Le juge de gymnastique artistique féminine est soumis à des conditions stressantes, provenant de la nature de l'activité, mais aussi du manque de reconnaissance de cette fonction, et des conflits interpersonnels qu'il implique. Les juges doivent donc gérer leurs émotions tout en évaluant le plus justement possible les exercices qui sont présentés. Pour cela, ils utilisent des stratégies de coping. Plusieurs objectifs forment la problématique. Le premier est d'identifier quelles sont les sources de stress auxquelles les juges sont confrontés pendant une compétition, et s'il existe des différences à ce niveau entre les agrès. L'objectif suivant est de dresser un profil psychologique du juge gymnique à travers certains traits de personnalité et d'identifier les différences qui pourraient exister en fonction de l'expertise et de l'expérience. Déterminer si certaines variables situationnelles et dispositionnelles influencent l'utilisation des stratégies de coping est un autre de nos objectifs.Le dernier est d'étudier les relations entre stratégies de coping et l'apparition du biais d'ordre de passage. 253 juges ont pris part à cette étude, et les résultats ont montré une influence de l'expertise et de l'expérience sur l'identification des sources de stress, néanmoins, les barres asymétriques restent l'agrès le plus stressant à noter pour tous.Le profil psychologique des juges ne les différencie pas en fonction de ces deux variables. De la même façon, les traits de personnalité n'ont pas d'influence sur les stratégies de coping, au contraire de certaines variables situationnelles Enfin, il existerait un lien entre le coping et le biais d'ordre de passage. / Women's artistic gymnastics' judges are pushed under high stressful conditions that come from this activity's nature, as his lack of recognition and the interpersonal conflicts it implicates .Thus, judges have to manage their emotions while appraising the most correctly as far as they can the exercises presented thanks to strategies called « coping ».Several goals make this thesis. The first one is to identify sources of stress of gymnastics judgement during an event, and if they are different contingent on judge's experience and expertise.The following goal is to draw a psychological description of judges, and to identify differences function of expertise and experience.To determine if some situational and dispositional variables affect the use of coping strategies is one of our other goals.The last one is to study relations between these coping strategies and the emergence of the bias of expectations of within team-order.253 judges participated in this study, and results showed an expertise and experience's effect on the sources of stress' identification. Nevertheless, uneven bars are the most stressful apparatus for all of them.Psychological description is not different contingent of these two variables.Dispositional variables don't affect coping strategies, on the contrary of some situational variables.Lastly, a link between coping strategies and bias of expectations of within-team order may exist.

Dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, l'activité anthropique, mais aussi le contexte naturel induisent chez les organismes aquatiques des situations de stress multiples. Parmi les sources potentielles de perturbation, trois d'entre elles, d’origine chimique, ont été étudiées : contamination métallique, une contamination par un herbicide, par un mélange d’alkylphénols polyéthoxylés et enfin une contamination par un produit pétrolier. Cette démarche entre dans le cadre de la directive européenne REACh (Registration Evaluation Autorisation of CHemicals) mais aussi de la directive cadre eau DCE (directive 2000/60/CE) du parlement Européen et du Conseil établissant une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l'eau. Il s’agit en fait d'évaluer la pertinence d’une série d’indicateurs précoces de pollution (ex : biomarqueurs) afin de prédire l'effet des substances chimiques lors de contaminations chroniques ou ponctuelles du milieu aquatique. Une approche intégrée des interactions des substances ou produits sélectionnés sur la réponse génétique, protéique, cellulaire, histologique et individuelle chez la truite arc-en-ciel, Onchorynchus mykiss, a été entreprise en mésocosmes ouverts et dynamiques et en laboratoire. In vivo, une étude multimarqueurs sur des truites juvéniles femelles diploïdes a été menée à chaque exposition, de 21 ou 28 jours, et durant une période de « récupération » afin d'estimer les effets sur la physiologie des truitelles. Le mélange de nonylphénols polyéthoxylés et l’essence utilisés pour les expositions montrent ainsi des effets qui perdurent jusqu’à la fin de cette période de « récupération ». Les mésocosmes, utilisés lors de cette thèse, offrent des conditions favorables au maintien et à la croissance de truites juvéniles. (...) Dans une démarche de recherche de biomarqueurs d’effets chez une espèce modèle, transposer ces travaux chez des poissons (mâles et femelles) à des stades de développement différents pourrait ainsi permettre d’isoler les paramètres les plus pertinents, à chaque stade ou pour l’ensemble du cycle de l’espèce, afin d’apporter de nouveaux outils pour la surveillance des milieux aquatiques. / In the aquatic ecosystems, anthropic activity, but also natural environment induce several kind of stress in aquatic organisms. Among the potential sources of stress, three chemicals were studied here: a metal, a bipyridylium herbicide, a mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and an oil product exposure. This study enters within the framework of the European directive REACh (Registration Evaluation Authorization of CHemicals) but also of the Directive Cadre Eau, DCE (directive 2000/60/CE) of the European Parliament. The aim is to evaluate the relevance of an early pollution indicator pool (biomarkers) in order to predict chemical substance effects during chronic exposure or after specific contaminations of the aquatic compartment. An integrated approach of the substance effects on the genetic, proteinic, cellular, histological and individual answers in the rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss, were undertaken in open and dynamic mesocosms and also laboratory. In vivo, a multibiomarker study on female juvenile trout was done at each exposure, over 21 or 28 days, followed by a period of “recovery». The mixture of nonylphenol polyethoxylate and the gasoline used for the exposures thus show effects which perdurent until the end of this period of “recovery. The mesocosms used in this study offer favorable conditions for juvenile survival and growth. (...) In addition to the assessment of the measurement robustness and the biomarker relevance, we compared the data obtained in this study with the in vivo tests and those obtained using in vitro tests. This approach made possible to highlight coherent answers between in vitro the tests and in vivo markers. But in vitro tests are only one preliminary approach to quickly seek a specific toxic action. The modulation monitoring of key genes in the fish reproduction function, during a gasoline exposure, offers complementary informationabout the pollutant mode of action. We noted that the effects of the contamination on the hormonal rates were differed in time compared to the modulation of the gene transcription. In order to bring new tools for the monitoring, in a model species, of the aquatic environment,transposing this work in male and female fish at different developmental stages would enableisolating still most relevant parameters.

This research investigated the main sources of occupational stress that tertiary English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers experience in the United Arab Emirates. A secondary focus was to identify the coping strategies used by EFL teachers who exhibit low levels of stress, and what types of support were needed by EFL teachers who exhibited moderate to high levels of stress. While theories abound in the literature on the reasons for stress and its consequences for teachers, little is known about the role of coping strategies and their specific usefulness in eradicating stress. Given the nature of the research questions, an interpretivist mixed methods approach was deemed appropriate. Data collection methods included a pre-tested online survey followed by 26 semi-structured interviews and a Likert-style questionnaire which were used to gain an in-depth understanding of the quantitative aspects of stress levels. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were used to examine the coping strategies of 113 self-identified EFL teachers with low stress levels. They were analysed through theme analysis and triangulated with other data to increase the robustness of the results. The sources of teacher stress derived from the analysis are ranked according to the 20 cited as most significant by the participants. They are discussed in detail under the headings of stressors related to classroom teaching, administration leadership style, professional issues and their own assessment as teachers. The strategies teachers use to cope with these stresses are varied and range from activities to attitudes. Key recommendations for the teaching faculty centre on general health and well-being, and overall workplace focus. Clearly, EFL teachers suffering from workplace stress must take care of themselves physically, psychologically and emotionally. Yet teachers in the UAE also expressed a desire for administrators who practice more democratic leadership styles, and acknowledged that the attitudes of their students toward learning English had a considerable impact on their own practices. Further inquiry is recommended into a more complete examination of teacher stressors and their relationship to cultural factors, specifically two of the cultural dimensions found in the UAE (power distance and uncertainty avoidance), which were found to be particularly relevant to stressors in the category of leadership style and practices.

<p>The focus of the study is the teacher in the under-resourced schools in the townships of the Western Cape. The purpose is to discover how teachers learn to cope under adverse working conditions.</p>

<p>Further findings of the current study are: there are significant differences in stress based on employees&rsquo / gender and tenure, a significant difference in burnout with regards to gender and employment type, and significant differences between emotional labour based on gender and tenure. However, no significant difference was found between burnout and tenure, nor was there a significant difference between emotional labour and employment type. Recommendations are made to alleviate the effects of stress on call centre employees which in turn, will minimise the effects of burnout and emotional labour. Recommendations included the development of wellness programmes, stress management programmes, coping programmes and effective communications as a mean to shape employee perceptions regarding their interpretation of organisational demands, threats or opportunities and to enhance call centre employees&rsquo / performance within their work.</p>

<p>The focus of the study is the teacher in the under-resourced schools in the townships of the Western Cape. The purpose is to discover how teachers learn to cope under adverse working conditions.</p>

<p>Further findings of the current study are: there are significant differences in stress based on employees&rsquo / gender and tenure, a significant difference in burnout with regards to gender and employment type, and significant differences between emotional labour based on gender and tenure. However, no significant difference was found between burnout and tenure, nor was there a significant difference between emotional labour and employment type. Recommendations are made to alleviate the effects of stress on call centre employees which in turn, will minimise the effects of burnout and emotional labour. Recommendations included the development of wellness programmes, stress management programmes, coping programmes and effective communications as a mean to shape employee perceptions regarding their interpretation of organisational demands, threats or opportunities and to enhance call centre employees&rsquo / performance within their work.</p>

Magister Educationis - MEd / The focus of the study is the teacher in the under-resourced schools in the townships of the Western Cape. The purpose is to discover how teachers learn to cope under adverse working conditions. In a systematic way, we try to uncover what workplace stress is, how it is defined and manifests itself. It also deals with the specific reasons why teachers in South Africa, and especially in poorer schools on the Cape Flats, suffer such heavy stress. A convenient way to examine issues of stress was to approach it from different angles or levels: the classroom level, the staff/relationship level, the organizational level and the Departmental (Governmental) level. At these levels the causes, manifestations and solutions to workplace stress were researched. A qualitative study was done to ascertain first hand from the experiences of affected teachers themselves, how they learnt to cope, how this learning came about and what the specific methods or strategies are which they employ to deal effectively with stress. The study concludes with a general summary of the most salient coping strategies that seem to work for most teachers. Recommendations to address stress at the four levels mentioned are finally made. / South Africa

Magister Commercii - MCom / The increasing demand for client-centred services in a highly competitive business environment has resulted in a substantial increase in the number of call centres world wide (Knight 2004 cited in Carrim, Basson & Coetzee, 2006; Nel & De Villiers 2004 cited in Carrim et al., 2006; Williams, 2000 cited in Carrim et al., 2006). According to Holdsworth and Cartwright (2003); Malhotra and Mukherjee (2004); Singh and Goolsby (1994), the work of a customer service representative is seen as one of the ten most stressful jobs in the present-day world economy. Customer service representatives are highly susceptible to elevated levels of stress and burnout, more so than in any other work environment. Within the call centre environment specifically, turnover has been identified as one of the most pressing problems in terms of scope (levels or percentages of turnover), cost and productivity (O’Herron, 2003 cited in Spies, 2006). Factors that lead to unhappiness in call centres are, inter alia, the monotony and repetitiveness of the job content. This situation is aggravated by lack of opportunities for promotion and by stress (Worldroom Digest, 2004 cited in Carrim et al., 2006). In addition, Hochschild (1983) posits that organisations in the service industry do not hesitate to “commercialize” employees’ emotions as a means to attract and retain customers. Research suggests that service providers are under implicit and explicit pressure to regulate their emotions as a tool to lure customers into patronizing the organisation. In recent studies, several key factors were identified that are commonly associated with turnover intention among customer service representatives, namely, work overload, monitoring and surveillance of employees, competing management goals, upward career movement, lack of skill variety, and emotional labour (Cordes & Dougherty, 1993; Deery et al., 2002; Deery & Kinnie, 2004; Holman, 2004; Singh, 2000; Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt & Blau, 2003). If not dealt with appropriately, stress, burnout and emotional labour can increase the turnover rate, which accordingly can be damaging to the organisation. The current research was conducted at an outbound call centre in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. The sample comprised of a hundred and sixty three call centre employees who are employed in the collections/outbound department. Convenience sampling was utilised. A self-developed Biographical Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981), the Emotional Labour Scale (Brotheridge & Lee, 2003), the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (Van Zyl &Van der walt, 1994), and the Turnover Intentions Questionnaire (Roodt, 2004) were used to collect the data. The data was analysed using SPSS and the results were interpreted by means of descriptive and inferential statistics (the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, T-Test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results indicate that there is a moderate relationship between stress and intention to leave the organisation amongst the sample of employees. There was also a significant relationship between burnout and intention to leave the organisation. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between emotional labour and intention to leave the organisation. Further findings of the current study are: there are significant differences in stress based on employees’ gender and tenure, a significant difference in burnout with regards to gender and employment type, and significant differences between emotional labour based on gender and tenure. However, no significant difference was found between burnout and tenure, nor was there a significant difference between emotional labour and employment type. Recommendations are made to alleviate the effects of stress on call centre employees which in turn, will minimise the effects of burnout and emotional labour. Recommendations included the development of wellness programmes, stress management programmes, coping programmes and effective communications as a mean to shape employee perceptions regarding their interpretation of organisational demands, threats or opportunities and to enhance call centre employees’ performance within their work. / South Africa

This work is focused on the profession of midwifery and supervision in this profession. The main objective was to identify the sources of stress and perceived support midwives in their work and determine, whether the supervision rendering source of support for midwives. The theoretical part is concerned with the context of the profession of midwives and then presents the profession in the Czech Republic, especially the education and competence, as provided for developing legislation. For comparison options are, also presented Conditions profession of midwives in selected European countries. Separate chapters are devoted to sources of stress to which the midwife faced in their work, the concept of resilience as its counterweight and finally sources of support that midwife in the exercise of their profession can earn. In the empirical part of the thesis is a qualitative research technique using focus groups. Its aim is to describe the factors that act as sources of stress or support in the profession of midwives as they see themselves. Using analytical story is then presented contemporary painting experience midwives set in the context presented in the theoretical part. The main results of the research point to the vague competence, lack of support and legal uncertainty in the profession of midwives...