O método Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo (TDEM) vem sendo amplamente empregado ao redor do mundo para estudos de hidrogeologia, devido à sua grande profundidade de investigação e à sensibilidade do método na detecção de camadas condutivas. No Brasil sua aplicação ainda é incipiente, havendo poucos estudos publicados. A presente pesquisa empregou o método TDEM sobre rochas da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, na região de Bebedouro (SP). Esta região vem apresentando a ocorrência de surtos de sismos desde o ano de 2005, os quais podem estar sendo induzidos por poços profundos perfurados para exploração de água subterrânea. Na região de estudo existem duas áreas de atividade sísmica: a área de Andes e a área de Botafogo. A pesquisa teve como objetivos mapear a estratigrafia geoelétrica destas áreas, com ênfase no mapeamento da camada de basaltos e das eventuais zonas de fraturas com água em seu interior a fim de contribuir com os estudos sobre a origem das atividades sísmicas na região de Bebedouro. Foram adquiridas e modeladas 86 sondagens TDEM em adquiridas em sete etapas de campo ocorridas durante os anos de 2007, 2008 e 2010. Nos trabalhos de campo de 2010 foram adquiridas ainda um conjunto de 46 SEVs a fim de mapear o nível dágua no aqüífero sedimentar raso e contribuir para a melhoria dos modelos geoelétricos provenientes dos dados TDEM. As sondagens TDEM permitiram mapear zonas fraturadas saturadas no interior da camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral que coincidem com a profundidade estimada para os hipocentros dos tremores na região de estudos (Assumpção et al., 2010), bem como permitiram detectar o contato da base do basalto com o arenito saturado da Formação Botucatu (Aqüífero Guarani). Algumas sondagens indicaram a presença de estruturas 2D nas áreas sísmicas, sobretudo próximo aos poços de grande vazão na região de Andes. Estas estruturas foram modeladas como degraus no topo da camada de basalto, mostrando variações bruscas na interface do basalto com as rochas da Formação Adamantina. A análise dos dados adquiridos em anos diferentes sugere que as zonas de fraturas no interior do basalto sejam muito localizadas e que o caráter migratório da concentração de eventos sísmicos observado na região pode estar associado à redução do volume de água que preenche algumas das zonas fraturadas do basalto. Os dados TDEM foram comparados com outros dados geofísicos, tais como sísmica de refração e perfilagem térmica. A interpretação integrada desses resultados deu suporte para o modelo geoelétrico elaborado para a região de estudos, o qual apresenta uma boa concordância com as informações litológicas de poços. / The Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method has been widely employed worldwide for hydrogeological studies, due to its great depth investigation and its sensibility in conductive layers detection. In Brazil, the TDEM method is not very used, with few published studies. This research used TDEM method at Paraná sedimentary basin, in Bebedouro region (SP). This region has been showing the occurrence of seismic activity since 2005, which may be induced by deep wells drilled for groundwater exploration. In the study region there are two seismic activity areas: Andes (Area A) and Botafogo (Area B). The research has as objectives to map the geoelectrical stratigraphy in these areas, with emphasis on the mapping of the basalt layer and the possible fractured water-filled zones within the basalt layer in order to contribute with the studies about the origin of seismic activities in Bebedouro region. An amount of 86 TDEM soundings were acquired along seven field campaigns occurred during 2007, 2008 and 2010. During the campaigns in 2010, an amount of 46 VES were also acquired, aiming the mapping of the water table in the sedimentary aquifer and contributing to improve TDEM geoelectric models. The TDEM soundings allowed the mapping of the fractured zones within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation, which matches to the depth estimated for quakes hypocenter in the studied region (Assumpção et al., 2010), and also allowed the detection of the contact between the basalt layer base and the saturated sandstone of Botucatu Formation (Guarani Aquifer). Some soundings showed the presence of 2D structures in seismic areas, especially next to wells with high flow of groundwater in Andes area. These structures were modeled as steps on the top of the basalt layer, showing abrupt variations between the basalt and the sediments of Adamantina Formation. The analysis of data acquired in different years suggest that the fractured zones filled with water within the basalt layer are very well located and that the migratory behavior of seismic events may be related to a reduction in the water volume that fills the fractures in basalt. TDEM data were compared with other geophysical data, such as refraction seismic and thermal profiling. The integration of these results gave support to the geoelectrical model developed for the studied region, which presents a good agreement with the lithological information from wells.

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), a tropical phenomenon that exists on the time scale of 30-90 days, commonly initiates over the Indian Ocean and slowly propagates into the western Pacific as a series of convective events, which have time scales on the order of hours or days. These events and the overall MJO convective envelope may interact with convectively coupled waves such as Kelvin waves that propagate more rapidly eastward with time scales of 3-5 days. Radar and sounding data collected during the DYNAMO/AMIE/CINDY2011 field campaign from October 2011 to February 2012 in the central Indian Ocean are used to study the interaction between Kelvin waves and the MJO in terms of atmospheric and cloud properties. The focus is on characterizing the precipitation characteristics, convective cloud spectrum, and atmospheric profiles of Kelvin waves during the active and suppressed phases of the MJO to gain insight on MJO initiation. Characteristics of waves identified using different satellite thresholds and filtering methods are compared. Composites of the radar and sounding observations are calculated for a total of ten Kelvin waves and three MJO events that occurred during the field campaign. Analyzed radar products include convective-stratiform classification of rain rate, rain area, and echo-top heights, as well as cloud boundaries. Sounding data includes profiles of wind speed and direction and relative humidity. Kelvin waves that occur during the suppressed MJO are convectively weaker than Kelvin waves during the active MJO, but display previously documented structure of low-level convergence and a moist atmosphere prior to the wave passage. During the active MJO, Kelvin waves have stronger convective and stratiform rain, and the entire event is longer, suggesting a slower moving wave. The Kelvin wave vertical structure is somewhat overwhelmed by the convective envelope associated with the MJO. When the MJO is developing, the Kelvin wave displays a moisture-rich environment after the passage, providing deep tropospheric moisture that is postulated to be important for the onset of the MJO. The convective cloud population prior to MJO initiation shows increased moisture and a population of low- to mid-level clouds. The moisture precedes shallow convection, which develops into the deep convection of the MJO, supporting the discharge-recharge theory of MJO initiation. Additionally, enhanced moisture after the passage of the pre-MJO Kelvin wave could also support the frictional Kelvin-Rossby wave-CISK theory of MJO initiation. With a better understanding of the interaction between the initiation of the MJO and Kelvin waves, the relationships between the environment and the onset of the convection of the MJO can be improved.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:33:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bortolin_jrm_me_rcla.pdf: 3726642 bytes, checksum: a4355e8e190b22200038d53f9e35e03e (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho contempla um monitoramento temporal da pluma de contaminação do aterro controlado de Rio Claro (SP), por meio do Método da Eletrorresistividade, comparando-se resultados de Imageamentos Elétricos, com arranjo Dipolo-Dipolo, executados nos anos de 1999 e 2008. A base desse método reside em que diferentes materiais, geológicos ou não, apresentam diferentes valores de resistividade elétrica, sendo essa um parâmetro intrínseco dos materiais, o qual se relaciona à dificuldade encontrada por uma corrente elétrica para se propagar em um meio. O chorume gerado em aterros acaba por diminuir a resistividade elétrica do meio natural circunvizinho, caracterizando a contaminação. Assim, zonas de baixa resistividade, com valores menores ou iguais a 50Ω.m, foram associadas à contaminação por chorume. A interpretação conjunta das seções de resistividade aparente permitiu identificar alterações das dimensões da pluma de contaminação no decorrer dos anos. Regida pelos fluxos principal e secundário, a pluma de contaminação avançou em direção aos limites oeste e sul do aterro. Complementarmente, Sondagens Elétricas Verticais permitiram verificar a profundidade do nível freático e o sentido do fluxo d’água, além da caracterização geoelétrica das litofácies sobre as quais está assentado o aterro: sedimentos predominantemente arenosos da Formação Rio Claro e sedimentos predominantemente siltosos da Formação Corumbataí. / This work describes a temporal monitoring of the contamination plume from the controlled landfill of Rio Claro (SP), through the resistivity method, comparing the Electroresistivity Profiling’s results, with Dipole-Dipole array, carried out in 1999 and 2008. The basis of this method lies in that different materials, geological or not, have different values of resistivity, and this is an intrinsic material parameter, which relates to the difficulty experienced by an electric current to propagate in a body. The leachates produced on the landfill diminish the electrical resistivity of the natural ambient, characterizing the contamination. Thus, zones of low resistivity, with values smaller or same a 50ohm.m, had been associates to the contamination for landfill wastewater. The joint interpretation of the sections of apparent resistivity allowed to identify alterations of the dimensions of the contamination plume in elapsing of the years. Governed by the main and secondary flows, the contamination plume advanced in direction to the limits west and soul of controlled landfill. Complementarily, Vertical Electrical Soundings had allowed to verify the depth and the direction of the underground water flow, and to characterize geo-electrically the lithology on which is seated the controlled landfill: sediments predominantly sandy of the Rio Claro Formation and sediments predominantly silty of the Corumbataí Formation.

O método Eletromagnético no Domínio do Tempo (TDEM) vem sendo amplamente empregado ao redor do mundo para estudos de hidrogeologia, devido à sua grande profundidade de investigação e à sensibilidade do método na detecção de camadas condutivas. No Brasil sua aplicação ainda é incipiente, havendo poucos estudos publicados. A presente pesquisa empregou o método TDEM sobre rochas da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná, na região de Bebedouro (SP). Esta região vem apresentando a ocorrência de surtos de sismos desde o ano de 2005, os quais podem estar sendo induzidos por poços profundos perfurados para exploração de água subterrânea. Na região de estudo existem duas áreas de atividade sísmica: a área de Andes e a área de Botafogo. A pesquisa teve como objetivos mapear a estratigrafia geoelétrica destas áreas, com ênfase no mapeamento da camada de basaltos e das eventuais zonas de fraturas com água em seu interior a fim de contribuir com os estudos sobre a origem das atividades sísmicas na região de Bebedouro. Foram adquiridas e modeladas 86 sondagens TDEM em adquiridas em sete etapas de campo ocorridas durante os anos de 2007, 2008 e 2010. Nos trabalhos de campo de 2010 foram adquiridas ainda um conjunto de 46 SEVs a fim de mapear o nível dágua no aqüífero sedimentar raso e contribuir para a melhoria dos modelos geoelétricos provenientes dos dados TDEM. As sondagens TDEM permitiram mapear zonas fraturadas saturadas no interior da camada de basalto da Formação Serra Geral que coincidem com a profundidade estimada para os hipocentros dos tremores na região de estudos (Assumpção et al., 2010), bem como permitiram detectar o contato da base do basalto com o arenito saturado da Formação Botucatu (Aqüífero Guarani). Algumas sondagens indicaram a presença de estruturas 2D nas áreas sísmicas, sobretudo próximo aos poços de grande vazão na região de Andes. Estas estruturas foram modeladas como degraus no topo da camada de basalto, mostrando variações bruscas na interface do basalto com as rochas da Formação Adamantina. A análise dos dados adquiridos em anos diferentes sugere que as zonas de fraturas no interior do basalto sejam muito localizadas e que o caráter migratório da concentração de eventos sísmicos observado na região pode estar associado à redução do volume de água que preenche algumas das zonas fraturadas do basalto. Os dados TDEM foram comparados com outros dados geofísicos, tais como sísmica de refração e perfilagem térmica. A interpretação integrada desses resultados deu suporte para o modelo geoelétrico elaborado para a região de estudos, o qual apresenta uma boa concordância com as informações litológicas de poços. / The Time-Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) method has been widely employed worldwide for hydrogeological studies, due to its great depth investigation and its sensibility in conductive layers detection. In Brazil, the TDEM method is not very used, with few published studies. This research used TDEM method at Paraná sedimentary basin, in Bebedouro region (SP). This region has been showing the occurrence of seismic activity since 2005, which may be induced by deep wells drilled for groundwater exploration. In the study region there are two seismic activity areas: Andes (Area A) and Botafogo (Area B). The research has as objectives to map the geoelectrical stratigraphy in these areas, with emphasis on the mapping of the basalt layer and the possible fractured water-filled zones within the basalt layer in order to contribute with the studies about the origin of seismic activities in Bebedouro region. An amount of 86 TDEM soundings were acquired along seven field campaigns occurred during 2007, 2008 and 2010. During the campaigns in 2010, an amount of 46 VES were also acquired, aiming the mapping of the water table in the sedimentary aquifer and contributing to improve TDEM geoelectric models. The TDEM soundings allowed the mapping of the fractured zones within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation, which matches to the depth estimated for quakes hypocenter in the studied region (Assumpção et al., 2010), and also allowed the detection of the contact between the basalt layer base and the saturated sandstone of Botucatu Formation (Guarani Aquifer). Some soundings showed the presence of 2D structures in seismic areas, especially next to wells with high flow of groundwater in Andes area. These structures were modeled as steps on the top of the basalt layer, showing abrupt variations between the basalt and the sediments of Adamantina Formation. The analysis of data acquired in different years suggest that the fractured zones filled with water within the basalt layer are very well located and that the migratory behavior of seismic events may be related to a reduction in the water volume that fills the fractures in basalt. TDEM data were compared with other geophysical data, such as refraction seismic and thermal profiling. The integration of these results gave support to the geoelectrical model developed for the studied region, which presents a good agreement with the lithological information from wells.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite recorded mountain wave related aircraft accidents in South Africa, very little literature exists on South African mountain waves. This study discusses the results of a mountain wave study in the Hex River Mountains in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The aim of this study was to measure mountain wave turbulence on the lee side of the mountains by conducting weather balloon soundings on the upwind and lee sides of the mountains. These soundings were performed over four days in the winter and spring, with each field day representing different synoptic scale weather conditions. Lee wave rotors were detected from several of the lee wave soundings. Significant values of horizontal vorticity around a north-south axis (y-component horizontal vorticity) were detected. The instrumentation was highly sensitive and able to measure even weak up and downdraft velocities associated with the rotors. Strong downdrafts were measured some mountain waves, but no strong downdrafts were detected near rotors which occurred below the mountain waves. The two dimensional positions of balloons were only available after a considerable amount of reanalysis. If this data can be made available onsite shortly after soundings, it can be used to decide where to move launch sites to, in order to obtain optimal results. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van gedokumenteerde berggolf-verwante vliegongelukke, bestaan baie min literatuur oor Suid Afrikaanse berggolwe. Hierdie tesis bespreek die resultate van ‘n berggolfstudie in die Hexrivier Berge in the Weskaap Provinsie van Suid- Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die berggolfturbulensie aan die lykant van die berge te meet deur middel van weerballonopstygings aan beide die winden lykante van die berge. Hierdie opstygings is oor ‘n tydperk van vier winter en lente dae uitgevoer, met elkeen van die dae wat verskillende sinoptiese weersomstandighede verteenwoordig het. Rotors is waargeneem in die data van verskeie ballonopstygings wat aan die lykant uitgevoer is. Beduidende waardes van horisontale vortisiteit rondom ‘n noord-suid as (y-komponent horisontale vortisiteit) is gemeet. Die instrumentasie was hoogs sensitief en kon selfs swak op- en afstrominge meet. Sterk afstrominge is waargeneem in berggolwe, maar nie in die omgewing van rotors wat onmder die berggolwe voorgekom het nie. Die twee-dimensionele posisies van ballonne was slegs na aansienlike heranaliese van die data beskikbaar. Indien hierdie data kort na opstygings beskikbaar is tydens veldwerk, kan dit help met besluite oor alternatiewe posisies waarvandaan ballonopstygings gedoen kan word ten einde optimale resultate te bekom.

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.