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The directional solidification of salt water /Wettlaufer, John S. January 1991 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1991. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [117]-123).
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The design of two apparati to measure solid-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria data.Tadie, Margreth. January 2010 (has links)
Two new apparati have been developed to measure solid-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria via a synthetic visual method by determination of thermal signatures. One apparatus adopts a technique of using Peltier modules for cooling, and the other is a well-known design that uses a cryogenic fluid in a thermostatted glass cell for cooling of the sample. The Peltier design is for small sample volumes, with a 10 cm3 aluminium equilibrium cell and has a minimum operating temperature of 253.15 K. The glass design is developed to complement the Peltier and has a larger volume of 140 cm3 and a minimum operating temperature of 223.15 K. Both apparati have been semi-automated in order to increase the accuracy and improve the efficiency of data measurements. Therefore the experimenter no longer has to wait for many hours for the determination of equilibrium. This was done by incorporating software, which was specially designed for the apparati using Labview8TM, for controlling the cooling and heating rates. The uncertainty of the temperature measurements was found to be ±0.03 K for the Peltier apparatus and ±0.02 K for the Glass apparatus. Liquid-liquid equilibria data has also been measured on the Peltier apparatus, to demonstrate its versatility. This was done using a digital camera, controlled through the Labview software to identify cloud points. The results have been found to be comparable with literature values.
For solid-liquid equilibria new systems of n-alkyl carboxylic acid binary mixtures have also been measured: heptanoic acid + butyric acid and heptanoic acid + hexanoic acid. These systems were measured using both apparati and both systems exhibited eutectic behaviour. All eutectic temperatures were measured on the Glass apparatus. Experimental data for these systems was modelled using the local composition models: Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The NRTL model was found to give the best results for both systems with root mean square deviations (RMSD) of 2.16 K and 1.27 K and absolute average deviations (AAD) of 0.61 K and 0.49 K, between temperature measurements of this work and those calculated from the models, for the heptanoic acid + butyric acid and heptanoic acid + hexanoic acid systems, respectively. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Statistical mechanics of surfacesHemingway, S. J. January 1982 (has links)
The equilibrium properties of a spherical drop are investigated using the penetrable-sphere model of a fluid. To estimate the surface tension, a new statistical mechanical formula, the extension of the Triezenberg-Zwanzig result for a planar surface, is derived. The density profiles for use in this are obtained from an integral equation expressing the constancy of chemical potential through the interface. Numerical solutions can be obtained and from these numerical estimates for the surface tension. They are in good agreement with estimates from an independent thermodynamic route. These routes, as well as a further, zero-temperature, exact, analytic one, show that the surface tension of this model increases with decreasing drop size. The planar surface of the model is also briefly investigated using a well-known integrodifferential equation. Two approximations are made for the direct correlation function, one a systematic improvement on the other. They yield solutions for the density profile of a limited range of temperatures below the critical point. When the direct correlation function of a Lennard-Jones fluid is approximated the resulting equation for the profile resists numerical solution.
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Coupled solid phase extraction-supercritical fluid extraction on-line gas chromatography of explosives from water /Slack, Gregory C., January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-157). Also available via the Internet.
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Phase equilibria and nucleation in condensed phases a statistical mechanical study /Apte, Pankaj A., January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).
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Estudo experimental e modelagem termodinamica da precipitação de parafinas em sistemas modelosOliveira, Alexandre Parker de 18 May 1998 (has links)
Orientador: Rahoma Sadeg Mohamed. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T07:15:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: A precipitação de parafinas é um sério problema enfrentado pela industria do petróleo ao longo de toda a sua cadeia produtiva gerando custo elevado para sua prevenção e tratamento. Este trabalho tem por objetivos contribuir aos estudos do comportamento de fases de misturas binárias, temárias e multicomponentes de n-parafinas, na faixa de n-'C IND. 23¿¿H IND. 48¿ a n-'C IND. 50¿H IND. 102¿. Temperaturas de Precipitação de Parafinas (TPP) foram levantadas experimentalmente utilizando-se a Calorimetria de Varredura Diferencial (DSC). Resultados experimentais apresentaram três principais comportamentos de fases: precipitação de parafinas como solução sólida, precipitação com componentes parcialmente miscíveis na fase sólida e precipitação dos componentes separadamente. Quando um ou mais componentes intermediários são adicionados a misturas binárias que cristalizam separadamente ou com solubilidade parcial surge uma tendência de solubilização. Foi testada a capacidade de alguns modelos termodinâmicos (misturas ideais, soluções regulares, fase multisólida, CDLP e composição local) na predição do comportamento de fases de misturas de n-parafinas. Conforme esperado, os modelos de soluções regulares, CDLP e composição local se mostraram mais adequados a misturas que formam soluções sólidas. O modelo da fase multisólida demonstrou boa capacidade preditiva para sistemas que cristalizam separadamente ou com solubilidade parcial. Este trabalho também apresenta dados importantes sobre misturas temárias e multicomponentes de n-parafinas, ainda pouco tratadas na literatura / Abstract: Wax Precipitation is a very serious problem faced in the petroleum industry through all phases of production and processing, due to the large costs involved in prevention and treatment. This work is focused on the study of phase behavior of binary, temary and multicomponent mixtures of n-paraffins in the range of n-'C IND. 23¿¿H IND. 48¿ a n-'C IND. 50¿H IND. 102¿. CSOH1o2.Wax Precipitation Temperatures (WPT) were experimentally obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Experimental results can be c1assified in three different categories in accordance to the phase behavior obtained: precipitation as solid solutions, precipitation as eutectic mixtures and precipitation wherein the components exhibited limited solid solubility. A tendency for solubilization appears when one or more n-alkanes, with intermediate molecular weight, are introduced in eutectic or with limited solid solubility mixtures. Some thermodynamic models (ideal mixture, regular solution, multisolid phase, CDLP and local composition) were tested for predictions of the phase behavior of those mixtures. As expected, regular solution, CDLP and local composition models provided good predictions for systems that exhibit solid solution behavior while the multisolid phase model provided best description for systems with limited solid solubility and eutectic behaviors. This work also displays important aspects about temary and multicomponent mixtures no much attended in the literature / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Petróleo
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Estudo do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas contendo aminoácidos e proteínas. / Study of the solid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing amino acids and proteins.Franco, Luís Fernando Mercier 27 February 2012 (has links)
A modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas que contêm aminoácidos e proteínas tem sido cada vez mais necessária para o desenvolvimento de equações que permitam um projeto mais racional e eficiente das operações unitárias encontradas nos processos de purificação destas moléculas, tais como a precipitação e a cristalização. Neste trabalho, é apresentada uma relação unívoca entre a solubilidade de proteínas e o pH; sendo necessários como parâmetros apenas informações sobre a estrutura primária e os valores das constantes de ionização de cada resíduo na cadeia protéica, considerando os diferentes estados de ionização que a proteína assume em solução. Esta relação foi aplicada a sistemas de insulina suína a três diferentes temperaturas, a sistemas de insulinas mutantes e a sistemas de b-lactoglobulina a diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio, resultando em uma bem sucedida correlação dos dados experimentais de solubilidade destes sistemas. Estudou-se também a não-idealidade de sistemas contendo aminoácidos, partindo de considerações sobre diferentes estados de ionização da molécula assim como feito para proteínas, mas adicionando um termo de não-idealidade, neste caso, um termo advindo do modelo de Pitzer para soluções eletrolíticas. Os sistemas, cujas curvas de solubilidade em função do pH foram estudadas, são: DL-Alanina, DL-Metionina, L-Isoleucina, L-Leucina, DL-Fenilalanina, também glicina e seus oligopeptídeos e moléculas com grupos b-lactâmicos tais como a ampicilina, que é um antibiótico, e o ácido 6-aminopenicilânico, que é um precursor na rota de produção da ampicilina. Uma interpretação através de termodinâmica estatística para o parâmetro de interação de Pitzer permitiu uma análise mais profunda dos resultados. Relações entre o segundo coeficiente virial osmótico, a solubilidade de proteínas e a concentração de agente precipitante foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas a sistemas de lisozima, ovalbumina e imunoglobulina humana. Os resultados desta aplicação mostraram quão profícua é a abordagem empregada. / The thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing amino acids and proteins has become increasingly necessary for a more rational and efficient design of unit operations found in the downstream processing of these molecules, such as precipitation and crystallization. In this work, an unequivocal relationship between the protein solubility and the pH is presented. The resulting equation accounts for the different ionization states that protein molecules may assume in solution, and is written as a function of the primary structure and values of the ionization constant of each residue in the protein chain. The model was applied to the solid-liquid equilibrium of porcine insulin solutions at three different temperatures, solutions of mutant insulin molecules and solutions of b-lactoglobulin at different sodium chloride concentrations. A very successful correlation of the experimental solubility data was obtained in all cases. The solubility of amino acids and b-lactam compounds was also studied through a similar approach, but in this case the non-ideality of the solutions was accounted for by introducing Pitzers model for electrolyte solutions. The compounds whose solubility curves as a function of the pH were modeled include the amino acids DL-Alanine, DL-Methionine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, DL-Phenylalanine, Glycine and its oligopeptides, and b-lactam compounds such as ampicillin, which is an antibiotic, and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, which is a precursor in the ampicillin production route. The interpretation of the binary interaction parameter values through a statistical thermodynamic approach allowed a deeper analysis of the results. Finally, equations relating the osmotic second virial coefficient, the protein solubility and the concentration of precipitant agents such as salts were developed. The resulting equations were successfully applied to solutions containing lysozyme, ovalbumin and immunoglobulin, which shows that the considered approach is promising.
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Modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de misturas binárias de compostos graxos. / Thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures of fatty compounds.Barbosa, Deise Fernanda 26 April 2012 (has links)
O equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas binários de alcoóis graxos e de ésteres graxos foi descrito por meio de modelagem termodinâmica baseada na análise de estabilidade da fase líquida. A metodologia foi aplicada a três tipos de diagramas de fases: (a) sistemas cujos constituintes apresentam miscibilidade completa, em que as substâncias são miscíveis tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida, (b) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético simples, (c) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético e reação peritética. A caracterização da não-idealidade foi feita com o modelo de coeficientes de atividade de Flory-Huggins para descrição dos diferentes comportamentos, que resultou em bom ajuste dos dados. A uniformidade do valor dos parâmetros ajustados mostra que há diferentes interações moleculares comparando-se as funções químicas álcool, éster etílico e éster metílico e a presença de insaturação na cadeia carbônica. Observa-se que os resultados são fortemente afetados pelos valores de entalpia e temperatura de fusão dos compostos puros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada em linguagem Fortran. Do ponto de vista formal, a análise apresentada mostra que a ocorrência de peritéticos pode ser descrita sem que seja necessário postular um modelo de coeficiente de atividade para a fase sólida quando houver imiscibilidade total. / In this work, the modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary systems containing fatty alcohols or fatty esters is presented. Phase equilibrium calculations were carried out using a phase stability analysis which describes the onset of the solid phase formation. The developed methodology was applied to the modeling of three distinct types of phase diagrams: (a) systems wherein the components are miscible in both phases, (b) systems with a single eutectic point, (c) systems with eutectic point and peritectic reaction. The liquid phase non-ideality was accounted for through the Flory- Huggins model for the excess Gibbs energy. It was possible to describe the different types of phase diagrams with excellent agreement with the experimental data. The values of the adjustable parameters are rather low and depend on both the chemical function of the species considered (alcohol, methyl ester or ethyl ester) and the presence of unsaturation in their molecules. The calculated phase diagrams are strongly affected by the experimental values of enthalpy of fusion and temperature of fusion of the pure compounds. Concerning the thermodynamic description of the solid-liquid equilibrium, the presented analysis showed that it is possible to account for the peritectic reaction without assigning a model for the solid phase activity coefficient when the compounds are not miscible in this phase.
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Macroscopic model for apparent protein adsorption equillibrium at hydrophobic solid-water interfacesAl-Malah, Kamal Issa Masoud 17 June 1993 (has links)
Graduation date: 1994
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Modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-líquido de misturas binárias de compostos graxos. / Thermodynamic modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures of fatty compounds.Deise Fernanda Barbosa 26 April 2012 (has links)
O equilíbrio sólido-líquido de sistemas binários de alcoóis graxos e de ésteres graxos foi descrito por meio de modelagem termodinâmica baseada na análise de estabilidade da fase líquida. A metodologia foi aplicada a três tipos de diagramas de fases: (a) sistemas cujos constituintes apresentam miscibilidade completa, em que as substâncias são miscíveis tanto na fase sólida quanto na líquida, (b) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético simples, (c) sistemas que apresentam ponto eutético e reação peritética. A caracterização da não-idealidade foi feita com o modelo de coeficientes de atividade de Flory-Huggins para descrição dos diferentes comportamentos, que resultou em bom ajuste dos dados. A uniformidade do valor dos parâmetros ajustados mostra que há diferentes interações moleculares comparando-se as funções químicas álcool, éster etílico e éster metílico e a presença de insaturação na cadeia carbônica. Observa-se que os resultados são fortemente afetados pelos valores de entalpia e temperatura de fusão dos compostos puros. A metodologia desenvolvida foi implementada em linguagem Fortran. Do ponto de vista formal, a análise apresentada mostra que a ocorrência de peritéticos pode ser descrita sem que seja necessário postular um modelo de coeficiente de atividade para a fase sólida quando houver imiscibilidade total. / In this work, the modeling of solid-liquid equilibrium of binary systems containing fatty alcohols or fatty esters is presented. Phase equilibrium calculations were carried out using a phase stability analysis which describes the onset of the solid phase formation. The developed methodology was applied to the modeling of three distinct types of phase diagrams: (a) systems wherein the components are miscible in both phases, (b) systems with a single eutectic point, (c) systems with eutectic point and peritectic reaction. The liquid phase non-ideality was accounted for through the Flory- Huggins model for the excess Gibbs energy. It was possible to describe the different types of phase diagrams with excellent agreement with the experimental data. The values of the adjustable parameters are rather low and depend on both the chemical function of the species considered (alcohol, methyl ester or ethyl ester) and the presence of unsaturation in their molecules. The calculated phase diagrams are strongly affected by the experimental values of enthalpy of fusion and temperature of fusion of the pure compounds. Concerning the thermodynamic description of the solid-liquid equilibrium, the presented analysis showed that it is possible to account for the peritectic reaction without assigning a model for the solid phase activity coefficient when the compounds are not miscible in this phase.
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