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A detailed study of electromagnetic induction in a sequence of conductive layers has been completed for the case when the inducing fields are generated by an alternating current in a horizontal loop. The study was undertaken with a view to the development of a computer program to perform automatic inversion of horizontal loop electromagnetic (HLEM) frequency soundings taken over horizontally stratified ground. The program constitutes a new implementation of the general approach of Backus and Gilbert (1967, 1968, 1970). By means of a linearised iterative scheme, it constructs layered conductivities which satisfy a given set of observations to an accuracy consistent with the observational uncertainties. Subsequently, the non-uniqueness admitted by the limited amount of data can be appraised by computing averages of the original constructed model and comparing them with averages corresponding to other dissimilar models which also satisfy the data. In examples the Backus-Gilbert averages faithfully reflect the character of the "true" conductivity in regions of high conductivity, but they are of limited value in delineating resistive zones. The program has been applied successfully to the inversion of real data from Grass Valley, Nevada. A uniqueness theorem is presented for inversion of HLEM frequency soundings. It has been proved that an unlimited quantity of perfectly accurate HLEM frequency soundings (at a fixed receiver location) suffices to completely determine the conductivity as a function of depth. This result, which is believed to be new, enhances the credibility of conclusions based on inversion of HLEM soundings. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-47).

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1975. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-106).

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ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Wallops Flight Facility is NASA’s principal site for management and implementation of suborbital research programs. Recently, WFF resumed its successful satellite-launching history without sacrificing its culture of being low-cost and responsive. Part of what made this possible is the GPS radiosonde. During recent successful Minotaur I launches, this tiny instrument provided upper-air observations that were used in six categories of analysis necessary for such launches: toxics, blast, winds aloft, debris, weather and forecasting, and post-flight. In addition, the GPS radiosonde has reduced costs associated with Wind Weighting at Wallops, and is used in numerous range research projects.

Shallow water acoustics is one of the most challenging areas of underwater acoustics; it deals with strong sea bottom and surface interactions, multipath propagation, and it often involves complex variability in the water column. The sea bottom is the dominant environmental influence in shallow water. An accurate solution to the Helmholtz equation in a shallow water waveguide requires accurate seabed acoustic parameters (including seabed sound speed and attenuation) to define the bottom boundary condition. Direct measurement of these bottom acoustic parameters is excessively time consuming, expensive, and spatially limited. Thus, inverted geo-acoustic parameters from acoustic field measurements are desirable. Because of the lack of convincing experimental data, the frequency dependence of attenuation in sandy bottoms at low frequencies is still an open question in the ocean acoustics community. In this thesis, geo-acoustic parameters are inverted by matching different characteristics of a measured sound field with those of a simulated sound field. The inverted seabed acoustic parameters are obtained from long range broadband acoustic measurements in the Yellow Sea '96 experiment and the Shallow Water '06 experiment using the data-derived mode shape, measured modal attenuation coefficients, measured modal arrival times, measured modal amplitude ratios, measured spatial coherence, and transmission loss data. These inverted results can be used to test the validity of many seabed geo-acoustic models (including Hamilton model and Biot-Stoll model) in sandy bottoms at low frequencies. Based on the experimental results in this thesis, the non-linear frequency dependence of seabed effective attenuation is justified.

Tornadoes frequently occur in Tornado Alley (Northern Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska) and Dixie Alley (Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia). This study utilizes sounding variables taken within 2-hours and 80 km of a tornado event for the period 1995-2015 to compare and differentiate between these regions. Data bootstrapping and cluster analysis were used to assess differences and similarities in the environmental data between the regions. Of the variables used, the thermodynamic variables showed the greatest discrimination between Dixie Alley and Tornado Alley tornado environments with Dixie Alley having lower LCL heights and CAPE values as well as higher SREH and BWD values when compared to Tornado Alley. However, due to thermodynamic and kinematic inputs, EHI shows the greatest potential in discriminating between tornadic environments in Dixie Alley and Tornado Alley which is beneficial in severe weather forecasting.

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Orientador: Walter Malagutti / Banca: César Augusto Moreira / Banca: José Domingos Faraco Gallas / Acompanha CD-ROM com os arquivos de sondagens elétricas verticais e imageamentos elétricos (arquivos IXR, DOC e DAT) / Resumo: Este trabalho contempla um monitoramento temporal da pluma de contaminação do aterro controlado de Rio Claro (SP), por meio do Método da Eletrorresistividade, comparando-se resultados de Imageamentos Elétricos, com arranjo Dipolo-Dipolo, executados nos anos de 1999 e 2008. A base desse método reside em que diferentes materiais, geológicos ou não, apresentam diferentes valores de resistividade elétrica, sendo essa um parâmetro intrínseco dos materiais, o qual se relaciona à dificuldade encontrada por uma corrente elétrica para se propagar em um meio. O chorume gerado em aterros acaba por diminuir a resistividade elétrica do meio natural circunvizinho, caracterizando a contaminação. Assim, zonas de baixa resistividade, com valores menores ou iguais a 50Ω.m, foram associadas à contaminação por chorume. A interpretação conjunta das seções de resistividade aparente permitiu identificar alterações das dimensões da pluma de contaminação no decorrer dos anos. Regida pelos fluxos principal e secundário, a pluma de contaminação avançou em direção aos limites oeste e sul do aterro. Complementarmente, Sondagens Elétricas Verticais permitiram verificar a profundidade do nível freático e o sentido do fluxo d'água, além da caracterização geoelétrica das litofácies sobre as quais está assentado o aterro: sedimentos predominantemente arenosos da Formação Rio Claro e sedimentos predominantemente siltosos da Formação Corumbataí. / Abstract: This work describes a temporal monitoring of the contamination plume from the controlled landfill of Rio Claro (SP), through the resistivity method, comparing the Electroresistivity Profiling's results, with Dipole-Dipole array, carried out in 1999 and 2008. The basis of this method lies in that different materials, geological or not, have different values of resistivity, and this is an intrinsic material parameter, which relates to the difficulty experienced by an electric current to propagate in a body. The leachates produced on the landfill diminish the electrical resistivity of the natural ambient, characterizing the contamination. Thus, zones of low resistivity, with values smaller or same a 50ohm.m, had been associates to the contamination for landfill wastewater. The joint interpretation of the sections of apparent resistivity allowed to identify alterations of the dimensions of the contamination plume in elapsing of the years. Governed by the main and secondary flows, the contamination plume advanced in direction to the limits west and soul of controlled landfill. Complementarily, Vertical Electrical Soundings had allowed to verify the depth and the direction of the underground water flow, and to characterize geo-electrically the lithology on which is seated the controlled landfill: sediments predominantly sandy of the Rio Claro Formation and sediments predominantly silty of the Corumbataí Formation. / Mestre