Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-72). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Data set of 220, 336 and 19,303 records, respectively of Poll Dorset, Somalis Brasileira and Santa InÃs sheep, born between 1996 and 2008, belonging to Gaasa AgropecuÃria Ltda, supported by Programa de Melhoramento GenÃtico de Caprinos e Ovinos de Corte (GENECOC) of Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, were analyzed with the aim to evaluate distinct polynomial functions with different order of fit for fixed and random regressions of growth trajectory and to estimate (co)variances components and genetic parameters of this trajectory. Fixed effects used in analysis for all breeds were contemporary group (animals born in the same year-season), sex and birth type (single, twin, triple). Separately, for each breed, 24 models, with different orders, were evaluated to verify the best fit for fixed trajectory and for random regression of additive direct, maternal and permanent environmental effects. Ordinary and Legendre polynomials, varying of two (linear) to four (cubic) orders, were evaluated for fixed regression of average growth trajectory. Legendre and quadratic bspline functions, varying of three (quadratic) to four (cubic) orders, were evaluated for random regressions. For all breeds, Legendre polynomials of order fourth were sufficient to fit random regression. However, in fixed regression, ordinary polynomials were best to Poll Dorset and Santa InÃs breeds, while Legendre were best for Somalis Brasileira. Fixed trajectory was linear for Poll Dorset and Somalis Brasileira and quadratic for Santa InÃs. In Poll Dorset, direct heritability was low (<0.05) until 100 days, when so increased until 212 days reaching 0.74. In major portion of trajectory, maternal heritability for this breed were higher than direct heritability, this last overpass the first only after 150 days of age, about 100 days after weaning of animals. In Somalis Brasileira breed, the standard of direct heritability estimates presented two parabolas: one between birth and 73 day, with maximum of 0.21 at 49 days, and other from 73 day to rest of trajectory, with maximum of 0.53 at 253-256 days. Maternal heritability increased until 76 day, with maximum of 0,95, decreasing for 0.47 at 261 day, increasing again until final of trajectory, reaching 0.80. In Santa InÃs breed, direct heritabilities at days 1, 50, 150, 250 and 411 were 0.24, 0.12, 0.44, 0.84 and 0.96, respectively, while maternal heritabilities for the same ages, respectively, were 0.24, 0.19, 0.09, 0.02 and 0.01. In all breeds, genetic correlations among weights in subsequent ages were high, tend to unity, with negative correlations between weights at early ages and weights at late ages. There is sufficient genetic variability to permit selection of these breeds for alter its growth trajectory. However, differences in standard of this variability suggest different procedures for selection of each breed. Genetic control of weights at initial ages is not the same in late ages. This aspect is important for establishment of adequate strategies of selection. Selection of animals for slaughter in early age must be different of that to replacement animals / Foram avaliados 220, 336 e 19.303 registros de pesos de ovinos, respectivamente das raÃas Poll Dorset, Somalis Brasileira e Santa InÃs, nascidos entre 1996 e 2008, de propriedade da fazenda Gaasa AgropecuÃria Ltda, associada ao Programa de Melhoramento GenÃtico de Caprinos e Ovinos de Corte (GENECOC) da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, com o objetivo de avaliar distintas funÃÃes polinomiais com diferentes ordens para o melhor ajuste das regressÃes fixas e aleatÃrias da trajetÃria de crescimento e estimar os componentes de (co) variÃncia e parÃmetros genÃticos desta trajetÃria. Os efeitos fixos utilizados nas anÃlises para todas as raÃas foram grupo de contemporÃneos (animais nascidos no mesmo ano e estaÃÃo), sexo e tipo de nascimento (simples, duplo, triplo). Separadamente, para cada uma das raÃas, foram avaliados 24 modelos, com diferentes ordens, para verificar o melhor ajuste simultÃneo de regressÃo fixa da trajetÃria de crescimento e da regressÃo aleatÃria para efeitos genÃticos aditivo direto e materno e de ambiente permanente do animal. Para ajuste da regressÃo fixa da trajetÃria mÃdia de crescimento, foram avaliados polinÃmios ordinÃrios e de Legendre, com ordens variando de dois (linear) a quatro (cÃbica). Para as regressÃes aleatÃrias, foram avaliadas as funÃÃes de Legendre e b-spline quadrÃtica, com ordens variando de trÃs (quadrÃtica) a quatro (cÃbica). Para todas as raÃas, funÃÃes com polinÃmios de Legendre de quarta ordem foram suficientes para ajustar a parte aleatÃria. Entretanto, para a parte fixa, os polinÃmios ordinÃrios foram melhores para as raÃas Poll Dorset e Santa InÃs, enquanto os de Legendre foram melhores para a raÃa Somalis Brasileira. A trajetÃria fixa foi linear para as raÃas Poll Dorset e Somalis Brasileira, e quadrÃtica para a raÃa Santa InÃs. Na raÃa Poll Dorset, a herdabilidade direta se manteve baixa (<0,05) atà cerca de 100 dias de idade, quando passou a aumentar atà os 212 dias de idade, atingindo um valor de 0,74. Na maior parte da trajetÃria, as herdabilidades maternas nesta raÃa superaram as herdabilidades diretas, sendo que esta Ãltima somente ultrapassou a primeira apÃs os 150 dias de idade, cerca de 100 dias apÃs o desmame dos animais. Na raÃa Somalis Brasileira, o padrÃo das estimativas de herdabilidade direta apresentou duas parÃbolas: uma entre o nascimento e o dia 73, com valor mÃximo de 0,21 aos 49 dias, e uma outra entre 73 dias e o restante da trajetÃria, com valor mÃximo de 0,53 aos 253-256 dias. A herdabilidade materna aumentou atà o dia 76, com mÃxima de 0,95, reduzindo para 0,47 no dia 261, voltando a subir novamente atà o final da trajetÃria, alcanÃando o valor de 0,80. Na raÃa Santa InÃs, as herdabilidades diretas nos dias 1, 50, 150, 250 e 411 foram iguais a 0,24, 0,12, 0,44, 0,84, e 0,96, respectivamente, enquanto as herdabilidades maternas nas respectivas idades foram 0,24, 0,19, 0,09, 0,02 e 0,01. Em todas as raÃas, as correlaÃÃes genÃticas entre pesos de idades subseqÃentes, prÃximas entre si, foram elevadas, tendendo à unidade, havendo correlaÃÃes negativas entre pesos tomados em idades mais jovens e aqueles tomados em idades mais avanÃadas. Existe variabilidade genÃtica suficiente para permitir seleÃÃo destas raÃas, de forma a alterar suas trajetÃrias de crescimento. Entretanto, as diferenÃas no padrÃo desta variabilidade sugerem diferentes procedimentos de seleÃÃo para cada uma das raÃas. O controle genÃtico sob os pesos nas fases iniciais do crescimento nÃo à o mesmo que atua em idades mais tardias. Este aspecto à importante para o estabelecimento de adequadas estratÃgias de seleÃÃo. A seleÃÃo de animais para abate em idade jovem deve assim ser diferente daquela para animais de reposiÃÃo no rebanho

Somalis are often portrayed negatively in the media which we consider to be simplistic andreducing of the subjective identity. This thesis therefore intends to examine how people withSomali background experience their identity and how categorization may have importance totheir identity in relation to the majority population. This is in order to examine howcategorization affects the integration process. The empiric material was conducted through semi-structured interviews using a qualitativeresearch method. The result is based on seven interviews with individuals aged 20–46 years,some of whom were born in Sweden, while others immigrated at different ages. The informantsidentify both as both Somalis and Swedes in different ways. The Somali identity finds its originsin their upbringing, often referred to as something "one only is", whilst the Swedish identityderives from the socialization to the Swedish society and the internalization of Swedish norms.In interaction with the majority population, the informants are categorized as non-Swedes. Theinformants subjective sense of belonging therefore loses importance due to others defining whothey are. The categorization of informants is not exclusively practiced by the majoritypopulation, but also by other Somalis. The result is divided into themes of various meetings toshowcase the contextuality and relationality of identification. Additionally, this thesis alsodemonstrates how the informants deal with such categorization. The result serves a possibleexplanation to the struggle concerning the integration of Somalis in Sweden. The theories usedas tools to understand and analyze the empirical material is Jenkins theory of social identity,Berger and Luckmann’s theory of primary and secondary socialization and Charles Tilly’stheory about durable inequality.

Allegations by the Canadian media that the Canadian-Somali population has been continuing its traditional practice of Female Circumcision (FC) or Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Canada despite its illegality was questioned in this thesis. Through qualitative interviews undertaken with fourteen members of the Somali community in Southern Ontario, it was discovered that the respondents do not believe the practice is being continued in Canada. Their views concur with those of the Ministry of Health -Canada which claims that to date, not a single case ofFC/FGM being performed in Canada has been substantiated. The respondents credit their voluntary abandonment of the practice primarily to anti-FGM campaigns that were supported in the urban regions of Somalia from the 1970s until the onset of the Somali civil war in the late 1980s. A secondary deterrent is the fact that the practice is illegal in Canada. Present anti-FGM programs in Canada were deemed necessary by the respondents to reach the minority of individuals who might seek to continue the practice in Canada. Such programs, however, also serve to provide support to circumcised women living in Canada, as well as to provide education about health care in general. Non-FC/FGM related health concerns were deemed more pressing to the Canadian-Somali community, namely, lack of employment, overcrowded living conditions, and inability to access proper health care. Consequently, the respondents were critical of the Canadian media's approach to FC/FGM since the media has neglected to consider other, and in their view, more immediate health concerns faced by the Canadian-Somali community. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

Student Number 9705165A Master of Arts in Forced Migration Studies Faculty of Humanities / Objective: To identify and investigate barriers faced by Somali forced migrants when accessing health care in Johannesburg. In particular, the study seeks to compare perceptions of health personnel and migrants as to the nature of such access constraints. Design and Methods: The study made use of semi-structured and in-depth interviews with a snowball sample of health personnel and migrants. Ten health personnel were interviewed and twenty migrants (ten male and ten female). Results: Constraints of language and xenophobia were identified by both health personnel and forced migrant interviewed. Constraints related to the shortage of resources and the poor functioning of the referral system are experienced by all users of the public health system, irrespective of their nationality. No mention was made of traditional or allopathic medicine. Conclusions: There exists a gap between the access to health care guaranteed in the Refugees Act and practices at facility level. There are many similarities across interviews in the constraints identified by migrants and some agreement in the constraints identified by migrants and health personnel. These results confirm that migrants experience a fairly severe level of constraint when attempting to utilize formal health care services in Johannesburg.

No description available.

Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.

Although rates of tuberculosis (TB) in much of the western world have steadily declined since the Second World War, this infectious disease remains a leading cause of death among those living in impoverished circumstances. Social science perspectives have argued that TB is as much a reflection of socio-economic inequality and the uneven distribution of power and resources as it is about biological processes. In this thesis I explore the lived experience of TB within the Somali refugee community in Auckland, New Zealand. While migrants and refugees are frequently blamed for the resurgence in TB in Western countries, very little is known about the determinants that underlie this manifestation of the disease. The present research addresses this gap in the literature by employing a transdisciplinary social science approach that considers the determinants of health and illness that range across the social, cultural economic and political domains of human experience. The geographical underpinnings of the work are borne out in the fundamental goal: to (literally and metaphorically) place the lived experience of health, disease (and particularly TB) within the Somali refugee community in the wider context of migration and resettlement. Employing qualitative methods I draw upon participants’ narratives to highlight the different ways in which Somali health beliefs and experiences have been shaped by wider structural forces. I demonstrate that within Auckland, Somalis encounter multiple and overlapping layers of disadvantage. The combined impacts of this disadvantage have a profound influence on their health and illness experience, particularly in terms of the development and ongoing occurrence of TB. Respondents with TB recounted widespread stigma that exacerbated the harm incurred by the illness itself. Although Somalis are highly marginalised, the thesis acknowledges the agency and creativity exerted by people in fashioning the course of their life within the context of considerable structural constraints.