first evaluation of the diversity and abundance of AOA, AOB and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria communities in the soils of the Atlantic Forest of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The information obtained here will support future studies focused on the role of these communities in the global nitrogen cycle on Earth.

Genetically modified (GM) crops are commercially cultivated worldwide but there are concerns on their possible negative impacts on soil biodiversity. A glasshouse study was conducted to determine effects of Bt maize residues on soil microbial diversity. Residues of Bt maize (PAN 6Q-308B) and non-Bt maize (PAN 6Q-121) were incorporated into the soil and corresponding maize seeds planted. The treatments were replicated three times. Fertilizer and water application were similar for both treatments. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was destructively sampled from each treatment and analyzed for microbial community level physiological profiles using Biolog plates with 31 different carbon substrates. Absorbance in the Biolog plates was recorded after 72 h of incubation at 20oC. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore counts were also determined. Field studies were conducted at the University of Free State and University of Fort Hare Research Farms to determine the effects of growing Bt maize on soil microbial diversity. One Bt maize cultivar (PAN6Q-308B) and non-Bt maize (PAN6Q-121) were grown in a paired experiment at University of Free State farm, while two Bt maize (DKC61-25B and PAN6Q-321B) and their near-isogenic non-Bt maize lines (DKC61-24 and PAN6777) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Fertilization, weed control and water application, were similar for both Bt maize cultivars and their non-Bt maize counterparts. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected by uprooting whole plants and collecting the soil attached to the roots. The samples were analysed for microbial diversity and for arbuscular mycorrhizae fungal spore counts. Principal component analysis showed that soil microbial diversity was affected more by sampling time whereas genetic modification had minimal effects. Presence of residues also increased the diversity of microorganisms. Mycorrhizal fungal spores were not affected by the presence of Bt maize residues. Growing Bt maize had no effect on the soil microbial diversity in the rhizosphere.

No description available.

Soil aquifer treatment was simulated in 1 m laboratory soil columns containing silica sand under saturated and unsaturated soil conditions to examine the effect of travel length through the unsaturated zone on the removal of wastewater organic matter, the effect of soil type on dissolved organic carbon removal and also the type of microorganisms involved in the removal process. Dissolved organic carbon removal and nitrification did enhance when the wastewater travelled a longer length through the unsaturated zone. A similar consortium of microorganisms was found to exist in both saturated and unsaturated columns. Microbial concentrations however were lowest in the soil column containing silt and clay in addition to silica sand. The presence of silt and clay was detrimental to DOC removal efficiency under saturated soil conditions due to their negative effect on the hydraulic performance of the soil column and microbial growth.

Die bei der Biogasproduktion anfallenden Gärreste werden als organische Dünger im Pflanzenbau eingesetzt. Infolge des Vergärungsprozesses unterscheiden sich Gärreste von herkömmlichen organischen Düngern. Daraus könnten sich spezifische positive oder negative Wirkungen auf Bodenfruchtbarkeit und Pflanzen ergeben, die Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind. In einem sechsjährigen Feldversuch (Energiepflanzenfruchtfolge, sandiger Boden) wur- den die Düngeeffekte von fünf verschiedenen Gärresten mit denen von Rindergülle, Stallmist und mineralischem Dünger (KAS) verglichen. Zur umfassenden Charakterisie- rung der Bodenfruchtbarkeit erfolgten Untersuchungen aus den Bereichen Bodenchemie, -physik, -mikrobiologie und Pflanzenbau, wobei die Humusdynamik einen Schwerpunkt bildete. Die Mengenkalkulation der Düngung basierte auf der gleichen Gabe organi- schem C mit einem N-Ausgleich durch KAS. Es ergaben sich für Gärreste gegenüber KAS überwiegend positive Effekte auf Hu- musgehalt, Aggregatstabilität und bakterielle Aktivität und Diversität. Diese Effekte waren denen von Rindergülle und Stallmist ähnlich. Möglicherweise besteht aber durch Gärrestdüngung ein erhöhtes Risiko von P- und K-Überschüssen sowie N-Verlusten. Eine erhöhte Benetzungshemmung wurde nicht gefunden. Die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft des Bodens zeigte eine spezifische Beeinflussung durch die Gärreste in der funktionellen, jedoch nicht in der genetischen Struktur. Die N-Verfügbarkeit war deutlich geringer als die von KAS, wodurch sich für Grünroggen Mindererträge ergaben. Für Silomais und Sorghum fand sich bei kombinierter Anwendung mit KAS ein zu KAS ähnliches Ertragsniveau. Gärreste haben analog zu herkömmlichen organischen Düngern bei effizientem Einsatz das Potential zu KAS vergleichbare Erträge zu erzielen und gleichzeitig die Bodenfrucht- barkeit zu fördern. Diese Schlussfolgerung ist im Kontext der spezifischen Standort- und Versuchsbedingungen zu sehen und sollte durch eine längere Versuchszeit abgesichert werden. / Digestates arising during biogas production are used as organic fertilizers in agriculture. Due to the fermentation process, digestates have different properties from traditional organic fertilizers. This may result in specific positive or negative effects on soil fertility and plants, which are subject of this work. In a six year field experiment (energy crop rotation, sandy soil) fertilizer effects of five different digestates were compared with cattle slurry, farm yard manure and mineral fertilizer (KAS). For a comprehensive characterization of soil fertility effects, methods from the fields of soil chemistry, physics, microbiology and plant science were applied. One special focus of these investigations was humus dynamics. Manure doses were based on the same dose of organic carbon, resulting different N-doses were compensated by KAS. Compared with KAS, digestates showed predominantly positive effects on humus con- tent, soil aggregate stability and bacterial activity and diversity. These effects of di- gestates were similar to those of cattle slurry and farm yard manure. There may be an increased risk of P and K oversupply and N losses as a result of digestate fertilization. An increased soil water repellency was not found. The soil bacterial community was specifically influenced by digestates regarding its functional, but not regarding its genetic structure. Saprotrophic fungy were reduced by some digestates in comparison to KAS. N availability was considerably lower than of KAS, resulting in yield depressions of forage rye. For silage maize and sorghum, digestates combined with KAS equaled the yield level of KAS. If efficiently applied, digestates have like other organic fertilizers the potential to produce equal yields as KAS whilst enhancing soil fertility. This conclusion is restricted to the specific conditions of experimental site and design and must be verified during a longer experimental period.