A dinâmica dos herbicidas no solo é influenciada pela umidade e pela quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica, que são variáveis nos agregados organominerais. Os objetivos foram avaliar a influência do grau de umidade na mineralização e sorção do 2,4-D (ácido fraco) e Diuron (não ionizável), em quatro latossolos com diferentes quantidades de matéria orgânica do solo (M.O.S.), avaliar a influência do tamanho do agregado (> 150, 54 – 150, 21 – 53, 2 – 20 e < 2 mm) na sorção dos herbicidas e determinar o grau de humificação para explicar possíveis diferenças na sorção. Foram utilizadas amostras superficiais (0 - 0,2 m) de um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico (LAd) (Piracicaba/SP), de um Latossolo Amarelo ácrico (LAw) (Uberlândia/MG), de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVw-1) (Uberlândia/MG) e de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVw-2) (Canoinhas/SC). Foram determinados os valores de pH (em H2 O, KCl 1,0 mol L -1 e CaCl2 0,01 mol L -1 ), a quantidade de M.O.S., de fósforo, de K + , de Ca 2+ , de Mg 2+ , de Al 3+ e estimada a soma H+Al. Os óxidos de ferro, de alumínio e de silício foram quantificados após extração com ácido sulfúrico, os óxidos de ferro “livre” e mal cristalinizado também foi determinado e a análise granulométrica foi efetuada pelo método do densímetro, sendo quantificada também a argila dispersa em água (ADA). Foi determinada a mineralogia por difração de raio-X. Foram quantificadas as frações organominerais dos solos. Foram dispersos 40 g de solo em 160 mL de água destilada, que foram agitados a 160 agitações min -1 por 16 h e sonificada por 15 min. Após disperso, o solo foi peneirado para separar os agregados > 150 mm e entre 53 e 150 mm. Os agregados menores que 53 mm foram separados por sedimentação. Foi determinado o carbono orgânico dos agregados e do solo por combustão. A atividade microbiana dos solos foi determinada pelo método da radiorespirometria. Amostras dos solos foram incubadas com 14 C-2,4-D e 14 C-diuron por 42 dias umedecidas a 25, 50 e 75 % da capacidade de campo em sala climatizada semi-escura a 22 ± 2 o C, após foram realizadas três extrações com CaCl2 0,01 mol L -1 . O solo foi então fracionado após oxidação para determinar o os herbicidas sorvidos no solo e, posteriormente nos diferentes agregados. O grau de humificação das amostras foi determinado por fluorescência. A mineralização do 2,4-D foi de 62 % no LAd a 75 % da capacidade de campo. A difusão foi responsável pela sorção dos herbicidas. O 2,4-D foi menos sorvido no LAd, que tinha maior pH e menor quantidade de M.O.S.. Os solos apresentaram maior quantidade de agregados > 150 mm. Os agregados organominerais de diâmetro menores que 53 mm apresentaram maior acúmulo de carbono. A exceção do LAd, os herbicidas foram mais sorvidos pelos agregados maiores que 53 mm. A sorção só aumentou nos agregados menores que 53 mm, quando a amostra foi incubada a 75 % da capacidade de campo. Porém, no caso do diuron, isto só foi verificado no LAw e LVw-1. As sucessivas extrações alteraram a estabilidade dos agregados. O LAd que se localiza em uma área de cultivo tem maior grau de humificação que o LVw-2 localizado em uma área não cultivada. Os agregados de diâmetro entre 53 e 150 mm, foram os que tiveram maior grau de humificação nos solos. / The dynamic of herbicides in soils is influenced by soil moisture and organic matter contents and also by their quality, which are variable in the organic-mineral aggregates of the soils. The aims of this research were to evaluate the effects of soil moisture on the mineralization and sorption of the herbicides 2,4-D (weak acid) and diuron (non-ionic), in four Oxisols with different contents of soil organic matter (SOM), as well as to evaluate the influence of aggregate sizes (> 150, 54 – 150, 21 – 53, 2 – 20 and < 2 mm) and degree of humification in the sorption of these herbicides. Surface samples (0 – 0.2 m) of one Xanthic Hapludox (LAd, from Piracicaba/SP), one Xanthic Acrudox (LAw, from Uberlândia/MG), and two Anionic Acrudox (LVw-1 from Uberlândia/MG and LVw-2 from Canoinhas/SC) were collected. SOM, phosphorus, K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ contents and pH values (in H2 O, in KCl 1.0 mol L -1 and in CaCl2 0.01 mol L -1 ) were measured, whereas H+Al was calculated. Fe, Al, and Si oxides were quantified after soil extraction with H2SO4. Free and amorphous Fe oxides were determined by DCB and oxalate method, respectively. Granulometric analysis and water dispersed clay (WDC) were quantified by the densimeter method. The mineralogy was evaluated by X-ray diffraction. In order to quantify soil organic-mineral aggregates, 40 g of soil was added to 160 mL of distilled water in centrifuge tubes, which were shaken for 16 h at 160 rpm and sonicated for 15 min at 240 W. The aggregates > 150 and 53 – 150 mm were obtained by sieving, whereas the aggregates < 53 mm were obtained by sedimentation. Soil and aggregate organic carbon contents were obtained by combustion. The soil microbial activity was obtained by the radiorespirometry method. Soils were incubated with 14 C-2,4-D and 14 C-diuron, for 42 d at 25, 50 and 75 % of the field capacity and remained in a semi-dark room at controlled temperature of 22 ± 2 o C. Then, the pesticides were extracted three times with CaCl2 0.01 mol L -1 and, afterwards, the soil samples were fractionated in order to quantify the amount of herbicides in the aggregates. In these, the degree of humification was obtained by fluorescence. Diffusion markedly affected the herbicides sorption. For example, 2,4-D mineralization was 62 % on LAd only at 75 % field capacity. As expected, 2,4-D was less sorbed on LAd that had higher pH and lower SOM content. In general, the soils presented higher amounts of aggregates > 150 mm. The organic-mineral aggregates < 53 mm presented higher organic carbon content. However, the herbicides were more sorbed in the aggregates > 53 mm, except for LAd. When the soil were at 75 % of the field capacity, the sorption increased in the aggregates < 53 mm for 2,4-D, but it was only verified for LAw and LVw-1 for diuron. The successive extractions altered the aggregate stability. The LAd located in a tilled area had higher degree of humification than the LVw-2 located in a non-tilled area. The soil aggregates between 53 and 150 mm presented higher degree of humification.

A cana-de-açúcar é atualmente a cultura de maior importância agrícola do Estado de São Paulo, a partir da qual são gerados açúcar e etanol, além de vários outros subprodutos. No entanto, com a expansão das fronteiras agrícolas e alterações nas práticas de manejo, ocorre atualmente um momento de adequação de tal cultivo, que visa uma maior produtividade e sustentabilidade de produção. Para isto, dentre outros fatores, o papel da comunidade microbiana presente nos solos pode ter fundamental importância, auxiliando no melhor desenvolvimento da planta. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a comunidade microbiana existente nos solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade e a abundância de fungos em solos de cultivo de cana-deaçúcar no estado de São Paulo, em áreas sob diferentes atributos químicos, físicos e de manejo. Objetivou-se também, verificar a ocorrência de padrões biogeográficos na estruturação de tais comunidades. Para isso, foi realizada a análise da estrutura das comunidades fúngicas por polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição terminal (T-RFLP), juntamente com a quantificação destas comunidades por meio da PCR em tempo real (qPCR) em 476 amostras de solo, obtidas de 11 áreas de cultivo (usinas). Dentro deste conjunto de dados, temos que os atributos químicos, físicos e manejo explicam maiores valores de variância dentro de cada área amostra, mas pouco explicam da variância geral dos dados, sugerindo a ocorrência de padrões biogeográficos das comunidades de fungos neste ambiente. Tal ocorrência foi confirmada pela significância estatística da correlação entre distância e dissimilaridade das comunidades de fungos, dando suporte a geração dos primeiros mapas biogeográficos de fungos em tais solos. Adicionalmente, a abundância de fungos mostrou-se relacionada com a produtividade da cultura, indicando este ser um dos fatores que modulam a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar nas áreas avaliadas. / The sugarcane is nowadays, the most important crop in the State of São Paulo, serving as the raw material for the production of sugar and ethanol, besides many others by-products. Considering the expansion of agricultural barriers, and shifts in fields management, such cultivation is under a re-arrangement process, aiming to a higher productivity and sustainability. In order to achieve that, among other factors, the role of microbial communities present in soils can be essential to support plant development. However, a few is known about the microbial community under sugarcane crop production soils. Hence, this work intended to evaluate the fungi diversity and abundance in soils cultivated with sugarcane in the State of São Paulo, exploring areas under distinct chemical and physical attributes and also distinct management practices. It was also aimed to determine the occurrence of biogeographically patterns in the structure of such communities. Indeed, it was made the analysis of the fungal community structure by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), together with the quantification of these communities by real time PCR (qPCR) in 476 soils samples, collected in 11 areas cultivated with sugarcane (mills). Within this dataset, it was found that chemical, physical and management attributes explain higher values of variance within each sampled area, but explain little about the total variance of data, suggesting the occurrence of biogeographically patterns in fungal communities in this environment. It was confirmed by the statistical significance of the correlation between distance and dissimilarity of fungal communities, supporting the generation of very first biogeographically maps in such soils. Additionally, the abundance of fungi revealed to be related with sugarcane productivity, indicating this issue as one of the factors modulating the sugarcane productivity in the evaluated areas.

In recent years considerable interest has been shown in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in soil communities. The majority of the research has been carried out in Northern Europe where soils have received high atmospheric inputs of nitrogen over the past two centuries. In contrast, although much work has been conducted on nitrogen cycling processes in nitrogen limited forest ecosystems in western North America, no studies have examined the characteristics of ammonia-oxidizing communities in those environments. I was interested in measuring nitrification potential along a high-elevation temperate meadow-to-forest gradient, and characterizing the ammonia-oxidizing communities along that gradient using both molecular and culturing methods. Two experimental sites (Lookout and Carpenter) were chosen in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the western Cascade Range of Oregon, at elevations of approximately 1500 meters. Although nitrification potential rates (NPRs) between sites were not significantly different (P=0.544), variation was observed both within and between sites for specific vegetation types. NPRs were significantly lower in forest (F) soil samples than in meadow (M) soil samples, averaging 5 and 2% of meadow NPRs at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In meadow soil samples, most probable number (MPN) population densities of ammonia-oxidizers ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 x 10⁴ cells gram⁻¹ of oven dry soil and 0.9 x 10³ to 1.1 x 10⁵ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. In forest soil samples, population densities ranged from undetectable to 1.1 x 10⁴ cells g⁻¹ OD soil, and 0.9 x 10² to 2.3 x 10³ cells g⁻¹ OD soil at Lookout and Carpenter, respectively. Microbial community DNA was amplified using primers to the ammonia monooxygenase subunit A. Terminal restriction fragments polymorphism analysis with three different restriction enzymes (CfoI, TaqI, and AluI) revealed community profiles dominated by Nitrosospira species. One fragment from CfoI (66 bp) and one fragment from AluI (392-bp) were prominent in 47 soil samples from both sites, and represented between 32 to 100% of the Genescan fragment analyses of PCR products. A full length fragment from AluI digests (491-bp), and three fragments from CfoI (68, 100, and 135- bp) were found sporadically in fewer soil sample T-RFLPs, and within those samples represented smaller percentages of total peak areas. The CfoI 135-bp fragment length was associated primarily with M and meadow/forest (M/F) soils where it was observed in approximately 58 and 100% of the respective transect locations. Eight isolates recovered from soil samples were analyzed using the same molecular methods as the field samples. The T-RFLP patterns of the isolates corresponded with many of those found in the community fingerprints. Four unique amoA sequences were identified among these isolates, including one that possessed the dominant T-RFLP amoA fingerprint in soil samples. This sequence shared 99.8% similarity with Nitrosospira sp. Ka4, a cluster 4 ammonia oxidizer isolated in Norway. Sequence analysis phylogenetically associated the other three isolates (with unique amoA sequences) near Nitrosospira sp. Nsp 1 and Nitrosospira briensis, both cluster 3 ammonia oxidizers. Cloning and sequencing of soil DNA confirmed that ammonia oxidizers with these amoA sequences were present in the soil samples. Two additional amoA sequences were identified in clones that were 95% similar and paraphylogenetically positioned between representatives of clusters 3 and 4. So far, these sequences have not been found in any of the isolates analyzed. / Graduation date: 2003

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-27).

The forest floor represents the uppermost organic and organicenriched mineral soil horizons. They have been formed by the deposition of organic material and the subsequent biologically mediated decomposition. The forest floor influences rooting-zone temperature, aeration, moisture, and nutrient conditions, and hence, forest productivity. Considering the importance of the forest floor, and the fact that it is exposed to disturbance (being the surface layer), we need to assess the potential impacts our logging practices may have. Clearcutting, one of the contentious silvicultural practices used in British Columbia, is imputed to most adversely affect ecosystems and sustainability. We assessed the long-term impact of clearcutting on the forest floor by documenting changes in the thickness, chemical and biotic properties of the humus form across a chronosequence of forest stands. The study was located in the largest and most representative portion of the coastal rainforest the Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHvm) subzone.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of two long-term fertilization experiments on soil organic C, total N, and mineralizable N in the Jiangsu Province of People's Republic of China. The soil samples that received manure over the years contained more soil organic C, and total N than the inorganic fertilized samples. Soil organic C was closely correlated with total N and there were correlations between crop yields and soil organic C contents and between crop yields and soil total N contents. Plant-available N was estimated using biological and chemical tests. Mineralized N formed under anaerobic incubation was low except for those soil samples that received manure. Microbial biomass C and N were estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM) and fumigation-extraction procedures. Biomass measurements by CFIM were more precise and reliable than values obtained by fumigation-extraction. Treatment differences in biomass were not significant. Estimates of biomass C and N were influenced by the choice of the control soil and the period of incubation used by the CFIM. Unfumigated (10-20 d) control soils were found to be the best control for samples. Extraction of mineralized N using O.5M NaHCO$ sb3$ after incubation overestimated biomass N since this extraction was found to extract non-biomass N.

Frequent use of phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) in agricultural fields has resulted not only in the contamination of the natural resources including soil and water but also in the adaptation of the soil microflora to its rapid degradation. However, up to now, the mechanisms underlying this microbial adaptation are not well elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the processes and factors implicated in IPU degradation from the agricultural field to the genes coding for catabolic genes. The study carried out at the experimental field of Epoisses cropped with a winter wheat / barley / rape seed crop rotation indicated that as a result of its periodically repeated use, the soil microflora adapted to IPU mineralization activity. Further analysis using exploratory and geostatistical tools demonstrated the existence of spatial variability in IPU mineralization activity at the field scale which was correlated not only with several soil physico-chemical parameters like organic matter content, CEC and C/N ratio but also with the pesticide application plan over a three year crop rotation. In order to get further insight into underlying mechanisms, an IPU mineralizing bacterial culture and strain Sphingomonas sp. SH were isolated through enrichment cultures performed from two different adapted soils. Both had the catabolic activities highly specific for the mineralization of IPU and its metabolites but none of other structurally related phenylurea herbicides. IPU metabolic activity of both the mixed culture and the strain SH was found to be affected by pH with optimal activity taking place at pH 7.5. Based on the accumulation of different known metabolites during mineralization kinetics, IPU metabolic pathway was proposed to be initiated by two successive demethylations, followed by cleavage of the urea side chain resulting in the accumulation of 4-isopropylaniline, and ultimately the mineralization of the phenyl ring. In order to identify the genes involved in IPU degradation, BAC clone library was established from the genomic DNA of the bacterial culture. Although, the functional screening did not yield in identifying any BAC clone able to degrade IPU or its known metabolites, the PCR based screening led us to identify a cat gene cluster involved in ortho-cleavage of the phenyl ring of catechol through beta-ketoadipate pathway. Based on this finding, it was hypothesized that phenyl ring of 4-isopropylaniline formed during IPU transformation might be mineralized through ortho-cleavage of catechol. This finding allowed us to propose the lower IPU metabolic pathway which was not yet described.

Alkane monooxygenases (encoded by the alkB gene) are a group of microbial enzymes that catalyze the first reaction of alkane degradation. Studies to determine the diversity and prevalence of alkB genotypes in the environment have focused on culturable organisms. The goal of this research was to use culture-independent methods (DGGE, clone library) to identify and characterize alkB genes, and to determine their prevalence in Arctic contaminated soils. General alkB PCR degenerate primers (alkB-Mc) were designed using the conserved nucleotide sequences of the Histidine I Box and Histidine III Box. General alkB-Mc and alkM (Acinetobacter spp. alkane monooxygenase genes) primers were used to screen the soils for the presence of alkane monooxygenase genotypes. A predominance of the Rhodococcus spp. alkB genotypes and the absence of alkM genotypes in these soils was found. alkB PCR fragments amplified from the soils were analyzed by DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). BlastN and blastX results of the DGGE bands sequences showed that they were similar to Rhodococcus spp. alkB genotypes (~80-90% DNA identity and ~80-90% amino acid homology). An alkB clone library was built using the general alkB-Mc primer set, screened by RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and characterized by sequencing of alkB clones. BlastN and blastX results of the alkB clone sequences showed the presence of divergent alkB genotypes (≤ 70% DNA identity and ≤ 67% of amino acid homology to data base sequences). The alignment of the clone-derived amino acid sequences to confirm functional alkane monooxygenase sequences revealed the presence of Histidine Box II and the HYG motif in all of the deduced amino acid clone sequences. These results indicate that the alkB sequences from the clone library represent novel alkB sequences. Both alkB DGGE and clone library techniques were independently able to identify alkB genotypes from High G+C microorganisms as predominant in the 1A03 soil sample. Nevertheless, only the clone library approach identified putative novel alkB sequences. Mineralization of hexadecane and naphthalene was clearly observed at subzero temperatures (-5ºC) in Arctic contaminated soils, proving that the indigenous microbial communities could mineralize these representative hydrocarbons at subzero temperatures in an environment that is predominantly frozen for most of the year.

[Truncated abstract] The principal aim of this thesis was to examine the response of the microbial community to the addition of small amounts (<50 μg C g-1 soil) of organic C substrates (‘trigger molecules’) to soil. This addition is comparative to indigenous soluble C concentrations for a range of soil types in Western Australia (typically measured between 20 and 55 μg C g-1 soil). Previously it has been reported that the application of trigger molecules to European soils has caused more CO2-C to be evolved (up to six fold) than was applied . . . Findings from this study indicated that there was an additional CO2 release (i.e. greater than the C added) on application of organic C substrates to some soil treatments. However, findings from this study indicate that the response of the microbial community to small additions of soluble C substrate is not consistent for all soil types and may vary due to greater availability of C, and supports the premise that microbial responses vary in a yet to be predicted manner between soil type and ecosystems. Differences in microbial response to the addition of soluble organic C are likely attributable to differences in soil attributes and environmental factors influencing both the diversity of microbes present and the frequency of food events. Theoretically, trigger molecules could also provide a possible control mechanism for microorganisms in arable farming systems. These mechanisms include stimulating either targeted pathogenic microorganisms that starve after depletion of a suitable substrate; or stimulating beneficial microorganisms to manipulate nutrient cycling, by targeting specific functional groups and altering mineralisation and immobilisation turnover rates.

Plantios mistos de eucalipto com leguminosas arbóreas vêm sendo estabelecidos a fim de aumentar os teores de nutriente no solo, e estimular a ciclagem biogeoquímica. Para tanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar alguns atributos microbianos e químicos do solo e serapilheira dos primeiros 20 meses de crescimento de uma segunda rotação de plantios puros e mistos de E. grandis e A. mangium. Foram coletadas amostras de solo e raízes (profundidade de 0-10 cm) e serapilheira aos 2, 7, 14 e 20 meses após o plantio dos seguintes tratamentos: monoculturas de A. mangium e E. grandis sem fertilização nitrogenada, monocultura de E. grandis fertilizado com N e plantio misto entre E. grandis e A. mangium (50E:50A). Dentre os atributos microbianos e bioquímicos do solo foram avaliados o C e N da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal, a atividade das enzimas desidrogenase, celulase, urease, fosfatase ácida, fosfatase alcalina, número de esporos e taxa de colonização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Os atributos químicos do solo avaliados foram: C e N total do solo, P disponível, pH e umidade. Na serapilheira foram avaliadas as concentrações de C, N e P total. As informações obtidas revelaram que houve um efeito cumulativo recorrente da primeira rotação, principalmente na área plantada com A. mangium. Foi possível verificar que no inicio dos plantios florestais os teores de C e N total e P disponível no solo não se alteram drasticamente. Em contrapartida, os conteúdos totais desses elementos na serapilheira são extremamente dinâmicos, dissimilares entre os tratamentos e altamente relacionados com os atributos microbianos e bioquímicos do solo. A. mangium apresentou uma serapilheira com menor relação C/N e C/P, e essa característica se manteve quando ela foi planta com E. grandis, que também apresentou diminuição da relação C/N e C/P da serapilheira. Isso pode ter ocorrido em função ao estimulo da microbiota do solo, sobretudo das fosfatases e pela associação com das plantas com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Neste caso, presume-se que a A. mangium é a grande responsável por favorecer a maior atividade microbiana e colonização de FMA em E. grandis no plantio misto quando comparado com os plantios puros de E. grandis. As fosfatases ácida e alcalina foram os atributos microbianos que mais se alteraram com o desenvolvimento vegetal, mostrando a sensibilidade dessa variável aos sistemas de plantio. Estes resultados são informações importantes não apenas sobre a capacidade do plantio misto de E. grandis e A. mangium em maximizar a ciclagem de N e P, mas também sobre o conhecimento da dinâmica desses elementos e da microbiota do solo no inicio dos plantios florestais, fato este pouco abordado pela literatura. / Intercropped plantation between leguminous and eucalyptus has been establishment to increase soil nutrients content and stimulate the biogeochemistry cycling. This work aim evaluated some microbial and chemistry attributes of soil and litter in the early stages of the second rotation of mixed and pure plantations of E. grandis and A. mangium. Soil and roots samples (at 0-10 cm depth) and litter samples were collected at two, seven, 14, and 20 months after planting in the following treatments: monocultures of A. mangium and E. grandis, a monoculture of E. grandis with N-fertilizer, and an intercropped plantation with E. grandis and A. mangium (50E:50A). The intercropped plantation area was subdivided and soil samples collected around of the A. mangium and E. grandis individuals in order to compare the rhizosphere effects of each tree species within this treatment. The microbial and biochemistry attributes measured were: microbial biomass C and N, microbial respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2), metabolic microbial, enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase, cellulase, urease, acid phosphatase and alkali phosphatase), spore diversity and density and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The chemistry soil attributes evaluated were: Total C, total N, available P, pH and moisture. Total C, N and P litter were evaluated. There was a cumulative effect due the first rotation, mainly at A. mangium monoculture. Soil chemistry attributes (total C, total N and available P) were little altered in early stage of the plantations. However, litter attributes were extremely dynamics, dissimilar between treatments and correlated with the soil microbial attributes. A. mangium showed decrease of the litter C/N and C/P ratios (pure and intercropped plantation). In this case, E. grandis also decrease the litter C/N and C/P ratios when planted with A. mangium. Intercropped plantation stimulated the microbial activity, mainly the phosphatases and root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, presumably A. mangium is the greater responsible to stimulate the soil microbial community in intercropped plantation, favoring E. grandis. Alkali and acid phosphatase were microbial attributes more drastically altered with plant development, showing the sensibility these variables. These results are important information not only about to intercropped plantation capacity for maximize N and P cycling, but also about the knowledge of the dynamic of these elements and the soil microbial in early stages of the forestry plantations, which is little reported to literature.