The aim of our diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of drop irrigation on achieved profit and the quality of chosen consumable variety of potatoes. The field experiment was established on lands of experimental field station AF MENDELU in Žabčice, Brno during a trial period from 2016 to 2017. Two consumable varieties of potatoes with different duration of vegetative period – very early season variety called Monika and mid-early season variety called Jolana – were used for experiments. The influence of additional drop irrigation on profit and strachiness of potatoe tubers was closely monitored. The experiment consisted of four options, always in four repetitions. Particular options were: Control, P60, P65 and P70% of usable water capacity. On the basis of attained results it is possible to note that the drop irrigation is very effective and efficient way to raise profit and quality of potatoes. Due to practical and economic reasons, P60 and P65 appear to be an optimal option of drop irrigation providing medium soil humidity.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are highly variable materials capable of producing positive and negative responses to their effects on plants. Negative effects are often associated with their excessive concentration, which can cause oxidative stress in plants.Conversely, suitable dosages lead to positive manifestations of growth and improvement in the properties studied. ZnO nanoparticles provide plants with a more acceptable form of zinc that is well accessible and easier to use. However, information about their pos-sible toxic effect in combination with another stress factor is lack. The aim of this work was to compare and evaluate the effects of zinc in the form of nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with the effects of zinc bound in chelate bonding (Zn-EDTA), in combination with UV-C stress factor in plants Solanum lycoperscicum L. Results of this pilot experiment show that both ZnO and Zn-EDTA nanoparticles of 10.95 mg Zn2+ /l in combination with UV-C radiation have a negative effect on vitality and induce oxidative stress in treated plants. The decisive effect on the toxic effect was based on the concentration used and the form of zinc applied. Differences were expres-sed in expression levels of genes affected by oxidative stress. The results obtained from the expression analysis of the genes made it possible to observe the individual transcripts used to respond to oxidative stress and also to provide information on the possible sy-nergistic effect of UV-C radiation and zinc in both studied forms (Zn-EDTA and ZnO NPs).

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) are fatty acid ethanolamides that occur in a wide range of eukaryotes and their composition is specific to species, developmental stage and tissue type. In plants, NAEs negatively regulate growth and mediate stress responses. The function of NAEs is terminated by a highly conserved enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). In plants, FAAH homologue has been characterized only for model plant Arabidopsis. Under normal growth conditions, AtFAAH overexpressor seedlings showed enhanced growth suggesting that FAAH might act as a modulator of endogenous NAE levels and regulate growth. Because of the significant role NAEs were shown to play in model plant Arabidopsis, it is pertinent to elucidate this conserved metabolic pathway in crop species such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) that may lead to improved productivity. We hypothesized that there is a functional FAAH in tomato that hydrolyzes NAEs. With AtFAAH as a template and using BLASTX, we identified two putative FAAH sequences in tomato. CLUSTALW alignment showed conserved amidase signature sequence and the catalytic triad. Molecular visualization system (PyMOL) revealed that the protein structures of putative SlFAAH1and 2 were similar in domain structure to AtFAAH, with minor differences in spatial arrangement. For further biochemical characterization, full-length coding sequence of SlFAAH1 and SlFAAH2 were isolated and cloned into a heterologous expression system. The expressed protein will be characterized for its hydrolytic activity against radiolabelled NAE substrates. This research is expected to lead to characterization of NAE pathway in a crop plant. Long-term implications of this study include development of molecular and biochemical tools necessary to improve tolerance to abiotic stress and increase crop productivity.

No description available.

Thesis(M.Sc.( Agriculture, Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Worldwide, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important crops grown for nutritional value and health benefits, and are highly susceptible to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. Following the withdrawal of synthetic chemical nematicides, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides have been researched and developed as alternatives to synthetic chemical nematicides. However, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides contains allelochemicals namely, cucurbitacin A (C32H46O9) and cucurbitacin B (C32H46O8) as their active ingredients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether increasing concentration of Nemarioc AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would result in cucurbitacin residues in tomato plant, to generate mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP) values, overall sensitivity (∑k) and selected foliar mineral elements of tomato plant. Two parallel trials of Nemarioc AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were conducted under field conditions, with each validated the next season. Each trial had seven treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% of Nemarioc-AL or Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations, arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with five replications. In each trial, the seasonal interaction on variables was not significant and therefore data were pooled across the two seasons (n = 70). In both phytonematicides, the cucurbitacin residues were not detected in soil and tomato fruit. Plant variables and selected foliar nutrient elements were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) model to generate biological indices which allowed for the calculation of MCSP of phytonematicides on tomato and their ∑k values of tomato to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric BL phytonematicides. In Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide experiment, MCSP for tomato plant variables was at 1.13%, with the ∑k of 60 units, while the MCSP for selected tomato nutrient elements in leaf tissues was at 2.49%, with the ∑k of 21 units. Plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, number of fruit, dry fruit mass, dry shoot mass and dry root mass each with increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explained by 95, 82, 96, 89, 83, 83 and 92%, respectively. Similarly, K, Na and Zn each with increasing Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explaining a strong relationship by 91, 96 and 89%. In Nemafric-BL phytonematicide experiment, MSCP for tomato plant variables was at 1.75%, with the ∑k of 45 units, whereas MCSP for selected tomato nutrient elements in leaf tissues was at 3.72% with the ∑k of 33 units. Plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, number of fruit, dry fruit mass, dry shoot mass and dry root mass and increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with the model explaining a strong relationship by 92, 83, 97, 96, 87, 94 and 96%. Likewise, Na and Zn each with increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explaining their relationship by 93 and 83%, respectively. In contrast, K with increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited negative quadratic relations with a model explaining the relationship by 96%. In conclusion, tomato plant variables and selected foliar nutrient elements over increasing concentration of phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns, characterised by three phases, namely, stimulation, neutral and inhibition. The developed non-phytotoxic concentration would be suitable for successful tomato production under field conditions.

Recent advances in plant genetic engineering offer substantial benefits to farmers throughout the world. Genetic research has identified many exogenous genes that could considerably decrease production costs through transgene-mediated resistance to insect, viral, fungal and bacterial pathogens. Potato can be produced from true potato seed (TPS) through a sexual polyploidization step, known as 4x-2x hybridization. Little is known regarding the stability of transgenes through sexual polyploidization in potato, although studies have associated ploidy elevation with transgene silencing in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, potato was transformed with two different transgenes, cry3Aa and PVYo cp, and transgene expression was analyzed through 4x-2x hybridization. Transgene introgression did not affect fertility or agronomic performance (tuber set, average tuber weight, total tuber yield) of the resulting 4x-2x hybrids; however, reduced seed germination was observed for several transgenic lines in an in vitro study. Ploidy elevation did not affect a highly expressed single copy cry3Aa transgene, simplex or duplex, transmitted through pollen to 4x-2x hybrids. By contrast, multiple copies of cry3Aa triggered significant transgene silencing in diploids and silencing was further pronounced upon pollen transmission to 4x-2x hybrids. Crosses between two, single insert plants demonstrated additional evidence that multiple cry3Aa transgenes resulted in reduced expression, as well as provided evidence for maternal effects on expression of the cry3Aa transgene. Finally, Cry3Aa expression levels of progeny derived from low expressing, multiple copy 4x-2x hybrids indicated that reduction of transgene number in progeny, through meiotic segregation, could increase Cry3Aa expression. The results suggest that 4x-2x hybridization using single copy, male parents can result in high expressing, transgenic 4x-2x hybrids while segregating for a low frequency of non-transgenic hybrids that create a "refuge" to inhibit development of resistance to transgenes in pest populations. / Ph. D.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a member of the Solanaceae family. In this research project tomato, more specifically the M82 cultivar was chosen as a model plant for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer by cotyledon inoculation. Our objective was to transform tomato with a T-DNA construct bearing a transposon from maize that can be used for mutagenesis when it transposes or moves around the genome of the tomato. The vector used is a two-component in-cis Ac-Ds system which needs a single transformation event. It was proved that it worked in Arabidopsis and rice according to Trijatmiko (2005). The construct consists of the BAR gene conferring resistance to herbicide Basta, hygromycin (HYG) gene conferring resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, which are driven by specific plant promoters. The selectable marker genes such as HYG and BAR were used to select the rare transformation events by making the transformed tomato tissue resistant to the toxic chemicals (antibiotic and herbicide) compared to the untransformed tissue in which growth was inhibited. The results described consist of developing a transformation protocol which enabled the production of transgenic tomato lines by the help of the antibiotic augmetin (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). The transgenic lines were tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and herbicide bioassays. / Master of Science

Tesis por compendio / Alimentar a la futura población en crecimiento en un contexto de cambio climático exige nuevos enfoques y herramientas de mejora genética para desarrollar nuevas variedades de cultivos que sean resilientes y eficientes en el uso de los recursos. Entre las hortalizas, la berenjena (Solanum melongena) es reconocida como un cultivo importante y como tal está incluida en el Anexo 1 del Tratado Internacional sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, que incluye 34 cultivos considerados como los más relevantes para la humanidad. Antes del inicio de esta tesis, se disponía de pocas herramientas genéticas y genómicas para la mejora genética de la berenjena, las cuales se revisan en un capítulo introductorio. Asimismo, hemos reconocido la importancia de los parientes silvestres de la berenjena, que apenas se han utilizado en la mejora genética de la misma. A este respecto, para hacer un uso más eficiente de los parientes silvestres en la mejora genética, propusimos un enfoque ambicioso, llamado "introgressiomics", que consiste en un desarrollo sistemático y masivo de materiales que lleven introgresiones de parientes silvestres (CWR), los cuales generalmente son una fuente inexplorada e desaprovechada de variación genética. Los trabajos realizados en esta tesis están relacionados con la aplicación de este enfoque a la berenjena. En este marco, los objetivos generales de la tesis son el desarrollo de la información y herramientas genéticas y genómicas en el acervo genético de la berenjena, utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario y multifacético para la mejora genética en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades mejoradas y resistentes usando especies relacionadas como fuente de variación. Concretamente, en el primer capítulo de esta tesis, secuenciamos el transcriptoma de dos especies relacionadas con la berenjena, la silvestre Solanum incanum y la especie cultivada africana S. aethiopicum, que tienen un gran interés en la mejora genética de la berenjena. Los transcriptomas se ensamblaron en 83,905 y 87,084 unigenes para S. incanum y S. aethiopicum respectivamente, los cuales fueron extensivamente anotados estructuralmente y funcionalmente. La busqueda de variantes alélicas identificó decenas de miles de polimorfismos intraespecíficos e interespecíficos, así como alrededor de un millar de SSRs en cada especie. En el segundo capítulo, un subconjunto de esos marcadores (11 SSRs y 35 SNPs) se analizaron para confirmar su utilidad para la huella genética, la evaluación de la diversidad y el establecimiento de relaciones entre las berenjenas cultivadas (común, escarlata y gboma). Observamos que los SSRs y los SNPs proporcionaron resultados diferentes en el establecimiento de las relaciones, lo que sugiere que cada tipo de marcador muestreó diferentes niveles de variación genética. Sin embargo, aunque ambos marcadores proporcionaron un nivel similar de información, los SNPs parecen proporcionar una mejor resolución que los SSRs para materiales filogenéticamente más distantes. En el tercer capítulo, para ampliar la estimación de la diversidad genética y las relaciones genéticas entre y dentro de las especies silvestres y cultivadas pertenecientes al complejo berenjena, realizamos un genotipado masivo, mediante un enfoque de genotipado por secuenciación, de 76 accesiones pertenecientes a 17 especies del acervo genético primario, secundario y terciario de la berenjena común. De los 75,399 sitios polimórficos identificados, 12,859 se asociaron a regiones CDS y se usaron para establecer una evaluación exhaustiva y detallada de la diversidad alélica natural y las relaciones genéticas en el acervo genético de la berenjena utilizando tres enfoques diferentes (estructura jerárquica de la población, dendrograma basado en UPGMA y análisis de PCoA). En el cuatro capítulo, desarrollamos un mapa genético interespecífico entre S. incanum y S. melongena, vinculado a otros / Feeding the future burgeoning population in a climate change scenario demands new breeding approaches and tools to develop new resource-efficient and resilient crop varieties. Among vegetable crops, eggplant (Solanum melongena) is recognized as an important food crop and as such is included in the Annex 1 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which includes 34 crops considered as most relevant for mankind. Before the start of this thesis, few genetic and genomic tools and resources for eggplant breeding, which are reviewed in an introductory chapter, were available. We have recognized the importance of wild eggplant relatives, which have been barely used in eggplant breeding. In this respect, in order to make a more efficient use of wild relatives in plant breeding, we proposed an ambitious approach, called "introgressiomics", consisting of a systematic and massive development of materials carrying introgressions from crop wild relatives (CWRs), which usually are an unexplored and unexploited source of genetic variation for breeding traits. The works done in this thesis are related to the application of the introgressiomics approach to eggplant. In this framework, the general objectives of the thesis are the development of genetic and genomic information and tools in eggplant genepool, using a multidisciplinary and multi-pronged approach to assist eggplant breeding in the development of new improved and resilient varieties using eggplant relatives as a source of variation. Specifically, in the first chapter of this thesis, we sequenced the transcriptome of two eggplant related species, the wild Solanum incanum and the cultivated S. aethiopicum, that have a great interest in eggplant breeding. The transcriptomes were assembled in 83,905 and 87,084 unigenes for S. incanum and S. aethiopicum respectively, which were extensively structurally and functionally annotated. The variant call analysis identified tens of thousands intraspecific and interspecific polymorphisms, as well as around a thousand of SSRs in each species. In the second chapter, a subset of those markers (11 SSRs and 35 SNPs) was tested for confirming their usefulness for genetic fingerprinting, diversity evaluation and the establishment of relationships in cultivated eggplant (common, scarlet and gboma) genepools. We observed that SSRs and SNPs provided different results in the establishment of the relationships, suggesting that each marker type sampled different levels of genetic variation. However, although both markers provided a similar level of information, SNPs seem to provide a better resolution than SSRs for materials phylogenetically more distant. In the third chapter, in order to broaden the estimation of the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among and within wild and cultivated species belonging to eggplant complexes, we performed a massive genotyping, by a genotype-by-sequencing approach, of 76 accessions belonging to 17 species from the primary, secondary and tertiary genepool of common eggplant. Out of 75,399 polymorphic sites identified, 12,859 were associated to CDS regions and used to establish an exhaustive and detailed evaluation of the natural allelic diversity and genetic relationships in eggplant genepool using three different approaches (hierarchical population structure, UPGMA-based dendrogram, and PCoA analysis). In the four chapter, we developed an interspecific genetic map between S. incanum and S. melongena, linked to four previous eggplant maps and to one tomato map. A total of 243 molecular markers were successfully mapped consisting of 42 COSII, 99 SSRs, 88 AFLPs, 9 CAPS, 4 SNPs and one morphological polymorphic markers encompassed 1085 cM distributed in 12 linkage groups. Based on the syntheny with tomato, the candidate genes involved in the core chlorogenic acid synthesis pathway in eggplant (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3¿H, HQT), five polyphenol oxidase genes (PPO1, PPO2, PPO3, PP / Alimentar la futura població en creixement en un context de canvi climàtic exigeix nous enfocaments i eines de millora genètica per desenvolupar noves varietats de cultius que siguin resilients i eficients en l'ús dels recursos. Entre les hortalisses, l'albergínia (Solanum melongena) és reconeguda com un cultiu important i com a tal està inclosa en l'Annex 1 del Tractat Internacional sobre els Recursos Fitogenètics per a l'Alimentació i l'Agricultura, que inclou 34 cultius considerats com els més rellevants per a la humanitat. Abans de l'inici d'aquesta tesi, es disposava de poques eines genètiques i genòmiques per a la millora genètica de l'albergínia, les quals es revisen en un capítol introductori. Així mateix, hem reconegut la importància dels parents silvestres de l'albergínia, que tot just s'han utilitzat en la millora genètica de la mateixa. Referent a això, per fer un ús més eficient dels parents silvestres a la millora genètica, vam proposar un enfocament ambiciós, anomenat "introgressiomics", que consisteix en un desenvolupament sistemàtic i massiu de materials que portin introgresions de parents silvestres (CWR), els quals generalment són una font inexplorada i desaprofitada de variació genètica. Els treballs realitzats en aquesta tesi estan relacionats amb l'aplicació d'aquest enfocament a l'albergínia. En aquest marc, els objectius generals de la tesi són el desenvolupament de la informació i eines genètiques i genòmiques en el patrimoni genètic de l'albergínia, utilitzant un enfocament multidisciplinari i multifacètic per a la millora genètica en el desenvolupament de noves varietats millorades i resistents emprent spècies relacionades com a font de variació. Concretament, en el primer capítol d'aquesta tesi, seqüenciem el transcriptoma de dues espècies relacionades amb l'albergínia, la silvestre Solanum incanum i l'espècie cultivada africana S. aethiopicum, que tenen un gran interès en la millora genètica de l'albergínia. Els transcriptomes s'ensamblaren en 83,905 i 87,084 unigenes per S. incanum i S. aethiopicum respectivament, els quals van ser extensivament anotats estructuralment i funcionalment. La recerca de variants al·lèliques va identificar desenes de milers de polimorfismes intraespecífics i interespecífics, així com al voltant d'un miler de SSRs en cada espècie. En el segon capítol, un subconjunt d'aquests marcadors (11 SSRs i 35 SNPs) es van analitzar per confirmar la seva utilitat per l'empremta genètica, l'avaluació de la diversitat i l'establiment de relacions entre les albergínies conreades (comú, escarlata i gboma). Observem que els SSRs i els SNPs van proporcionar resultats diferents en l'establiment de les relacions, el que suggereix que cada tipus de marcador va mostrejar diferents nivells de variació genètica. No obstant això, encara que tots dos marcadors van proporcionar un nivell similar d'informació, els SNPs semblen proporcionar una millor resolució que els SSRs per materials filogenèticament més distants. En el tercer capítol, per a ampliar l'estimació de la diversitat genètica i les relacions genètiques entre i dins de les espècies silvestres i conreades pertanyents al complex albergínia, vam realitzar un genotipat massiu, mitjançant un enfocament de genotipat per seqüenciació, de 76 accessions pertanyents a 17 espècies del patrimoni genètic primari, secundari i terciari de l'albergínia comuna. Dels 75,399 llocs polimòrfics identificats, 12,859 es van associar a regions CDS i es van usar per a establir una avaluació exhaustiva i detallada de la diversitat al·lèlica natural i les relacions genètiques en el patrimoni genètic de l'albergínia utilitzant tres enfocaments diferents (estructura jeràrquica de la població, dendrograma basat en UPGMA i anàlisi de PCoA). En el quart capítol, desenvolupem un mapa genètic interespecífic entre S. incanum i S. melongena, vinculat a altres quatre mapes anterior / Gramazio, P. (2018). GENETICS AND GENOMICS OF CULTIVATED EGGPLANTS AND WILD RELATIVES [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/104605 / Compendio

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The anther culture response of diploid Solanum chacoense (chc) - S. phureja (phu) hybrids and the regeneration potential of anther-derived monoploids was evaluated. In vivo evaluation of interspecific hybrids was also performed. Three hybrids were anther cultured to observe the effects of reduced nitrogen source on androgenesis. Anthers were distributed to five reduced nitrogen sources. The N concentration was 30 mM. No tested reduced nitrogen source proved superior to the control. Genotype significantly affected embryo production. Eleven monoploid genotypes were included in a leaf disc regeneration procedure utilizing three separate transfers to fresh medium differing by growth regulator composition; six genotypes responded. Silver thiosulfate (STS) at either of two steps in the process proved detrimental to diploid recovery. Hybrids between phu and chc involving six phu clones and eight chc clones or accessions, all resistant to Colorado potato beetle (CPB), were used. No inter-family differences for germination, fruit/pollination, or seed/fruit were observed. Substantial mortality, ascribed to the phenomenon of “hybrid breakdown”, occurred in three families by month four of the study. Field plantings revealed adequate CPB resistance, while Ambush (147 g/ha) application increased total tuber weight per plant and average tuber weight. Hybrids produced less total tuber weight than S. tuberosum (tbr), while chc genotypes produced the smallest average tuber size. Interspecific hybrids produced tuber sizes intermediate between chc and phu. Tbr tubers were the largest. Chc families, regardless of selection for leptine glycolakaloids, suffered the least CPB damage and phu parental clones and hybrid families suffered the most. / Master of Science