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Foram instalados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a interação sobre a tolerância da cultura da cana-de-açúcar pelo uso simultâneo de herbicidas em préemergência e nematicidas aplicados no sulco de plantio. Um experimento foi instalado em área de produção comercial da Usina Santa Helena e o outro em vasos do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ - USP. O delineamento experimental utilizado no experimento de campo foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos herbicidas, em kg.ha-1: sulfentrazone (0,8), tebuthiuron (0,9), metribuzin (1,44), ametrina (2,5), diuron (2,0), clomazone (1,0), pendimenthalin (1,75) e diuron+hexazinona (1,066+0,134) aplicados em condições de pré-emergência, além da testemunha. As sub-parcelas foram constituídas pelos nematicidas aplicados no sulco de plantio, em kg.ha-1: carbofuran (2,975), terbufós (3,0), aldicarb (1,5) e uma testemunha. Foram coletados os dados de fitotoxicidade aos 15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 dias após o inicio da brotação (DAB) e também o peso e qualidade tecnológica dos colmos industrializáveis no final do ciclo da cultura. Para a comparação de médias foi utilizado o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. No experimento em vasos os herbicidas utilizados, em kg.ha-1, foram: metribuzin (1,44), clomazone (1,0), pendimenthalin (1,75) e uma testemunha. Já os nematicidas utilizados, em kg.ha-1, foram: carbofuran (3,0), terbufós (3,0), aldicarb (1,5) e uma testemunha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado, com todas as combinações de herbicidas e nematicidas, totalizando 16 tratamentos, 4 repetições. Os dados coletados aos 15, 30, 45, 60, e 90 DAB referem-se a fitotoxicidade. Foi coletada também a biomassa fresca aos 90 DAB. A comparação de médias foi feita através do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições em que se realizaram os experimentos pode-se concluir que a interação nematicida x herbicida potencializou a ação fitotóxica dos herbicidas na cana-de-açúcar. A intensificação dos sintomas foi maior nas fases iniciais de crescimento da cultura, tanto para as plantas no campo quanto para as dos vasos, reduzindo assim a seletividade dos herbicidas à cana-deaçúcar. Os herbicidas metribuzin, diuron + hexazinona e diuron foram os que apresentaram menores interações com os nematicidas no experimento de campo, sendo que, o nematicida terbufós foi o que mais prolongou a persistência dos sintomas de fitotoxicidade resultante da interação, especialmente quando em associação com clomazone. Os resultados em vasos confirmaram a não interação do metribuzin com nematicidas e a interação do pendimenthalin com aldicarb e terbufós, além do clomazone e terbufós. Mesmo com as interações nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento da cultura, os danos fitotóxicos não refletiram em perdas de qualidade e produtividade no final do ciclo da cultura no experimento de campo, porém com relação às plantas dos vasos houve perdas de biomassa fresca quando essas foram pesadas aos 90 dias após início da brotação. Isso implica que a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB 867515 tem uma boa capacidade de recuperação de injúrias, porém, para que isso ocorra as plantas de cana-de-açúcar necessitam completar todo seu ciclo. / Two experiments were installed with the objective of evaluating the interaction on the tolerance of sugarcane crop to herbicides by the simultaneous application of preemergence herbicides and nematicides applied in the furrow at sugarcane planting. One experiment in field conditions and one in pots installed in the experimental area at University of Sao Paulo, in Piracicaba-SP. The experimental design used was split plots and the herbicides sprayed in the field experiment were, in kg.ha-1: sulfentrazone (0.8), tebuthiuron (0.9), metribuzin (1.44), ametryne (2.5), diuron (2.0), clomazone (1.0), pendimenthalin (1.75) and diuron + hexazinone (1.066+0.134), and an un-weeded check. The nematicides used, in kg.ha-1, were: carbofuran (2.975), terbufos (3.0), aldicarb (1.5) and a check plot without nematicides. The phytotoxicity data were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after the crop emergency (DAE) and also the yield and technological data in the end of the cycle. It was used Tukey test at 5% of probability for mean comparison. In the experiment in pots the herbicides used, in kg.ha- 1, were: metribuzin (1.44), clomazone (1.0), pendimenthalin (1.75) and a check. The nematicides used, in kg.ha-1, were: carbofuran (3.0), terbufos (3.0), aldicarb (1.5) and a check plot without nematicides in a total of 16 treatments, with four replicates. The data collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 DAE refer to the phytotoxicity and fresh biomass weight at 90 DAB. It was used a randomized complete block design, and Tukey test at 5% of probability for mean comparison. It can be concluded from the experiment that the interaction caused by nematicide x herbicide enhanced the phytotoxic effect of the herbicides to sugarcane. The symptoms were intense in the beginning in both field and pot experiments reducing the herbicide selectivity to sugarcane in the initial phases of the plants development. The herbicides metribuzin, diuron + hexazinone and diuron were the ones that presented lower interactions with the nematicidas in the field experiment, being the nematicide terbufos that extended more the phytotoxic symptoms as a result of the interaction, specially when in association with clomazone. The results in pots confirmed the non-interaction of metribuzin with the nematicidas and the interaction of pendimenthalin with aldicarb and terbufos, plus the interaction of clomazone and terbufos. Even with the interactions in the initial phases of the development of sugarcane plants no reduction was observed in the technological quality and yield at the end of the cycle of the plants in the field experiment, however, in pots there were losses of fresh weight biomass in the treatments with heavy phytotoxic effects up to 90 days after the plant emergence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the sugarcane variety RB 867515 has a good capacity of recovery of phytotoxic effects, however for that, sugarcane plants cycle must be completed up to harvest timing.

Foram instalados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a interação sobre a tolerância da cultura da cana-de-açúcar pelo uso simultâneo de herbicidas em préemergência e nematicidas aplicados no sulco de plantio. Um experimento foi instalado em área de produção comercial da Usina Santa Helena e o outro em vasos do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da ESALQ - USP. O delineamento experimental utilizado no experimento de campo foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos herbicidas, em kg.ha-1: sulfentrazone (0,8), tebuthiuron (0,9), metribuzin (1,44), ametrina (2,5), diuron (2,0), clomazone (1,0), pendimenthalin (1,75) e diuron+hexazinona (1,066+0,134) aplicados em condições de pré-emergência, além da testemunha. As sub-parcelas foram constituídas pelos nematicidas aplicados no sulco de plantio, em kg.ha-1: carbofuran (2,975), terbufós (3,0), aldicarb (1,5) e uma testemunha. Foram coletados os dados de fitotoxicidade aos 15, 30, 45, 60 e 90 dias após o inicio da brotação (DAB) e também o peso e qualidade tecnológica dos colmos industrializáveis no final do ciclo da cultura. Para a comparação de médias foi utilizado o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. No experimento em vasos os herbicidas utilizados, em kg.ha-1, foram: metribuzin (1,44), clomazone (1,0), pendimenthalin (1,75) e uma testemunha. Já os nematicidas utilizados, em kg.ha-1, foram: carbofuran (3,0), terbufós (3,0), aldicarb (1,5) e uma testemunha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi completamente casualizado, com todas as combinações de herbicidas e nematicidas, totalizando 16 tratamentos, 4 repetições. Os dados coletados aos 15, 30, 45, 60, e 90 DAB referem-se a fitotoxicidade. Foi coletada também a biomassa fresca aos 90 DAB. A comparação de médias foi feita através do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições em que se realizaram os experimentos pode-se concluir que a interação nematicida x herbicida potencializou a ação fitotóxica dos herbicidas na cana-de-açúcar. A intensificação dos sintomas foi maior nas fases iniciais de crescimento da cultura, tanto para as plantas no campo quanto para as dos vasos, reduzindo assim a seletividade dos herbicidas à cana-deaçúcar. Os herbicidas metribuzin, diuron + hexazinona e diuron foram os que apresentaram menores interações com os nematicidas no experimento de campo, sendo que, o nematicida terbufós foi o que mais prolongou a persistência dos sintomas de fitotoxicidade resultante da interação, especialmente quando em associação com clomazone. Os resultados em vasos confirmaram a não interação do metribuzin com nematicidas e a interação do pendimenthalin com aldicarb e terbufós, além do clomazone e terbufós. Mesmo com as interações nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento da cultura, os danos fitotóxicos não refletiram em perdas de qualidade e produtividade no final do ciclo da cultura no experimento de campo, porém com relação às plantas dos vasos houve perdas de biomassa fresca quando essas foram pesadas aos 90 dias após início da brotação. Isso implica que a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB 867515 tem uma boa capacidade de recuperação de injúrias, porém, para que isso ocorra as plantas de cana-de-açúcar necessitam completar todo seu ciclo. / Two experiments were installed with the objective of evaluating the interaction on the tolerance of sugarcane crop to herbicides by the simultaneous application of preemergence herbicides and nematicides applied in the furrow at sugarcane planting. One experiment in field conditions and one in pots installed in the experimental area at University of Sao Paulo, in Piracicaba-SP. The experimental design used was split plots and the herbicides sprayed in the field experiment were, in kg.ha-1: sulfentrazone (0.8), tebuthiuron (0.9), metribuzin (1.44), ametryne (2.5), diuron (2.0), clomazone (1.0), pendimenthalin (1.75) and diuron + hexazinone (1.066+0.134), and an un-weeded check. The nematicides used, in kg.ha-1, were: carbofuran (2.975), terbufos (3.0), aldicarb (1.5) and a check plot without nematicides. The phytotoxicity data were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after the crop emergency (DAE) and also the yield and technological data in the end of the cycle. It was used Tukey test at 5% of probability for mean comparison. In the experiment in pots the herbicides used, in kg.ha- 1, were: metribuzin (1.44), clomazone (1.0), pendimenthalin (1.75) and a check. The nematicides used, in kg.ha-1, were: carbofuran (3.0), terbufos (3.0), aldicarb (1.5) and a check plot without nematicides in a total of 16 treatments, with four replicates. The data collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 DAE refer to the phytotoxicity and fresh biomass weight at 90 DAB. It was used a randomized complete block design, and Tukey test at 5% of probability for mean comparison. It can be concluded from the experiment that the interaction caused by nematicide x herbicide enhanced the phytotoxic effect of the herbicides to sugarcane. The symptoms were intense in the beginning in both field and pot experiments reducing the herbicide selectivity to sugarcane in the initial phases of the plants development. The herbicides metribuzin, diuron + hexazinone and diuron were the ones that presented lower interactions with the nematicidas in the field experiment, being the nematicide terbufos that extended more the phytotoxic symptoms as a result of the interaction, specially when in association with clomazone. The results in pots confirmed the non-interaction of metribuzin with the nematicidas and the interaction of pendimenthalin with aldicarb and terbufos, plus the interaction of clomazone and terbufos. Even with the interactions in the initial phases of the development of sugarcane plants no reduction was observed in the technological quality and yield at the end of the cycle of the plants in the field experiment, however, in pots there were losses of fresh weight biomass in the treatments with heavy phytotoxic effects up to 90 days after the plant emergence. Therefore, it can be concluded that the sugarcane variety RB 867515 has a good capacity of recovery of phytotoxic effects, however for that, sugarcane plants cycle must be completed up to harvest timing.

Thesis(M.Sc.( Agriculture, Horticulture)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Worldwide, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important crops grown for nutritional value and health benefits, and are highly susceptible to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. Following the withdrawal of synthetic chemical nematicides, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides have been researched and developed as alternatives to synthetic chemical nematicides. However, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides contains allelochemicals namely, cucurbitacin A (C32H46O9) and cucurbitacin B (C32H46O8) as their active ingredients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether increasing concentration of Nemarioc AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides would result in cucurbitacin residues in tomato plant, to generate mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP) values, overall sensitivity (∑k) and selected foliar mineral elements of tomato plant. Two parallel trials of Nemarioc AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were conducted under field conditions, with each validated the next season. Each trial had seven treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% of Nemarioc-AL or Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentrations, arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with five replications. In each trial, the seasonal interaction on variables was not significant and therefore data were pooled across the two seasons (n = 70). In both phytonematicides, the cucurbitacin residues were not detected in soil and tomato fruit. Plant variables and selected foliar nutrient elements were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) model to generate biological indices which allowed for the calculation of MCSP of phytonematicides on tomato and their ∑k values of tomato to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric BL phytonematicides. In Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide experiment, MCSP for tomato plant variables was at 1.13%, with the ∑k of 60 units, while the MCSP for selected tomato nutrient elements in leaf tissues was at 2.49%, with the ∑k of 21 units. Plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, number of fruit, dry fruit mass, dry shoot mass and dry root mass each with increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explained by 95, 82, 96, 89, 83, 83 and 92%, respectively. Similarly, K, Na and Zn each with increasing Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explaining a strong relationship by 91, 96 and 89%. In Nemafric-BL phytonematicide experiment, MSCP for tomato plant variables was at 1.75%, with the ∑k of 45 units, whereas MCSP for selected tomato nutrient elements in leaf tissues was at 3.72% with the ∑k of 33 units. Plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, number of fruit, dry fruit mass, dry shoot mass and dry root mass and increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with the model explaining a strong relationship by 92, 83, 97, 96, 87, 94 and 96%. Likewise, Na and Zn each with increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited positive quadratic relations with a model explaining their relationship by 93 and 83%, respectively. In contrast, K with increasing Nemafric-BL phytonematicide concentration exhibited negative quadratic relations with a model explaining the relationship by 96%. In conclusion, tomato plant variables and selected foliar nutrient elements over increasing concentration of phytonematicides exhibited DDG patterns, characterised by three phases, namely, stimulation, neutral and inhibition. The developed non-phytotoxic concentration would be suitable for successful tomato production under field conditions.

Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira) currently infests about 36% of the Mississippi G. hirsutum acres causing economic losses of $130 million annually. For more than 40 years nematodes, including R. reniformis, have been managed using an at-planting treatment of Temik 15G or with soil fumigants like Telone II. With the label loss of Temik 15G and expense of soil fumigants, there is a need to develop an integrated nematode management program centered around nematicide seed treatments (NST) with and without foliar applications of Vydate C-LV. In addition there is a need to better understand how new cotton cultivars provide improved growth, development and yield in nematode infested fields. Results from research at Auburn and Mississippi State Universities revealed tested varieties responded positively to NST and improved growth and yield without NST was variety specific especially early in G. hirsutum development (between nodes 1-9). Cutivars Phy 499, FM 1740 and Stv 5458 showed the greatest nematode tolerance while Phy 375 WRF had the least tolerance, benefitting greatly from NST. Trials involving NST with and without Vydate C-LV indicated yield of plants treated with Temik 15G was greater than plants treated with NST treatments. Aeris + Votivo with and without Vydate C-LV provided better plant growth and yield than Aeris alone or with Vydate C-LV. Relative to yield Vydate C-LV treatments increased pounds of lint cotton/acre across all treatments. There were no differences in fruit retention at fruiting site one during the square period with fruit loss primarily occurring between bloom and open boll. Vydate C-LV treatments increased overall fruit retention compared to all nematicide seed treatments making them comparable to Temik 15G.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / In use of phytonematicides as an alternative to synthetic chemical nematicides, the major challenge had been the development of appropriate application technologies, which are currently limited to the ground leaching technology (GLT) and botinemagation (BNT) systems. The former is labour-intensive, whereas the latter requires infrastructure that could be costly for smallholder farmers. The priming of seeds with hypogenous germination properties in phytonematicide solutions could serve as an alternative method of the application of phytonematicides, where the cotyledons would serve as carriers of the active ingredients that are leached into the rhizosphere for suppression of nematode numbers. However, since germination is a chemical process, it is not known whether the active ingredients in cucurbitacin containing phytonematicides would interfere with germination and the subsequent emergence of the seedlings through the incidence of phytotoxicity as observed in the use of the products in crop production. The objectives of the study, therefore, were (1) to investigate the sensitivity and overall sensitivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants to Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides, and (2) to determine the mean concentration point (MCSP) for pea-inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita under greenhouse and microplot conditions, where seeds were previously primed in phytonematicide solutions. Two separate trials were conducted with seven treatments, namely, 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% Nemarioc-AL or Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, arranged in completely randomised design (CRD), with 8 replications each. Pea seeds were primed in Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicide solutions for two hours and shade dried prior to sowing. In vitro trial, 10 seeds were spread uniformly on a moistened filter paper in sterilised petri-dishes with lids and placed in an incubator at 25oC. In vivo trials were under greenhouse and micro-plot conditions, pea seeds were sown in 25-cm and 30-cm diameter plastic pots, respectively. Pots were filled with pasteurised loam soil. Seedlings were inoculated with 5 000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. Treatments in each case included priming seeds as explained earlier, arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD), with 6 replications under greenhouse conditions and 8 replications under micro-plot conditions. In all cases, plant growth variables were assessed using the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dose (CARD) model to generate biological indices which were used to calculate MCSP and the overall sensitivity (Σk). Nematode variables in inoculated trials were assessed using the regression model. In vitro trials, germination variables had positive quadratic relation versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, with MCSP= 0.62 % and ∑k = 34 units. In contrast, tested germination variables exhibited negative quadratic relations versus Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. In greenhouse trials, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 0.62 and 2.18 %, respectively, with ∑k = 0. Plant height (R2 = 0.86), stem diameter (R2 = 0.93) and chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.85), exhibited positive quadratic relationship against Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, whereas, plant height (R2 = 0.95), stem diameter (R2 = 0.92), chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.89), number of flowers (R2 = 0.93) and dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.94), exhibited positive quadratic relationship against Nemafric-BL phytonematicide. In micro-plot trials, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 0.71 and 2.45 %, respectively, with ∑k = 0. Plant height (R2 = 0.95), stem diameter (R2 = 0.98), chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.98), and gall ratings (R2 = 0.98), exhibited positive quadratic relationships against Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, while chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.97) and gall ratings (R2 = 0.96) exhibited positive quadratic relationships against Nemafric-BL phytonematicide. All degrees of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides profoundly reduced nematode numbers under greenhouse and micro-plot trials. In conclusion, both Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides could be applied through the priming technology on pea seeds which have hypogenous germination properties in suppression of nematode population densities. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-11T18:53:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IdalecioPS_TESE.pdf: 5907205 bytes, checksum: 814ed97201f439fa05e27b9c404b4908 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T15:20:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IdalecioPS_TESE.pdf: 5907205 bytes, checksum: 814ed97201f439fa05e27b9c404b4908 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:13:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 IdalecioPS_TESE.pdf: 5907205 bytes, checksum: 814ed97201f439fa05e27b9c404b4908 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IdalecioPS_TESE.pdf: 5907205 bytes, checksum: 814ed97201f439fa05e27b9c404b4908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pollinators are among the essential components for the functioning of ecosystems in general, because it is essential for the reproduction and maintenance of the diversity of plant species and provide food for humans and animals, also influencing the qualitative aspect of the production. Currently, the population density of many pollinators are being reduced to levels that can impair pollination services. The decline of honeybee Africanized (Apis mellifera L.) populations impacts global agricultural production and has a clear impact on both food production and the economy. One of the probable causes for this decline is the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Thus, there was comparative levels of exposure to pesticides among bees (Apis mellifera L.) that are used to pollinate melon crops, bees (Apis mellifera L.) kept in the bush, and Jandaira bees (Melipona subnitida ) kept in the bush. To do this, honey samples were collected from 23 colonies of Apis mellifera used to pollinate melon palntações, 20 colonies of Apis mellifera foraging forest and 10 colonies of Melipona subnitida foraging in the forest. The level of exposure to pesticides was determined by measuring the residual levels of 152 compounds in honey using a multiresidue analysis technique in UFLC-MS system. Honey samples from the present study contained 19 different pesticides, 13 of which were present in honey from bees pollinating melon crops. The levels of some compounds were sufficiently high to promote adverse effects in the bees. Thus, crop pollination offers a great toxicological risk to bees that may contribute to colony collapse / Os polinizadores estão entre os componentes essenciais para o funcionamento dos ecossistemas em geral, pois é essencial para a reprodução e manutenção da diversidade de espécies de plantas e provê alimentos para humanos e animais, influenciando, também, o aspecto quantitativo e qualitativo da produção. Atualmente, a densidade populacional de muitos polinizadores está sendo reduzida a níveis que podem comprometer os serviços de polinização. O declínio das populações de abelhas (Apis mellifera L.) tem impactado na produção agrícola mundial e tem um impacto claro sobre a produção de alimentos e da economia. Uma das causas prováveis para este declínio é o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos. Desta forma, fez-se estudo comparativo dos níveis de exposição aos pesticidas entre as abelhas Apis mellifera L. (africanizadas) que são usadas para polinizar plantações de melão, as abelhas Apis mellifera L.(africanizadas) mantidas na caatinga, e as abelhas jandaíra (Melipona subnitida) mantidas na caatinga. Para isso, amostras de mel foram coletadas de 23 colônias de abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera utilizadas para polinizar plantações de melão, 20 colônias de abelhas africanizadas Apis mellifera que forrageiam de na caatinga e 10 colônias de Melípona subnitida que forrageiam na caatinga. O nível de exposição aos pesticidas foi determinado medindo os níveis residuais de 152 compostos no mel, utilizando uma técnica de análise de multiresíduos no sistema UFLC-MS. As amostras de mel estudadas apresentaram 19 pesticidas diferentes, 13 dos quais estavam presentes no mel de abelhas polinizadoras das plantações de melão. Os níveis de alguns compostos foram suficientemente elevados para promover efeitos adversos em abelhas. Assim, a polinização das culturas oferece um grande risco de toxicidade para as abelhas que pode contribuir para o colapso da colônia / 2017-04-11

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, can be found in up to 2 million hectares in Brazil. Few agronomic practices are economically suitable and effective against this nematode, therefore new tools development becomes important. The objective of this study was assessing the natural occurrence of Pasteuria sp. on H. glycines populations; P. nishizawae, PN1 isolated, endospores attachment on different H. glycines populations and its efficacy against H. glycines under green-house conditions. Pasteuria natural occurrence was assessed by endospores observation on nematode skin in 14 different nematode populations, from commercial soybean areas. Nice H. glycines populations were used for attachment tests with PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae by centrifuge method described by Hewlett & Dickson (1993). For efficacy test were tested two P. nishizawae rates (106 e 108 endospores / plant), abamectin and Purpureocillium lilacinus, on commercial rates. Pasteuria sp. endospores were found on all evaluated populations at different frequencies, from 5.5 to 87%. Such observation represents the first report of Pasteuria sp. occurrence on H. glycines in Brazil. Attachment results of PN1 isolated of P. nishizawae showed few variations were found among nematode populations, from 12.5 to 44.5%. In efficacy test, P. nishizawae (PN1 isolated) was effective at 108 endospores per plant in early H. glycines control, according number of females per plant, number of females per root gram and number of eggs per plant. Therefore, P. nishizawae showed a good potential as biological agent against H. glycines in Brazil. / O nematoide do cisto da soja, Heterodera glycines, está presente em mais de 2 milhões de hectares no Brasil. Poucas práticas agronômicas são economicamente viáveis e eficientes no manejo desse nematoide e, portanto, se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas de manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência natural de Pasteuria sp. em populações de H. glycines, adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae em diferentes populações de campo de H. glycines e sua eficiência no controle do nematoide em condições de casa-de-vegetação. O estudo de ocorrência natural de Pasteuria sp. foi realizado mediante a observação da presença de endósporos aderidos à cutícula dos nematoides extraídos de 14 populações, provenientes de diferentes áreas produtoras de soja. A adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae foi testada sobre nove diferentes populações de H. glycines pelo uso do método descrito por Hewlett e Dickson (1993). Para o teste de eficácia, foram utilizadas duas doses de P. nishizawae (106 e 108 endósporos / planta) em comparação com abamectina e Purpureocillium lilacinus, em doses comercialmente utilizadas. Endósporos de Pasteuria sp. foram encontrados em todas as populações avaliadas em frequências variáveis entre 5,5 a 87%. Tal observação consiste no primeiro relato de Pasteuria sp. em populações de H. glycines no Brasil. Quanto à adesão de endósporos do isolado PN1 de P. nishizawae, pouca variação foi observada entre diferentes populações de H. glicynes, com porcentagens variáveis entre 12,5 a 44,5%. No experimento de eficácia, P. nishizawae (isolado PN1) foi eficiente na dose 108 endósporos por planta para o controle inicial de H. glycines, em termos de redução de fêmeas por planta, fêmeas por grama de raiz e ovos por fêmeas. P. nishizawae, portanto, possui grande potencial como agente de controle biológico de H. glycines no Brasil. / Mestre em Agronomia