The grave concern over climate change threat and different economic incentives such as the clean development mechanism have given more weight to the potential of projects for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In Adjara solid waste management project, even though the greenhouse gas reduction was acknowledged, it was not one of the key factors for selecting the most practicable treatment option. In doing so, the study was addressed the benefit of various solid waste treatment methods for Adjara project in terms of greenhousegas emissions reduction. It is followed by analyzing the economic impacts of carbon finance on the financial feasibility of the project according to different economic scenarios. In considering the solid waste treatment technologies that could be suitable for developing countries, seven options were focused in the study: the baseline of open dumping, four options for landfill (no provision of landfill gas capture, landfill gas capture with open flaringsystem, enclosed flaring system and electricity generation), composting and an aerobicdigestion with electricity production. The applicable CDM methodologies were adopted toquantify the amount of reductions for scenarios. Anaerobic digestion scenario had by far thegreatest amount of reduction. In versely, the worst scenario was landfill without landfill gasrecovery which had even more contribution to climate change than the base case. In the economic assessment part, the internal rate of return was adopted as financial indicator and the feasibility study of the project was adjusted according to new economic condition in the presence of carbon finance. The scenario with additional incomes from the sales of both certified emission reductions and electricity maximized the profits of theproject. In case the project partners do not consider the possibility for generating electricity,they can maintain the project’s economic position through the sale of certified emissionreductions instead of the income from selling electricity. These conclusions were tested for uncertainty and sensitivity by modifying the price of the certified emission reductions and the input waste composition and were found to be robust. / <p>www.ima.kth.se</p><p>External cooperation with SWECO</p>

Essa dissertação analisa a questão dos resíduos sólidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo parte de uma recomposição histórica dos serviços de limpeza pública e das características das diversas soluções para o destino final do lixo. Em seguida, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa empírica junto às administrações municipais, de forma a levantar a situação dos serviços de coleta e especialmente das soluções de destino final. A pesquisa mostra uma crescente dificuldade na definição de novas áreas para destino final pelas restrições espaciais para esse uso, considerando-se o processo de urbanização. A investigação aponta como possível caminho para a solução de tal impasse, a gestão integrada para a operação de áreas de destino final comum para vários municípios. / This work analyzes the issue of solid waste in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The study is based on a historical reward from public cleaning services and the characteristics of the various solutions to the final destination of waste. After that, we carried out an extensive empirical research with the municipal administrations, in order to know the situation of the collection services and especially the solutions of final disposal. The survey shows a growing difficulty to defining areas for final disposal by spatial constraints for such use, according to urbanization process. The research points out as a solution of this deadlock, an integrated management for operation of final disposal common area for several municipalities.

Χωροθέτηση μονάδας επεξεργασίας ΑΣΑ σε συνδιασμό με τον απαραίτητο ΧΥΤΥ, με μικτό ακέραιο γραμμικό προγραμματισμό, για τη βελτιστοποίηση των ακολουθούμενων διαδρομών των απορριμματοφόρων προς την μονάδα επεξεργασίας και απο την μονάδα προς τον ΧΥΤΥ.Εγινε με εφαρμογή GIS στη Μεσσηνία. / The current thesis is about optimum siting of a MSW treatment plant combined with a landfill for residues based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) and GIS methodology.

Essa dissertação analisa a questão dos resíduos sólidos na região metropolitana de São Paulo. O estudo parte de uma recomposição histórica dos serviços de limpeza pública e das características das diversas soluções para o destino final do lixo. Em seguida, realizamos uma extensa pesquisa empírica junto às administrações municipais, de forma a levantar a situação dos serviços de coleta e especialmente das soluções de destino final. A pesquisa mostra uma crescente dificuldade na definição de novas áreas para destino final pelas restrições espaciais para esse uso, considerando-se o processo de urbanização. A investigação aponta como possível caminho para a solução de tal impasse, a gestão integrada para a operação de áreas de destino final comum para vários municípios. / This work analyzes the issue of solid waste in the metropolitan region of São Paulo. The study is based on a historical reward from public cleaning services and the characteristics of the various solutions to the final destination of waste. After that, we carried out an extensive empirical research with the municipal administrations, in order to know the situation of the collection services and especially the solutions of final disposal. The survey shows a growing difficulty to defining areas for final disposal by spatial constraints for such use, according to urbanization process. The research points out as a solution of this deadlock, an integrated management for operation of final disposal common area for several municipalities.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research report is to investigate sustainable alternative solid waste management methods for the Drakenstein Municipal Area in particular and South African municipalities in general. The point of departure is that landfilling alone is not sustainable and that alternative and/or complementary methods are required. Current solid waste management policies and practices in various countries all over the world are investigated in order to understand the global context of municipal solid waste management. The development of solid waste management in both developed and developing countries is considered in order to appreciate the different approaches and legal frameworks underpinning each approach. Several solid waste treatment methods, both established and advanced, are considered before the development of solid waste management in South Africa since 1992 is reviewed. An important aspect of evaluating alternatives is the identification of relevant stakeholders, key drivers for success and the constraints. An important conclusion reached in the research is that the lack of funding and the inherent inability of most municipalities in South Africa to render even basic municipal services currently make the introduction of advanced solid waste treatment methods non-sustainable. It is therefore suggested that the newly developed legal framework underpinning solid waste management in South Africa, be implemented in such a manner that all stakeholders are involved in the implementation of the basic principles of the waste hierarchy. The author believes that the introduction of technologically advanced waste treatment and disposal options will be premature if the basics of the waste hierarchy are not practiced by all. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie navorsingsverslag is ‘n ondersoek na volhoubare, alternatiewe vaste afvalbestuursmetodes vir Suid-Afrikaanse munisipaliteite in die breë en die Drakenstein Munisipaliteit in die besonder. Die basiese uitganspunt is dat vaste afvalstorting alleen nie volhoubaar is nie en dat alternatiewe/komplementêre metodes nodig word. Die vaste afvalbestuursbeleid en –praktyke wat tans wêreldwyd gevolg word, word ondersoek met die doel om die globale konteks daarvan beter te verstaan. Die ontwikkeling van vaste afvalbestuur in beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande word nagevors sodat die verskillende benaderings en wetlike raamwerke wat dit onderskryf, bestudeer kan word. Verskeie vaste afvalbestuursmetodes – beide gevestig en gevorderd – word bespreek waarna die ontwikkeling van vaste afvalbestuur in Suid-Afrika sedert 1992 onder die loep kom. ‘n Belangrike aspek van toepassing op die evaluering van alternatiewe, is die identfikasie van alle rolspelers, kritiese suksesfaktore en beperkinge. ‘n Belangrike bevinding wat gemaak word, is dat die gebrek aan voldoende fondse sowel as die inherente onvermoë van meeste Suid-Afrikaanse munisipaliteite om selfs basiese munisipale dienste te kan lewer, die implementering van gevorderde vaste afvalbestuursmetodes tans onvolhoubaar maak. In die verslag word dus aanbeveel dat die nuut-ontwikkelde wetlike raamwerk wat vaste afvalbestuur in Suid-Afrika reguleer, so geïmplementeer moet word dat alle rolspelers betrek word om die afval-hiërargie se basiese beginsels prakties toe te pas. Die outeur is van mening dat die implementering van nuwe, tegnologiesgevorderde vaste afvalbsetuursmetodes sal faal indien dit geïmplementeer sou word voordat die afval hiërargie voldoende toegepas word.