Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-31T17:05:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Silvia Macarri Petricoski.pdf: 2620168 bytes, checksum: f44863d59b0669f97542e59fbc5a4625 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T17:05:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Silvia Macarri Petricoski.pdf: 2620168 bytes, checksum: f44863d59b0669f97542e59fbc5a4625 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-09 / Throughout history, several sources and forms of energy have been used for production of goods and services. especially energy generated from fossil fuels such as oil. Due to the limits of their world reserves; CO2 emissions and ecological disasters from oil well drilling, it is crucial to think in renewable and sustainable sources of energy: those that naturally reconstitute themselves in a short period of time. One the alternatives for solving this problem is the energy coming from biomasses, whether animal or vegetable origin, it can be used to production of energy. The briquette is considered a solid biofuel, made from compaction of lignocellulosic residues much used to energy generation. This paper aimed to study production of briquettes from mixtures of urban pruning waste - RPU, from glycerine and cassava bagasse (Manihot esculenta). A prototype drier was used through solar heating to reduce humidity of RPU and cassava samples. Afterwards, samples of RPU, cassava bagasse and glycerin were mixed, yielding the treatments T1 (100% RPU), T2 (92% RPU and 8% Cassava bagasse), T3 (97% RPU and 3% Glycerin), T4 (89% RPU, 8% Cassava bagasse and 3% Glycerin) and T5 (94.5% RPU, 4% Cassava bagasse and 1,5% Glycerin). Then the analyzes of physical, chemical and energetic parameters the briquettes were carried out. The moisture content of the briquettes was lower in T1 treatment (7.935%). T2 treatment had lower fixed carbon value (16.858%) volatile content (66.520%) and higher ash content (16.621%). The percentages of C, H and N did not differ statistically between the treatments. The values of the upper, lower and useful calorific value were higher on T3 (18.973 MJ kg-1); (17,480 MJ kg-1) and (15,980 MJ kg-1) respectively. The apparent density was higher in T1 (1183 kg m-3) as well as energy density (20778.76 MJ m-3). Treatment T2 had the highest mechanical strength (1,281 kgf cm-2). The results, therefore, showed that treatments T1, T2 and T3 were more efficient, producing briquettes with properties that meet specifications of the market, besides presenting great energetic potential, being good substitutes for firewood. Based on information collected in Vera Cruz do Oeste - PR in 2015, approximately 76.92 t ano-1 of briquettes from urban pruning residues could be produced, thus contributing to generation of revenue in the value of R$ 23,614.44. / Ao longo da história, diversas foram as fontes e as formas de energia utilizadas para a produção de bens e de serviços, em especial a energia gerada a partir de combustíveis fósseis, como o petróleo. Em função dos limites de suas reservas mundiais; as emissões de CO2, e os desastres ecológicos a partir da perfuração de poços de petróleo, é fundamental pensar em fontes de energia renováveis e sustentáveis: aquelas que se reconstituem naturalmente, num curto período de tempo. Uma das alternativas para a solução deste problema é a energia proveniente das biomassas, seja de origem animal ou vegetal, que pode ser utilizada na produção de energia. O briquete é considerado um biocombustível sólido, feito a partir da compactação de resíduos lignocelulósicos muito utilizado para a geração de energia. Neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar a produção de briquetes a partir de misturas de Resíduos de Podas Urbanas - RPU, glicerina e bagaço de mandioca (Manihot esculenta). Para a redução da umidade das amostras de RPU e de mandioca, foi utilizado um secador via aquecimento solar. Posteriormente, as amostras dos RPU, do bagaço de mandioca e a glicerina foram misturadas gerando os tratamentos, T1 (100% RPU), T2 (92% RPU e 8% Bagaço de mandioca), T3 (97% RPU e 3% Glicerina), T4 (89% RPU, 8% Bagaço de mandioca e 3% Glicerina) e T5 (94,5% RPU, 4% Bagaço de mandioca e 1,5% Glicerina). Em seguida, foram realizadas as análises de parâmetros físicos, químicos e energéticos dos briquetes. O teor de umidade dos briquetes foi menor no tratamento T1 (7,935%). O tratamento T2 teve menor valor de carbono fixo (16,858%) e teor de voláteis (66,520%) e maior teor de cinzas (16,621%). As porcentagens de C, H e N não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. Os valores do poder calorífico superior, inferior e útil foram maiores no tratamento T3 (18,973 MJ kg-1); (17,480 MJ kg-1) e (15,980 MJ kg-1) respectivamente. A densidade aparente foi maior no tratamento T1 (1.183 kg m-3) bem como a densidade energética (20.778,76 MJ m-3). O tratamento T2 teve a maior resistência mecânica (1,281 kgf cm-2). Os resultados, portanto, demonstraram que os tratamentos T1, T2 e T3 foram mais eficientes, produzindo briquetes com propriedades que atendam as especificações do mercado, além de apresentarem grande potencial energético, sendo bons substitutos à lenha. Com base nas informações coletadas no Município de Vera Cruz do Oeste - PR no ano de 2015, poderiam ser produzidos aproximadamente 76,92 t ano-1 de briquetes oriundos de resíduos de podas urbanas, contribuindo desta forma para a geração de receita no valor de R$ 23.614,44.

The greatest political, scientific, and engineering challenge of the 21st century is finding a viable solution to limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) to curb the effects of global climate change. All sectors of society need to contribute to alleviate this problem, but industrial operations must play a significant leadership role. Some of these industries include: metallurgy, cement, power, agriculture and forestry. In particular, the iron/steel, cement, and power generation industries use coal on account of its high energy density among solid fuels. Coal combustion yields 720 tonne CO2/GWh, and produces fine particulates, sulphur and nitrous oxides, along with excess CO2 contributing to climate change. In comparison, biomass (such as agricultural and forestry residues) has a solid fuel rating of 25-100 tonne CO2/GWh; therefore, biomass fuels are considered more sustainable since the living biomass consumed CO2 in the early part of its life cycle. However, biomass has significant industrial shortcomings for its use as fuel at large scale, including low energy content, density, and hydrophobicity relative to coal. In short, biomass fuels cannot be substituted without major infrastructure changes which add economic penalties that industry is currently unwilling to absorb. Biomass upgrading routes were considered in this thesis. These include densification, torrefaction, and integrated torrefaction and densification (ITD). The first half of the methodology involved converting woody biomass (willow residue and poplar bark), agricultural residue (switchgrass plants), and pulp mill waste via a single pellet/briquette press at different densification temperatures and pressures. The second half of the methodology involved product characterization of each batch of pellets and briquettes. In this work, pellets and briquettes were tested for physical characteristics (density and durability), chemical differences (energy content and hydrophobicity), and transport phenomena characteristics (drying profiles). First, results showed that extrusion of torrefied biomass at 300°C with an estimated pressure of 10 MPa creates partially formed pellets from agricultural residues. Using the concept of ITD (temperature range 220-325°C and pressure range 40 and 215 MPa), the density was found to be 1000-1250 kg/m3 for pellets and briquettes. The degree of compression from the loose biomass was on the order of 3-10 which corresponds with theoretical expectations. Material density increased with increasing pressure. The solid yield of pellets and briquettes decreased with increasing temperature, and results aligned with micro-scale thermogravimetric analysis. The larger ITD briquettes (produced at T = 325°C, P = 40 MPa) were evaluated for calorific value and found to fall in the lignite classification (O/C < 0.4 and H/C < 1.2) on a van Krevelen diagram. The resulting ITD pellets and briquettes were found to have a durability similar to commercial materials (durability > 97%), and to be more hydrophobic (8 wt% moisture absorption compared to 35 wt%). The drying time of ITD materials was faster than commercial torrefied briquettes, with an effective diffusivity of 1.5×10-6 m2/s compared to 7.3×10-9 m2/s likely because of a smaller pore volume in ITD briquettes. Further pilot scale studies would help improve the ITD methodology and make the process more appealing for the replacement of coal fuels.

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas buvo ištirti trijų energetinių žolinių augalų biometrines bei energetines savybes ir jas palyginti tarpusavyje. Augalai buvo auginami lauko sąlygomis, kiekvieną augalą tręšiant skirtingomis mineralinio azoto normomis (N0 – kontrolė, N60 – 200 kg ha-1 ir N120 – 400 kg ha-1). Buvo tiriami pagrindiniai biometriniai rodikliai: augalų aukštis, augalų stiebų skaičius, sausoji biomasė, chlorofilo indeksas. Taip pat ištirtas pasirinktų augalų šilumingumas, peleningumas, pagrindiniai elementai (C, H, N, S, O) bei šalutiniai elementai (K, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Si, S), taip pat sunkieji metalai. Visų augalų energetinės savybės palygintos tarpusavyje. Vertinant gautus duomenis, tinkamiausi žoliniai augalai biokurui yra sida ir drambliažolė, kadangi jų peleningumas yra mažiausias. Tačiau nendrinio dryžučio, nors ir išsiskyrė didesniu peleningumu, šilumingumas buvo didžiausias. Cheminės sudėties analizės metu buvo nustatyta, jog papildomas tręšimas azotinėmis trąšomis įvairių elementų kiekiui augaluose didelės įtakos neturėjo, tačiau vertinant šalutinių elementų kiekį augaluose pastebėta tai, jog kai kurių cheminių elementų padidėjimą galėjo lemti ir augalų augimo vieta (atvira pieva, šalia žvyrkelio, šalia kelio, šalia dirbamo lauko ir pan.). / This master's thesis was to analyze three energy plant grass biometric and energy properties and to compare them with each other. Plants were grown in field, every plant fertilized with different rates of nitrogen (N0 - control, N60 - 200 kg ha-1 and N120 - 400 kg ha-1). It was investigated the main biometric parameters: plant height, plant stems, dry biomass and chlorophyll index. Also plants calorific value, ash content, the main elements (C, H, N, S, O) and minor elements (K, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Si, S) and heavy metals. Plant‘s energy properties were compared with each other. Evaluating the data, the optimum herbaceous plant for biofuels are sida and Miscanthus as their ash content is lowest. Reed canary grass calorific value was highest, but it stood higher ash content too. Chemical composition analysis showed that the additional nitrogen fertilization had no major impact of the various elements in plants, but by assessing the amount of elements in plants is noticeable that plant growth and position may impact some chemical elements increase (open meadow, near the gravel, next to the road, arable land, etc.).

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas buvo ištirti trijų energetinių žolinių augalų biometrines bei energetines savybes ir jas palyginti tarpusavyje. Augalai buvo auginami lauko sąlygomis, kiekvieną augalą tręšiant skirtingomis mineralinio azoto normomis (N0 – kontrolė, N60 – 200 kg ha-1 ir N120 – 400 kg ha-1). Buvo tiriami pagrindiniai biometriniai rodikliai: augalų aukštis, augalų stiebų skaičius, sausoji biomasė, chlorofilo indeksas. Taip pat ištirtas pasirinktų augalų šilumingumas, peleningumas, pagrindiniai elementai (C, H, N, S, O) bei šalutiniai elementai (K, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Si, S), taip pat sunkieji metalai. Visų augalų energetinės savybės palygintos tarpusavyje. Vertinant gautus duomenis, tinkamiausi žoliniai augalai biokurui yra sida ir drambliažolė, kadangi jų peleningumas yra mažiausias. Tačiau nendrinio dryžučio, nors ir išsiskyrė didesniu peleningumu, šilumingumas buvo didžiausias. Cheminės sudėties analizės metu buvo nustatyta, jog papildomas tręšimas azotinėmis trąšomis įvairių elementų kiekiui augaluose didelės įtakos neturėjo, tačiau vertinant šalutinių elementų kiekį augaluose pastebėta tai, jog kai kurių cheminių elementų padidėjimą galėjo lemti ir augalų augimo vieta (atvira pieva, šalia žvyrkelio, šalia kelio, šalia dirbamo lauko ir pan.). / This master's thesis was to analyze three energy plant grass biometric and energy properties and to compare them with each other. Plants were grown in field, every plant fertilized with different rates of nitrogen (N0 - control, N60 - 200 kg ha-1 and N120 - 400 kg ha-1). It was investigated the main biometric parameters: plant height, plant stems, dry biomass and chlorophyll index. Also plants calorific value, ash content, the main elements (C, H, N, S, O) and minor elements (K, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Si, S) and heavy metals. Plant‘s energy properties were compared with each other. Evaluating the data, the optimum herbaceous plant for biofuels are sida and Miscanthus as their ash content is lowest. Reed canary grass calorific value was highest, but it stood higher ash content too. Chemical composition analysis showed that the additional nitrogen fertilization had no major impact of the various elements in plants, but by assessing the amount of elements in plants is noticeable that plant growth and position may impact some chemical elements increase (open meadow, near the gravel, next to the road, arable land, etc.).

Darbe siekiama apibendrinti kietojo biokuro rinkos plėtros aspektus nagrinėjant jos struktūrinius pokyčius bei rinkos dalyvių elgseną. Teorinėje dalyje analizuojamas rinkodaros sprendimų priėmimo procesas ir inovatyviosios rinkodaros priemonių svarba siekiant šios verslo sistemos vystymo. Kietojo biokuro rinkos segmentų valdymo moksliniai-praktiniai sprendimai yra orientuoti taikyti tokias rinkodaros priemones, kurios padėtų gerinti tiekimo sistemos struktūriškumą. Tiriamojoje dalyje, remiantis kietojo biokuro rinkos dalyvių sąveikos įvertinimu, atliekamas jų veiklos plėtros galimybių vertinimas. Empirinio tyrimo pagrindas – apklausa. / The final thesis aims to examine the development aspects of solid biofuel market by summarizing the structural changes and the behavior of market entities. The theoretical analysis includes the marketing decision-making process and innovative marketing tools to achieve development of solid biofuel market. The scientific-practical managerial solutions are oriented towards the application of marketing tools that improve the supply system for the segments of solid biofuel market, which is structural complex and undeveloped. The research covers the basis of solid biofuel market interactions including activities of entities with the feasibility development assessment. The empirical basis of the study – a survey by questionnaire.

The global energy demand supplies mainly from fossil fuels, which is neither sustainable nor environmentally friendly and aims to global warming. Therefore, both more investments in renewable energy sources such as bioenergy are required, as well as new technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to handle the emissions from existing combined heat and power (CHP) plants. In this degree project, the focus is to determine the moisture content, ash content, heating value, and elemental compositions of solid biofuel mixtures in real-time by utilizing the optical technique of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A total number of 150 samples of solid biofuel mixtures were prepared and illuminated by NIR light. All spectra of the samples were recorded in a wavenumber range of 12000 cm-1 – 400 cm-1 in a dish on a turn table which was in a moving mode with a speed of 0.5 m/s. Each sample was scanned three times to avoid, or at least minimize the deviation of the spectra and the samples were mixed between each scan to get more reliable representative spectra data. Partial least square regression models were created to analyze the spectra data. A data split was done randomly, 100 for calibration and 50 for validation. Then the data was pre-processed with different methods including multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), Savitzky-Golay 1st derivative (SG 1st), Savitzky-Golay 2nd derivative (SG 2nd), and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) to reduce noise and scatter effect. The results of NIR spectra treated by OSC method obtained  , RMSE and SE of 0.900, 2.241 and 2.204, respectively for prediction of moisture content, 0.424, 0.913 and 0.922 for prediction of ash content, 0.640, 0.370 and 0.368 for prediction of heating value, respectively. The obtained prediction of  , RMSE and SE were 0.687, 0.066 and 0.058 for nitrogen, 0.636, 0.361 and 0.364 for carbon, 0.483, 0.269 and 0.270 for hydrogen, respectively. As the results shows, these models to predict the ash content and hydrogen content has a lower accuracy than what is expected in process modeling while the prediction of moisture content has the highest accuracy.