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The molecular mechanism of complementary sex determination in the haplodiploid organisms is poorly understood and has only been described in the honeybee Apis mellifera. In the haplodiploid system, males develop from unfertilized eggs and females from fertilized eggs. However, in some rare cases, diploid males develop from fertilized eggs. They can be distinguished from diploid and haploid males at the molecular level since they are heterozygous like females but are homozygous, like haploid males, at the sex determination locus. In this project, Osmia bicornis was chosen as the model organism, and the aim is to identify the complementary sex determination locus which should be homozygous in all diploid males. Bee nests were collected from the bees' natural habitat, and potential diploid males were identified. Data analysis of whole-genome sequencing on 17 potential diploid males was performed, which identified 80 candidate sex determination loci with 259 genes. Homologs of the Csd gene in A. mellifera were identified but not found in any candidate complementary sex determination loci.

Objective: The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of warm ischemia on renal function. Methods: Within a multicentric study, the data about tumor-affected solitary kidney were obtained from 9 urological centers in the Czech Republic. Patients were divided into groups according to the WIT (warm ischemia time). In each group the mean preoperative serum creatinine was determined, as well as on 3rd and 7th postoperative day and the lowest GF postoperatively. In each group the mean R.E.N.A.L. nephrometric score was determined. Results: The study compriese data totally of 97 patients. The open approach was chosen in 78 cases, in 16 cases laparoscopic approach was chosen. The robotic surgery was performed in 3 patients. PN with zero ischemia was performed in 29 patients (30%). Conclusion: Our findings confirm that non-clamping partial nephrectomy in a solitary kidney minimizes renal injury. For the non-clamping partial nephrectomy can be mainly indicated smaller exophyticall tumors without deep parenchymal invasion. Unfortunately, most of PN should be performed with vascular clamping, allowing precise closure of collecting system, vascular and parenchymal defect, especially for larger tumors with deep parenchymal invasion. According to our observation that WIT of 15 minutes for a kidney is safe. Clamping of...

Identifying the resources that limit bee populations is essential both for bee conservation and pollination management in agroecosystems. Land-use change typically leads to decreased habitat availability for wild pollinators including loss of nesting habitat, which is an essential but often-overlooked resource for wild bees. Cavity-nesting bees, such as many Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), occupy holes in wood or reeds to build their nests; due to their nesting habits, they are frequently scarce in agricultural settings, although, under the right circumstances, these bees can be ideal pollinators of apple and other orchard crops. Artificial nesting structures (“bee hotels”, “trap nests”, or “nest boxes”) are used to study cavity-nesting bees and have been posited as solutions for promoting bee conservation. To evaluate the effects of additional nesting habitat on the local abundance of Osmia spp., and on bees more generally, artificial nesting structures for cavity-nesting bees were installed at 24 sites in apple orchards around Ottawa in 2021 and 2022. Each site had two treatments: one with nest boxes, and one without (control). Transect walks were conducted to measure overall bee contact (including contact by Osmia spp.) with apple blossoms and, after the end of apple bloom, with flowers in the undergrowth and/or in shrubs. Numbers of apple buds and developing fruit were also recorded. Osmia spp. and overall bee numbers were both significantly higher in the treatment with nest boxes (44% and 15% higher, respectively, in 2021, and 113% and 47% higher, respectively, in 2022); however, there was no difference in fruit set (apple count/bud count) between the two treatments. Thus, nest boxes seem to locally increase Osmia spp. numbers as well as total bee numbers, but they have no apparent effect on apple yield, likely because apple production was not pollinator limited in the years of this study. These findings suggest that bee populations in apple orchards are limited by nesting resources, which has important implications for orchard management practices and bee conservation policy.

Three-dimensional gravity-capillary steady waves on water of finite-depth, which are uniformly translating in a horizontal propagation direction and periodic in a transverse direction, are considered. The exact Euler equations are formulated as a spatial dynamic system in which the variable used for the propagating direction is the time-like variable. The existence of the solutions of the system is determined by two non-dimensional constants: the Bond number b and λ (the inverse of the square of the Froude number). The property of Sobolev spaces and the spectral analysis show that the spectrum of the linear part consists of isolated eigenvalues of finite algebraic multiplicity and the number of purely imaginary eigenvalues are finite. The distribution of eigenvalues is described by b and λ. Assume that C₁ is the curve in (b,λ)-plane on which the first two eigenvalues for three-dimensional waves collide at the imaginary axis, and that the intersection point of the curve C₁ with the line λ=1 is (b₀,1) where b₀>0. Two cases (b₀,1) and (b,λ) â C₁ where 0< b< b₀ are investigated. A center-manifold reduction technique and a normal form analysis are applied to show that for each case the dynamical system can be reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations with finite dimensions. The dominant system for the case (b₀,1) is coupled Schrödinger-KdV equations while it is a Schrödinger equation for another case (b,λ) â C₁. Then, from the existence of the homoclinic orbit connecting to the two-dimensional periodic solution (called generalized solitary wave) for the dominant system, it is obtained that such generalized solitary wave solution persists for the original system by using the perturbation method and adjusting some appropriate constants. / Ph. D.

The natural dynamics are not ideal or linear. To understand their complex behavior, we needs to study the nonlinear dynamics in more simple models. This thesis is consist of two main setups. Both setups are simplified models for the behavior occurs in the complex systems. We studied in both systems the same nonlinear dynamics such as higher-harmonics, sub-harmonics, solitary waves,...etc. In Chapter (2), the propagation of nonlinear waves in a lattice of repelling particles is studied theoretically and experimentally. A simple experimental setup is proposed, consisting in an array of coupled magnetic dipoles. By driving harmonically the lattice at one boundary, we excite propagating waves and demonstrate different regimes of mode conversion into higher harmonics, strongly in influenced by dispersion. The phenomenon of acoustic dilatation of the chain is also predicted and discussed. The results are compared with the theoretical predictions of FPU equation, describing a chain of masses connected by nonlinear quadratic springs. The results can be extrapolated to other systems described by this equation. We studied theoretically and experimentally the generation and propagation of kinks in the system. We excite pulses at one boundary of the system and demonstrate the existence of kinks, whose properties are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions, that is the equation that approaches, under the conditions of our experiments, the one corresponding to full model describing a chain of masses connected by magnetic forces. The results can be extrapolated to other systems described by this equation. Also, In the case of a lattice of finite length, where standing waves are formed, we report the observation of subharmonics of the driving wave. In chapter (3), we studied the propagation of intense acoustic waves in a multilayer crystal. The medium consists in a structured fluid, formed by a periodic array of fluid layerswith alternating linear acoustic properties and quadratic nonlinearity coefficient. We presents the results for different mathematicalmodels (NonlinearWave Equation,Westervelt Equation and Constitutive equations). We show that the interplay between strong dispersion and nonlinearity leads to new scenarios of wave propagation. The classical waveform distortion process typical of intense acoustic waves in homogeneous media can be strongly altered when nonlinearly generated harmonics lie inside or close to band gaps. This allows the possibility of engineer a medium in order to get a particular waveform. Examples of this include the design of media with effective (e.g. cubic) nonlinearities, or extremely linear media. In chapter (4), the oscillatory behavior of a microbubble is investigated through an acousto-mechanical analogy based on a ring-shaped chain of coupled pendula. Observation of parametric vibration modes of the pendula ring excited at frequencies between 1 and 5 Hz is considered. Simulations have been carried out and show spatial mode, mixing and localization phenomena. The relevance of the analogy between a microbubble and the macroscopic acousto-mechanical setup is discussed and suggested as an alternative way to investigate the complexity of microbubble dynamics. / La dinámica natural no es ideal ni lineal. Para entender su comportamiento complejo, necesitamos estudiar la dinámica no lineal en modelos más simples. Esta tesis consta de dos configuraciones principales. Ambas configuraciones son modelos simplificados de el comportamiento que se produce en los sistemas complejos. Estudiamos en ambos sistemas la misma dinámica no lineal como son la generación de armónicos superiores, los sub-armónicos, las ondas solitarias, etc. En elCapítulo (2), se estudia, tanto teórica comoexperimentalmente, la propagación de ondas no lineales en sistemas periodicos de partículas acopladas mediante fuerzas repulsivas. Se propone una configuración experimental simple, que consiste en una matriz de dipolos magnéticos acoplados. Inyectando armónicamente la señal en un extremo, excitamos ondas de propagación y demostramos diferentes regímenes de conversión de modos en armónicos, fuertemente influenciados por la dispersión. También se predice y se discute el fenómeno de dilatación acústica de la cadena. Los resultados se comparan con las predicciones teóricas de la ecuación FPU, describiendo una cadena de masas conectadas por muelles cuadráticos no lineales. Los resultados pueden ser extrapolados a otros sistemas descritos por esta ecuación. Estudiamos también teórica y experimentalmente la generación y propagación de kinks. Excitamos pulsos en la frontera del sistema y demostramos la existencia de kinks cuyas propiedades están en muy buen acuerdo con las predicciones teóricas, es decir, con la ecuación que aproxima bajo las condiciones de nuestros experimentos la correspondiente al modelo completo que describe un cadena de masas conectadas por fuerzas magnéticas. Los resultados pueden ser extrapolados a otros sistemas descritos por esta ecuación. Además, en el caso de una red finita, donde se forman ondas estacionarias, describimos la observación de subarmónicos del armónico principal. En el capítulo (3), estudiamos la propagación de ondas acústicas intensas en un cristal multicapa. El medio consiste en un fluido estructurado, formado por un conjunto periódico de capas fluidas con propiedades acústicas lineales alternas y coeficiente de no linealidad cuadrática. Presentamos los resultados de diferentes modelos matemáticos (ecuación de ondas no lineal, ecuación de Westervelt y ecuaciones constitutivas). Mostramos que la interacción entre la fuerte dispersión y la no linealidad conduce a nuevos escenarios de propagaciónde ondas. El proceso de distorsión de la onda clásica, típico de las ondas acústicas intensas en medios homogéneos, puede ser alterado de forma importante cuando los armónicos generados no linealmente se encuentran dentro o cerca del gap. Esto permite la posibilidad de diseñar un medio con el fin de obtener una forma de onda en particular. Ejemplos de esto incluyen el diseño demedios con no linealidad efectiva (por ejemplo, cúbica) o medios extremadamente lineales. En el capítulo (4), el comportamiento oscilatorio de una microburbuja se investiga a través de una analogía acusto-mecánica basada en una cadena en forma de anillo de péndulos acoplados. Se estudian los modos de vibración paramétrica del anillo pendular excitado a frecuencias entre 1 y 5 Hz. Se han llevado a cabo simulaciones que muestran la presencia de modos espaciales, mixtos y fenómenos de localización. Se discute la relevancia de la analogía entre una microburbuja y la configuración macroscópica acústico-mecánica y se sugiere como una vía alternativa para investigar la complejidad de la dinàmica de microburbujas. / La dinàmica natural no és ideal ni tampoc lineal. Per entendre el seu comportament complex, es necessita estudiar la dinàmica no lineal dels models més simples. Aquesta tesi consisteix en l'estudi de dues configuracions principals, que són models simplificats del comportament que es produeix en els sistemes complexos. Estudiem en ambdós sistemes la mateixa dinàmica no lineal, com és la generació d'harmònics superiors, sub-harmònics, ones solitàries, etc. En el capítol (2), estudiem, tant teòrica com experimentalment, la propagació de les ones no lineals en sistemes periòdics de partícules acoblades mitjançant forces repulsives. Es proposa una configuració experimental simple, que consisteixen en una matriu de dipols magnètics acoblats. En conduint harmònicament la xarxa en un límit, excitemla propagació de les ones i demostrem diferents règims de conversió de modes en harmònics més alts, força influenciada per la dispersió. El fenomen de la dilatació acústica de la cadena també es prediu i es discuteix. Els resultats es comparen amb les prediccions teòriques que descriu una cadena de masses conectades per molls quadràtics no lineals. Els resultats es poden extrapolar a altres sistemes descrits per aquesta equació. Hem estudiat teòrica i experimentalment la generació i propagació de Kinks. Excitem polsos a la frontera del sistema i demostrem l'existència d'Kinks, les propietats desl quals estan en molt bon acord amb les prediccions teòriques, és a dir, de l'equació que aproxima sota les condicions dels nostres experiments la corresponent al model complet que descriu un cadena demasses connectades per forcesmagnètiques. Els resultats es poden extrapolar a altres sistemes descrits per aquesta equació. A més, en el cas d'una xarxa finita, on es formen ones estacionàries, descrivim l'observació de subarmónicos de l'harmònic principal. En el capítol (3), s'estudia la propagació d'ones acústiques intenses en un medi multicapa. El medi consisteix en un fluid estructurat, format per una matriu periòdica de capes de fluid amb l'alternança de propietats acústiques lineals i coeficient de no linealitat de segon grau. Es presenten els resultats per a diferents models matemàtics no lineals (equació d'ones no lineal, equació de Westervelt i les equacions constitutives). Es demostra que la interacciò entre la forta dispersió i no linealitat condueix a nous escenaris de propagació de l'ona. El procés de distorsió en formad'ona clàssica, típica de les ones acústiques intenses en medis homogenis, es pot alterar de manera significativa quan els harmònics generats de forma no lineal es troben dins o a prop del gap. Això obri la possibilitat de dissenyar unmedi per tal d'obtenir una forma d'ona particular. Exemples d'això inclouen el disseny delsmedis amb una no linealitat efectiva (per exemple cúbica), o medis extremadament lineals. En el capítol (4), el comportament oscilatori d'una micro-bombolla és investigat a través d' una analogia acústica-mecànica basada en una cadena en forma d'anell de pèndols acoblats. Es considera l'observació dels modes de vibració paramètriques de l'anell pendular excitat amb freqüències entre 1 i 5 Hz. S'han dut a terme simulacions que mostren la presència de moes espacilas, mixtes i fenòmens de localització. Es discuteix la relevància de l'analogia entre les microbambolles i la configuració macroscòpica acústica-mecànica i es suggereix una formaalternativa per a investigar la complexitat de la dinàmica demicrobombolles. / Mehrem Issa Mohamed Mehrem, A. (2017). Nonlinear acoustics in periodic media: from fundamental effects to applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80289

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la présence, dans l’œuvre de Robbe-Grillet, de personnages stéréotypés récupérés de la paralittérature. Les stéréotypes dont il sera question dans ce travail sont : le solitaire romantique, l’errant citadin, le justicier criminel, le détective, le tueur, le trio des romans de la jalousie, la prostituée, le voyeur pervers, la stripteaseuse et le conteur. Au terme de cette "exploration", nous arriverons à la conclusion suivante : dans son ensemble, l’œuvre de Robbe-Grillet est ancrée dans la stéréotypie. Cependant, nous découvrirons qu’il ne s’agit pas là d’une apologie du stéréotype. Mais simplement d’une prise en compte de son action dans la culture contemporaine et du rôle de celle-ci dans l’élaboration du discours de l’œuvre. / This thesis aims at investigating the presence of stereotypical characters in the work of Robbe-Grillet retrieved from the paralitterature. Stereotypes that will be discussed in this work are: the romantic loner, wandering the city, the vigilante crime, the detective, the killer, the trio of novels of the jealousy, the prostitute, the perverse voyeur, the stripper, and the storyteller. After this “exploration”, we reach the flowing conclusion: as a whole, the work of Robbe-Grillet is rooted in the stereotype. However, we will discover that this is not an apology for stereotype. But simply taking into account its action in contemporary culture and the role of the latter in the elaboration discourse of the work.

Estudos de ecologia de comunidade e conservação são importantes para entender quais áreas com diferentes fitofisionomias podem manter maior número de espécies coexistindo. Também é possível compreender o nicho trófico das abelhas, sendo este relacionado com a diversidade de recursos alimentares disponíveis e a sobreposição entre espécies de uma guilda. Uma ferramenta que atualmente vem sendo utilizada em estudos ecológicos de interações inseto-planta são as redes mutualísticas e suas métricas. Com essas ferramentas é possível inferir ou até prever as consequências da extinção de espécies e as perturbações ambientais, além de variações nos padrões para a comunidade como um todo, e a ecologia das abelhas e plantas. A partir disso o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e analisar a estrutura da comunidade de abelhas e vespas e o nicho trófico da comunidade de abelhas que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes em áreas de Cerrado e Mata semidecídua. A área de estudo foi a Estação Ecológica Jataí que apresenta diferentes fitofisionomias. Os dados foram obtidos com a utilização do método de ninhos-armadilha instalados em seis pontos, três no cerrado e três na mata semidecídua, em agosto de 2015. Foi utilizado o método de análise polínica e redes mutualísticas para o estudo do nicho trófico das abelhas. Foram amostradas 11 espécies de abelhas e oito de vespas, e essas comunidades apresentaram espécies com ampla distribuição geográfica o que confere a condição de generalistas por explorarem uma alta diversidade de ambientes. Elas tiveram mais nidificações no período chuvoso, refletindo na maior sobreposição temporal das abelhas nesse período. Entretanto na estação seca, a sobreposição temporal das vespas foi maior. Os dados obtidos de riqueza e abundância das abelhas amostradas na mata foram diferentes do cerrado, o que indica que, realmente, as espécies podem ter suas populações mudando significativamente de um ambiente para o outro como consequência de mudanças nos vários fatores abióticos e bióticos. A dieta das abelhas amostradas se mostrou bastante variada, um grande número de tipos polínicos de 14 famílias de plantas. A família mais importante para Anthidiini e Euglossini foi Fabaceae. Como já conhecida, a relação entre Centris e plantas que disponibilizam óleo, Malpighiaceae foi a família mais utilizada por C. analis. Já para as espécies de Tetrapediini, a família Euphorbiaceae foi mais frequente. As espécies se mostraram, de maneira geral, com comportamento generalista uma vez que suas amplitudes de nichos foram altas. Por outro lado, em alguns momentos, como foi possível perceber na sobreposição de nicho, essas fêmeas adotaram comportamentos mais especialistas. As Tetrapedia tiveram as maiores sobreposições de nicho entre elas mesmas, mas também utilizaram as espécies de plantas mais abundantes. Ludwigia foi o tipo polínico mais importante na dieta das abelhas para o cerrado enquanto que Gliricidia, Dalechampia, Serjania e Desmodium foram centrais na dieta da mata. As redes para ambas fitofisionomias e anos de coletas foram aninhadas e não-modulares, como esperado para redes mutualísticas. Além disso, provavelmente pelo bom estado de preservação, as redes foram robustas, indicando que a comunidade não está frágil à perda de espécies. A comunidade apresentou um comportamento mais especialista no cerrado e não alterou muito em relação aos dois anos. A especialização das populações foi maior, de maneira geral, para a área de cerrado, com exceção de Epanthidium erythrocephalum. A grande diferença nos parâmetros como composição, abundância e métricas de rede em comparação com outros estudos mostra a importância de se conhecer a dinâmica de cada área para pensar de maneira mais eficiente em estratégias específicas de recuperação e preservação de áreas naturais / Studies on community ecology and conservation are important to understand which areas with different phytophysiognomies can maintain a great number of species coexisting. It also understand the trophic niche of bees and this is associated with the diversity of food resources available and with the overlap between species of a guild. A tool that currently is being used in ecological insect-plant studies, mutualistic networks and their metrics. With these tools, it is possible to infer or even predict the consequences of the species extinction, the environmental disruption of the community as a whole, variations in community patterns and bee-plant ecology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize and analyze the community structure of bees and wasps and the trophic niche of bees that nest in preexisting cavities in Brazilian savannah and semideciduous mesophytic forest. The study area was the Estação Ecológica de Jataí that presents different phytophysiognomies. The data were obtained from the method of trap-nests installed in six areas, three in the brazilian savannah and three in the semideciduous mesophytic forest, in August 2015. The methodology of pollen analysis and mutualistic networks was used to study the trophic niche of bees. Eleven species of bees and eight wasps species were sampled and this community showed species with high geographic distribution that confers the status of generalists by exploring a great variety of environments. They nested more in the rainy season reflecting in the larger temporal overlap of the bees in that period. Besides that, the wasps were higher time ovelap in the dry season. The richness and abundance of bees in the forest was different from Brazilian savannah, what can indicate that the species can have their populations changing significantly from one environment to another because of changes in the various abiotic and biotic factors. The diet of bees showed a variety of pollen types of 14 plants families. The most important family to Anthidiini and Euglossini was Fabaceae. As well documented, the relationship between Centris and plants that provide oil, Malpighiaceae was the most used family for C. analis. For the Tetrapediini species, the family Euphorbiaceae was the most frequent. All species showed a generalist behavior once their breath niche was high. On the other hand, in a few moments, as it was possible to observe in the niche overlap, the species adopted a more specialist behavior. Tetrapedia had the highest overlap niche among them, but they used the most abundant plants in the area. Ludwigia was the most important pollen type in the bees` diet in the Brazilian savannah, while Gliricidia, Dalechampia, Serjania e Desmodium were the most central in the diet of bees in the forest. The networks for both phytophysiognomies and year of sampling, was nested and not modular, as expected in mutualistic networks. Besides, probably, because of the good state of conservation of the study area, the networks were robust, indicating that the community is not fragile to the loss of species. The community showed a more specialist behavior in the Brazilian savannah and did not change much over the two years. The specialization of populations was greater, in the most cases, in the Brazilian savannah, except Epanthidium erythrocephalum. The important difference among the parameters such as composition, abundance and network metrics compared to other studies shows the importance of knowing the dynamics of each area to think more efficiently about specific strategies for recovery and preservation of natural areas

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar a composição de espécies e a abundância de vespas solitárias que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes no Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, Ubatuba, SP, Brasil. As amostragens foram feitas durante dois anos, de setembro de 2007 a agosto de 2009, utilizando como ninhos-armadilha gomos de bambu e tubos feitos com cartolina preta. Os ninhos-armadilha foram inspecionados uma vez por mês e aqueles contendo ninhos completos foram coletados e levados para o laboratório. Para cada ninho-armadilha retirado, outro similar foi disponibilizado. No laboratório, os ninhos foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente e foram observados diariamente para a coleta dos indivíduos conforme eles emergiam. Foram obtidos um total de 142 ninhos com 457 células de cria construídos por fêmeas de 14 espécies: nove espécies foram da família Crabronidae, duas espécies da família Vespidae, subfamília Eumeninae, duas espécies da família Pompilidae e uma espécie da família Sphecidae. Além desses ninhos, de outros 112 contendo 311 células todos os imaturos estavam mortos ou apenas emergiram inimigos naturais. Nesses casos, apenas o gênero ou subfamília puderam ser identificados. Crabronidae foi a família mais abundante em número de células de cria construídas (67,6%), seguida por Vespidae (Eumeninae), Sphecidae e Pompilidae. As espécies mais abundantes foram: Trypoxylon lactitarse, Pachodynerus nasidens, Trypoxylon sp 2 aff nitidum e Podium denticulatum e Trypoxylon albitarse, Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) sp2, Trypoxylon punctivertex e Auplopus pratens foram as espécies mais pobremente representadas. Os inimigos naturais associados com os ninhos incluíram: Hymenoptera (Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae e Chalcididae) e Diptera (Sarcophagidae). O inimigo mais abundante foi o parasitóide Amobia floridensis (Diptera) responsável por 58.3% de todas as células de cria atacadas e foi encontrado em ninhos de Trypoxylon, Pachodynerus e Podium enquanto crisidídeos atacaram somente ninhos de Trypoxylon. As maiores freqüências de nidificação ocorreram durante o período mais quente e mais chuvoso do ano e uma correlação significativa foi encontrada entre os números mensais de ocupações dos ninhos-armadilha e os valores de temperatura. A razão sexual para Pachodynerus brevithorax e P. denticulatum não foi significantemente diferente de 1:1, mas para Trypoxylon lactitarse e Trypoxylon sp2 aff nitidum ela foi fortemente desviada para machos enquanto para Trypoxylon sp5 aff nitidum e P. nasidens ela foi fortemente desviada para fêmeas. / The aim of this study was to examine the species composition and the abundance of solitary wasps that nest in preexisting cavities at Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta (Anchieta Island State Park), Ubatuba, SP, Brazil. Sampling was made during two years, from September 2007 to August 2009, utilizing bamboo canes and tubes made of black cardboard as trap-nests. The traps were inspected once a month and those containing completed nests were collected, replaced with empty ones and taken to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the nests were kept at room temperature and observed daily until the adults emerged. A total of 142 nests with 457 individual brood cells of 14 species were obtained: nine species of digger wasps (Crabronidae), two species of mason wasps (Eumeninae, Vespidae), two species of spider wasps (Pompilidae), and one species of the roach-hunting wasps (Sphecidae). The most abundant family were digger wasps with 67.6% of all brood cells, followed by mason wasps (23.6%), roach-hunting wasps (5.9%) and spider wasps (2.9%). The most abundant species were: Trypoxylon lactitarse, Pachodynerus nasidens, Trypoxylon sp 2 aff nitidum, Podium denticulatum and Trypoxylon albitarse, Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) sp2, Trypoxylon punctivertex and Auplopus pratens were the rare species. The natural enemies associated with the nests included Hymenoptera (Chrysididae, Ichneumonidae and Chalcididae) and Diptera (Sarcophagidae). The most abundant enemy was the parasitoid Amobia floridensis (Diptera) accounting for 58.3% of all attacked brood cells and it was found in nests of Trypoxylon, Pachodynerus and Podium, whereas the chrysidids were found only in nests of Trypoxylon. The highest nesting frequencies occurred during the hottest and wettest period of the year and a significant correlation was found between the number of occupied trap-nests per month and the values of temperature. The sex ratio for Pachodynerus brevithorax and P. denticulatum was not significantly different from 1:1. On the other hand, for Trypoxylon lactitarse and Trypoxylon sp2 aff nitidum the sex ratio was strongly male-biased whereas for Trypoxylon sp5 aff nitidum and P. nasidens the sex ratio was strongly female-biased.

Utilizando Análise Espectral (FFT) para quantificar a variabilidade autonômica no animal intacto, analisamos pressão arterial, intervalo de pulso (IP) e fluxo sangüíneo no repouso e no exercício, em ratos normotensos (WKY) e hipertensos (SHR), sedentários (S) ou treinados (T), após pré-tratamento do NTS/DMV com veículo e antagonista de ocitocina (OTant). As principais alterações foram relacionadas à freqüência cardíaca (FC) e ao IP: bradicardia de repouso em WKYT e SHRT; aumento na resposta taquicárdica do exercício após OTant apenas nos WKYT. No repouso, os SHR apresentaram queda da variância do IP com diminuição dos componentes de baixa (LF-simpático) e alta (HF-vago) freqüências, corrigidas pelo T. No exercício houve queda dos componentes espetrais do IP nos grupos experimentais, exceto o HF que não diminuiu nos WKYT. OTant no NTS/DMV reduziu o HF dos SHRT no repouso e exercício; a ausência da queda do HF nos WKYT foi abolida. Resultados indicam a importância da ocitocina agindo sobre o vago na modulação da FC basal e da taquicardia do exercício apenas em T. / Using Spectral Analysis (FFT) to quantify the autonomic variability in intact animal, we analyzed blood pressure, pulse interval (PI) and blood flow at rest and during exercise, in normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) rats, sedentary (S) or trained (T), after solitary vagal complex (NTS/DMV) pre-treatment with vehicle and oxytocin antagonist (OTant). The main changes were related to heart rate (HR) and PI: rest bradycardia in WKYT and SHRT; increased exercise tachycardia after OTant only in WKYT. At rest, SHR presented a fall of in PI variance with decreased low (LF-simpathetic) and high (HF-vagal) frequencies components that were normalized by T. During exercise, the spectral components decreased in the experimental groups, except HF unchanged in WKYT. OTant into the NTS/DMV reduced the HF of the SHRT at rest and exercise; the absence of the fall in HF of WKYT was abolished. Results indicate the importance of oxytocin acting on vagus in the modulation of basal HR and exercise tachycardia only in T rats.