Vast numbers of historical field recordings are currently being digitised and disseminated online; but what are these field recordings-and how do they resonate today? This thesis addresses these questions by listening to the digitisation of recordings made for a number of ethnographic projects that took place in Britain in the early 1950s. Each project shared a set of logics and practices I call national phonography. Recording technologies were invested with the ability to sound and salvage the nation, but this first involved deciding what the nation was, and what it was supposed to sound like. National phonography was an institutional and technological network; behind the encounter between recordist and recorded lies a complex and variegated mess of cultural politics, microphones, mediality, sonic aesthetics, energy policies, commercial interests, and music formats. The thesis is structured around a series of historical case studies. The first study traces the emergence of Britain's field recording moment, connecting it to the waning of empire, and focusing on sonic aspects of the 1951 Festival of Britain and the recording policies of national and international folk music organisations. The second study listens to the founding of a sound archive at the University of Edinburgh, also in 1951, asking how sound was used in constructing Scotland as an object of study, stockpiling the nation through the technologies and ideologies of preservation. The third study tracks how the BBC used fieldwork - particularly through its Folk Music and Dialect Recording Scheme (1952-57) - as part of an effort to secure the aural border. The fourth study tells the story of The Columbia World Library of Folk and Primitive Music, produced by Alan Lomax while based in Britain and released in 1955. Here, recordings were presented in fragments as nations were written onto long-playing records, and the project is discussed as a museum of voice. The final chapter shifts perspective to the online circulation of these field recordings. It asks what an online sound archive is, hearing how recordings compress multiple agencies which continue to unfold on playback, and exploring the archival silences built into sonic productions of nations. Finally, online archives are considered as heritage sites, raising questions about whose nation is produced by national phonography. This thesis brings together perspectives from sound studies and ethnomusicology; and contributes to conversations on the history of ethnomusicology in Europe, the politics of technology, ontologies of sound archives, and theories of recorded sound and musical nationalisms.

O objetivo desta investigação é produzir um guia de referência sobre a música White Power composta por bandas Skinheads brasileiras. Também oferece algumas sugestões metodológicas a respeito da organização de documentação do gênero sonoro, com foco na música. Desenvolvido na forma de um instumento de apoio à pesquisa, este guia está organizado em verbetes identificando as organizações grupusculares criadas por ativistas White Power locais, desde o final da década de 1980 até meados dos anos 2000, as bandas vinculadas a cada organização e os seus respectivos repertórios de canções. / The purpose of this research is to produce a reference guide on the White Power music composed by Skinheads. Also offers some methodological suggestions regarding the organization of sound archives, with a focus on music. Developed as an instrument to support research, this guide is organized into articles identifying grupusculares organizations created by local White Power activists, since the end of the Decade of 1980 to the mid-2000, the bands linked to each organization and their respective repertoires of songs.

Orientador: José Eduardo Ribeiro de Paiva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:32:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Capello_NataliaMonti_M.pdf: 2663676 bytes, checksum: 6df91cd206b0f8e6d1bec2d7743303bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa organiza um conjunto de ideias e conceitos que propiciam um olhar teórico sobre o ambiente sonoro em jogos eletrônicos. A abordagem adotada se fundamenta na ideia da decupagem sonora, que aqui integra dois procedimentos principais: identificação e desenvolvimento do conceito de cinco objetos sonoros - vozes, sons de interface, músicas, sons ambientes e efeitos sonoros -, assim como a descrição de suas características e funções principais; e mapeamento sonoro, que pressupõe a listagem organizada dos sons presentes em um jogo, discriminando pontos específicos como transições, loops, locais em que aparecem. São tomados para a análise dois jogos para computador bem reconhecidos pela crítica de jogos, Braid (Number None, 2009) e Mass Effect (BIOWARE, 2008), os quais são analisados individualmente quanto ao uso que fazem de cada componente de suas respectivas trilhas sonoras. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados abarcam desde a escolha justificada dos jogos, experimentação dos mesmos, submissão da decupagem de um dos jogos à entrevista com profissionais da área, a discussões sobre o embasamento teórico, que se aperfeiçoou ao longo da pesquisa. De modo complementar, recorreu-se a considerações teóricas sobre a dinamicidade do áudio e sobre a classificação dos sons quanto à diegese. Após a discussão comparativa entre as análises, verifica-se a presença tanto de características específicas a determinado estilo de jogo quanto de outras mais abrangentes. Os apontamentos retirados da análise dos jogos foram sintetizados e generalizados para compor uma proposta metodológica de análise, a qual serve de ponto de partida para compreensão do ambiente sonoro de outros jogos / Abstract: This research organizes a set of ideas and concepts that provide a theoretical view on the soundscape of electronic games. The approach is based on the idea of sound decoupage, which here includes the following main procedures: identification and development of the concept of five sound objects - voices, interface sounds, music, ambient sounds and sound effects - as a description of their characteristics and main roles; and sound mapping, which presupposes the enumeration of all sounds present in a game and also the specification of informations such as transitions, loops, locations where they appear. Two computer games recognized by game critics - Braid (Number None, 2009) and Mass Effect (Bioware, 2008) - are picked and both are analyzed according to the use of the components of their soundtracks. The methodological steps used here extend from the choice of games, experimentation of them and the submission of the decoupage of one of the games to an interview with some professionals of the field, to the discussions on the theoretical framework, which has been improved during this research. In a complementary way, we used theoretical outlines on the dynamicity of audio and on the classification of sounds according to the diegese. After comparing the analyses, it's verified both the presence of features specific to a game genre and broader others. The notes taken from the games analysis were synthesized and generalized in order to compose a methodology of analysis, which serves as a starting point to the comprehension of the soundscape of other games / Mestrado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Mestra em Música

Since Ukraine's independence, a burgeoning private sector has been increasingly encroaching in cultural spaces that previously were conceived of as "property of the state." This dissertation is an ethnographic account of how objects of cultural heritage are being re-configured within the new post-Soviet economy. Specifically, it focuses on sound archive field recordings of traditional music and how they are being transformed into cultural commodities. Regarding the jurisdiction of culture - who controls cultural heritage and how it is used to represent ethnic and national identity - my research shows how these boundaries are increasingly being negotiated within structures of social, cultural and political power. Thus, culture becomes a contested object between competing ideological systems: cultural heritage as a means to salvage and reconstruct repressed histories and to revive former national traditions, on the one hand, and cultural heritage as a creative, future-oriented force to construct new identities in growing consumer marketplaces.

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Cette étude s’appuie sur un fonds d’enregistrements sonores, effectués au Gabon entre 1954 et 1966 par Herbert Pepper, chercheur de l’Orstom. En parcourant l’ensemble du pays, l’ethnomusicologue et son équipe ont collecté une grande variété de musiques, de contes, et autres expressions orales, et ont créé le Musée des Arts et Traditions de Libreville pour conserver, répertorier et valoriser le fruit de ces recherches de manière durable. Ces enregistrements peuvent être considérés comme étant des éléments représentatifs du « patrimoine culturel immatériel » gabonais, tel que le concept a pu être défini par la convention de l’Unesco en 2003. De nombreux pays comme le Gabon, dont les traditions se transmettent de manière orale, étaient jusqu’alors rarement représentés sur la liste du patrimoine mondial. Il est donc intéressant de retracer l’évolution et l’élargissement de la notion de patrimoine depuis le début du XIXe siècle, moment clé qui a vu se développer en Europe l’intérêt pour les vestiges du passé, tant sur le plan de la collecte des traditions orales que de la mise en musée des traces matérielles. Aujourd’hui, l’avènement des médias numériques a considérablement modifié les pratiques et conceptions dans le domaine de la conservation et de la valorisation du patrimoine. Grâce à la numérisation, les traditions orales bénéficient désormais d’outils adaptés à leur diffusion et il est possible de poursuivre le travail amorcé par Herbert Pepper lorsqu’il souhaitait conserver le caractère total des expressions culturelles gabonaises. / This study draws on a fund of sound recordings, made in Gabon between 1954 and 1966 by Herbert Pepper, Orstom's researcher. Going through the whole country, the ethnomusicologist and his colleague collected a wide variety of music, tales and other oral expressions, and created the Arts and Traditions’ Museum of Libreville to preserve, catalog and enhance the results of this research in a sustainable way.These records may be considered as representative components of “intangible cultural heritage” of Gabon, a concept which was defined by the Unesco Convention in 2003. Many countries such as Gabon, whose traditions are orally transmitted, were previously rarely represented on the World Heritage List. It’s therefore interesting to trace the evolution and expansion of the concept of heritage since the early nineteenth century, significant moment in Europe which has seen development of interest in the past’s relics, both of collecting oral traditions and conserving material traces in Museum. Today, the advent of digital media has significantly changed practices and conceptions in the area of conservation and heritage development. Through digitization, oral traditions now have suitable tools for their diffusion and it’s possible to continue the work begun by Herbert Pepper when he wished the character « total » to retain for gabonese cultural expressions.