Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to develop a specific period in the history of the historically important Karoo town of Graaff-Reinet. The importance of the period under discussion lies in the fact that during the period in question, Graaff- Reinetters engaged in a series of socially divisive conflicts that divided the society on a racial basis based on an individual’s use of either Afrikaans or English. In the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War, an Afrikaner nationalistic trend established a foothold on the Afrikaans speaking population of Graaff-Reinet and forced them to counter the dominance of an Imperialist and British viewpoint that had been dominant in society up to that point. This was done by fighting for the importance of Afrikaans as a language as opposed to English. These two groups of language speakers engaged in a series of literal and metaphorical frictions within different sections of society, including on a political level well as in the education of students. Apart from the conflicts between the Afrikaans and English speaking population, this research will also examine the occurrence of conflicts within the Afrikaans community of Graaff- Reinet regarding the loaded decision about what language to use from the pulpit. In short this research examines the origin and development of Afrikaner nationalism in Graaff-Reinet during the period after Unification, but more than that and on a much deeper level it also looks at the social tendencies that manifested itself within this relatively small and rural Karoo society. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mikpunt van hierdie navorsing is om ’n spesifieke periode in die geskiedenis van die histories belangrike Karoodorp, Graaff-Reinet te belig. Die belangrikheid van die periode onder bespreking lê opgesluit in die feit dat Graaff-Reinetters in daardie tydperk in ’n reeks sosiaal verdelende konflikte gewikkel was wat die samelewing op ’n rassegrondslag verdeel het; die konflik was gebaseer op ’n individu se taalgebruik van hetsy Afrikaans of Engels. In die periode ná die Anglo-Boereoorlog het ’n Afrikanernasionalistiese tendens ’n houvas gekry op Afrikaanssprekendes op Graaff- Reinet en dit het hulle genoop om in alle erns die oorheersing van ’n Imperialistiese Britse sienswyse in die samelewing teen te werk. Dit het behels dat die belangrikheid van Afrikaans vir Afrikaanssprekendes belig is teenoor die Imperialistiese Ryksgesindes wat weer Engels as die summa summarum van tale aangevoer het. Hierdie twee groepe taalgebruikers het op etlike terreine vir mekaar die letterlike en metaforiese stryd aangesê: ondermeer in die politieke speelterrein op die dorp sowel as in die opvoeding van leerders en met die samestelling van skool- en afdelingsrade. Buiten die konflikte tussen die Afrikaans- en Engelssprekendes wat op hierdie verskillende terreine belig gaan word, kyk hierdie navorsing ook na die voorkoms van taalkonflikte binne Afrikanerkringe self en hoe dit tot uiting gekom in die keuse van ’n taal by godsdiensbeoefening op die dorp. In kort fokus hierdie tesis dus op die voorkoms en opbou van Afrikanernasionalisme op Graaff-Reinet in veral die tydperk ná Uniewording, maar dit kyk ook op ’n wyer vlak na die onderliggende sosiale tendense wat deur die dekades heen op hierdie relatief klein Karoodorp gemanifesteer het.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the development of film criticism in Cape Town's daily press from 1928 to 1930, using film reviews from the newspapers the Cape Times and Die Burger as sources. The study starts with an overview of studies concerning early South African film history, and characterizes it as a rather underdeveloped field of study. The character of film criticism in the period under discussion is explained by using a description of the general function of film criticism as a basis and taking film criticism in the Weimar Republic of Germany as an example for the following comparison. The basis for the comparative analysis is a list of films screened in three selected cinemas in Cape Town from 1928 to 1930. Part of the analysis is an empirical study to examine the quantitative development of film reviews in the period under discussion. Length ranges with which to characterize film reviews are defined and the preferred average lengths of reviews for both newspapers as well as for films screened at the particular cinemas are listed. The qualitative part of the study is a content analysis of two selected groups of films: 1. films which received average-size reviews and 2. films which ran longer than average and received above-average size reviews. The survey reveals that the Cape Times followed a "quantitative strategy", reviewing all films screened and that Die Burger had a "qualitative The reviews strategy", in both reviewing specially selected films only. newspapers can be characterized as functionalistic. The Cape Times displayed their business orientation by publishing mostly advertisement-like reviews; Die Burger's political orientation was reflected in comments about the language in sound films, including film and cinema into the language struggle. The study demonstrates that newspapers are a valuable source for research concerning early South African film history. The existing standard reference, Thelma Gutsche's The History and Social ,Significance of Motion Pictures in South Africa 1895-1940 can be fruitfully complemented by using Afrikaans newspapers, as well as the writings of the Afrikaner film critic Hans Rompel. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die ontwikkeling van rolprentresensies in die pers van Kaapstad in die jare 1928 tot 1930 en gebruik daarvoor resensies van die nuuskoerante Cape Times en Die Burger. Die ondersoek begin met 'n oorsig van die vroeë Suid Afrikaanse rolprentgeskiedenis. Die karakter van rolprentresensie in die gegewe periode word verduidelik deur 'n beskrywing van die algemene funksie om rolprentresensie as "n basis te gebruik en rolprentresensies in die Duitse Weimar Republiek as 'n voorbeeld vir die opvolgende vergelyking te neem. Die basis vir die vergelykende analise is 'n lys van rolprente wat in drie geselekteerde bioskope in Kaapstad gedurende die periode van 1928 tot 1930 gewys is. 'n Gedeelte van die analise behels 'n empiriese studie om die kwantitatiewe ontwikkeling van rolprentrensensies gedurende die gegewe periode te ondersoek. Lengte reekse word gedefinieer om die resensies te karakteriseer, en die verkose gemiddelde lengtes van resensies word gelys vir beide nuuskoerante as ook vir films wat by die geselekeerde cinemas gewys is. Die kwalitatiewe gedeelte van die studie is 'n inhoudanalise van twee geselekteerde groepe van rolprente: 1. rolprente wat resensies van gemiddelde lengte ontvang het en 2. rolprente wat langer as gemiddeld gewys is en resensies van bo-gemiddelde lengte ontvang het. Die ondersoek wys uit dat die Cape Times 'n "kwantitatiewe strategie" gevolg het deur alle rolprente te resenseer, terwyl die Die Burger 'n "kwalitatiewe strategie" gevolg het deur net gekeurde rolprente te resenseer. Die resensies in albei nuuskoerante kan as funkionalisties beskryf word. Die Cape Times lig sy besigheidsgeorienteerde houding uit, deur grotendeels advertensie-gelyke resensies te skryf; Die Burger demonstreer sy politiese orientering deur kommentaar oor die taalgebruik in klankrolprente te lewer en sluit so rolprente en bioskope in die taalstryd in. Die studie demonstreer dat koerante 'n waardevolle inligtingsbron vir navorsing oor die vroeë Suid Afrikaanse rolprentgeskiedenis lewer. Die bestaande standaardverwysing, Thelma Gutsche se The History and Social Significance of Motion Pictures in South Africa 1895-1940 kan suksesvol gekomplimenteer word deur gebruik te maak van Afrikaanse koerante, as ook van die tekste van die Afrikaanse filmkritikus, Hans Rompel.

The Overberg, incorporating the present-day districts of Swellendam, Caledon and Bredasdorp, forms a geographic microcosm in the south-western Cape. The area, with its Mediterranean climate and undulating hills of Bokkeveld shales and weathered Table Mountain Sandstone, is well adapted for arable and pastoral agriculture. Original settlement was by the Khoi who by 1710 had succumbed to cumulative disintegrative forces. They presented little resistance to the vanguard of white settlers who by 1710 were receiving land grants in the area. By 1838 the area was optimally settled for the extensive ranching of that time and pressure on the land was becoming acute. There was little scope for British immigrants to obtain land among the Dutch settlers. Grain farming offered little reward as the area was isolated from the Cape Town market by hazardous mountain ranges. The conversion of the indigenous hairy sheep to wool-bearing Merinos which occurred during the 1830s provided the area with an added income. Wool provided a product which modified Overberg agriculture from its quasi-subsistence form to commercial farming. The wool produced in the area was generally of a high quality and it commanded a consistent price on the world market, a factor which contributed to the financial stability of the area. The increased income from wool provided scope for unprecedented commercial activity. The new found wealth which was diffused among the white farmers raised their standard of living. Predial labour did not, however, experience commensurate material gains. The social and cultural milieu was not profoundly affected but material prosperity fostered greater political awareness among wool farmers, a factor which was to bolster Afrikaner national movements after 1870. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (History)

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie studie word Mimi Coertse se bydrae tot die uitvoering van die Afrikaanse kunslied in diepte ondersoek. Die kunslied word omskryf en die ontwikkeling van die kunslied in Westerse kunsmusiekgeskiedenis en in Suid- Afrika word ontleed. Die belangrikste komponiste word gevalle uitgelig. 'n Oorsig van Mimi Coertse se lewe en loopbaan volg hierna. 'n Volledige tabel van algemene opmerkings oor Coertse se uitvoering van die Afrikaanse kunslied deur resensente, kollegas en vriende word bespreek. Dit word gevolg deur opmerkings oor Coertse se uitvoering van spesifieke Afrikaanse kunsliedere deur resensente. Die Afrikaanse kunsliedere wat deur komponiste aan Coertse opgedra is, sowel as die lys van Afrikaanse kunsliedere wat deur Coertse opgeneem is, word geboekstaaf. Coertse se sangloopbaan as kunsliedsangeres val saam met 'n tydperk waarin Afrikaans as taal en die Afrikaanse kultuur gedy het. Sy het in Afrikaans 'n uitdrukkingsmedium gevind wat haar die naaste aan die hart gele het. / This study involves an in-depth investigation into Mimi Coertse's contribution to the execution of the Afrikaans art song. The art song is defined and its development in the history of Western music and in South Africa analysed. The principal composers are highlighted in both instances. An overview is then provided of the life and career of Mimi Coertse. A comprehensive table of general comments on Coertse's execution of the Afrikaans art song by critics, colleagues and friends is discussed. This is followed by critics' comments on Coertse's performance of specific Afrikaans art songs. The Afrikaans art songs that composers dedicated to Coertse as well as the list of Afrikaans art songs recorded by Coertse are chronicled. Coertse's career as a performer of the art song coincided with a period in which Afrikaans as a language and Afrikaans culture blossomed. She found a medium of expression in Afrikaans that was closest to her heart. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. Mus.

D.Litt et Phil. (Semitic Languages and Cultures) / This thesis is an examination of “interfaith praxis” in the South African struggle for liberation, with particular emphasis on Muslim-Christian relations. We begin with an overview of the epistemological and theological contribution of “praxis” in European and subaltern contexts of liberation theology as well as the key dynamics of representation, conditionality and transformative activism in the history of Muslim-Christian relations. We then analyze and contrast “two histories” of Muslim-Christian relations in South Africa: one of Orientalism and the other of interfaith praxis. Through a close examination of two organizations - the Call of Islam (est. 1984) and the South African Chapter of the World Conference on Religion and Peace (est. 1984) - we argue that interfaith praxis changed how Muslims and Christians in the struggle approached interfaith dialogue and theological reflections on the religious other. It was this interfaith praxis that contributed to the importance of religious pluralism in contemporary South Africa. Following through from the history and reflections on interfaith praxis, we suggest here the possibility for a new framework for Muslim-Christian relations called a Liberatio-Political Framework.

This dissertation re-examines an era in the production and reception of English language poetry in South Africa by black writers. Intellectually the 1970's was the Black Consciousness phase of South African history and very few aspects of life in the country were untouched by the intellectual movement led by Steve Biko and other young black student leaders. The aesthetic and literary output of the time, like all other facets of South African life, exhibited the influence and pressures brought to bear by Black Consciousness. Moreover, the Black Consciousness poets introduced the most vibrant and innovative phase for English language poetry produced in South Africa. It is my contention, however, that such vibrancy and innovation has consistently been compromised by unsympathetic, often hostile, and almost-always ill-informed criticism. The dissertation offers a critique of the academic and journalistic practice of criticism in South Africa. I argue that critical practice in South Africa has been engaged throughout the twentieth century in the discursive enforcement of ‘discipline’. In his Discipline and Punish (1977) the French post-structuralist philosopher Michel Foucault demonstrated how power is wielded against oppressed/suppressed groups through self regulated proscriptions, and argued that power is a discursive rather than a corporeal phenomenon. My dissertation follows Foucault in reading the critical reception of Black Consciousness poetry as the practice of disciplinary power. The dissertation also engages critically with the poetry of Oswald Mtshali, Mongane Serote and Sipho Sepamla, and argues that their work is the inscription of black subjectivity into the literary and cultural mainstream. It situates their work within wider 6 societal debates and definitions of ‘blackness’. In this regard use is made again of Michel Foucault’s insights and methodology of discourse analysis as shown in The Archaeology of Knowledge (1972). I argue that Oswald Mtshali’s work is a failed attempt at a dissection of apartheid and colonialism from a broadly Christian and humanist perspective. In my reading of Mongane Serote I explore the relationship between women’s bodies and the practice of representation. It is my contention that Serote is most concerned with claims of belonging, and this is shown through his extensive use of the trope of ‘Mother’. My discussion of the poetry of Sipho Sepamla focuses on language and (self- )representation, particularly the use of practices of naming in constructing subjectivity. My contention is that Sepamla ultimately abandons attempts at representation in favour of oppositional self-construction in language. In the concluding chapter I defend the thesis that the politics of discipline have prevented the broad critical establishment from gaining access to these discursive constructions of blackness in the committed poetry of South Africa.

Preface: Sir Benjamin D'Urban only spent four years as Governor of the Cape Colony, yet to many people he is one of the most easily identifiable of all British Governors. The principal reason for this, it seems, is the continuing emphasis placed upon his short-lived settlement of the Colony's troublesome eastern frontier in 1835. The main objectives of this thesis have been to examine some of the most notable analyses of that settlement together with an attempt to remove D'Urban's governorship from the narrow and controversial confines imposed by his frontier policy. I have tried to place his governorship in the wider context of his day, examining the various controls upon him, and his overall role as Governor together with some of his administration's less well known but ultimately equally important aspects. In effect, I have tried to view D'Urban in 'the round '. The thesis makes no pretence at being a complete survey. Several important and possibly contributory aspects to a fuller understanding of D'Urban's Cape interlude - notably his ten years in various executive positions in the West Indies and British Guiana, and his period as commander-in-chief of the British army in Canada - were beyond the reach of anything more than a cursory review. Presumably there are documents relative to this period of D'Urban's life in the Archives in Montreal, Georgetown and London. D'Urban's reputation in South Africa continues to rest upon the short-lived system he established in 1835 and the great promise for future relations between black and white that many authors then and since saw in it, or alternately failed to see in it. With this in mind, and the realisation that 145 years and a succession of Governors, High Commissioners and Prime Ministers have passed since 1835, the following extract from the front page of The Daily Dispatch of 10 May, 1980, is revealing. It was reported that the Ciskei government demanded "all the land between the Kei and Fish Rivers, the Indian Ocean and the Stormberg Mountains to form the territory of an independent Ciskei ." The fundamental questions of to whom the land belongs and of how to establish a just modus vivendi with the Xhosa, which plagued both D'Urban's short administration and the Colonial Office for much of the Nineteenth Century are still with us today. Any analysis of his four year period as Governor of the Cape must necessarily be tempered by this realisation.

The study period saw a significant increase in the urbanisation of whites and blacks in Port Elizabeth induced by droughts and coercive legislation, but also by burgeoning industrialisation. Industry had been given great stimulus by World War 1 and maintained by protectionist legislation in the 1920s which the local state and industrialists came to endorse. The ethos of the town was overwhelmingly British in terms of the population, the composition of the local council, business interests and the prevailing culture. Whites formed the largest component of the population in Port Elizabeth during the inter-war years. The majority of white women lived in the North End, the industrial hub and a major working class area of the city. Although the provision of housing was initially neglected, economic and subeconomic housing in the 1930s helped to create both racial separation and a sense of community between sectors of the working class. Yet, white working class women did not form a homogenous group, but rather consisted of different ethnic groups, occupations and classes. The Afrikaans speaking sector, formed a significant component of the industrial labour force especially in the leather, food and beverage and clothing industries. In a centre where white labour was favoured and marketed as an advantage to outside investors, they rapidly displaced coloured women. The female workforce was basically young, underpaid (especially in comparison to wages on the Rand) and temporary. While white women were still in evidence in other occupations such as domestic work and in the informal sector, their numbers here steadily diminished as both racial segregation and municipal regulation, were implemented. Against a background of chaotic social conditions, large slum areas and the spread of infectious diseases, the local council did much to improve health services particularly for women and children. Poor relief instituted in 1919 was, however, less forthcoming and female - headed households were often left to rely on the services of local welfare organisations. The extended family, however, was the norm affording support against atomization. Although pressurised by social ills throughout the period, the family was increasingly buttressed by state assistance. Prevailing morality was likewise actively constructed in terms of legislative repression and racial division. This often lead to social aberrations such as infanticide which was only reduced by the increase of state assistance and, in the longer term, social mobility of the whites.

The mfecane was for most of the twentieth century regarded as a historical certainty for the South African public and the Apartheid government, as well as for historians here and world-wide. The mfecane had achieved the permanence of a paradigm and a dominant discourse, as it was accepted equally by settler, liberal, Afrikaner, Africanist and Neo-Marxist historians. This certainty was shaken when Cobbing’s mfecane critique appeared in 1988, with which I concur. This study examines how mfecane history was written from the first published articles in mid-1823 until Walker coined the concept mfecane in 1928. This thesis undertakes a journey through a host of published works, books, pamphlets and articles in journals, magazines and newspapers, from which a number of conclusions emerge. The mfecane narrative was developed over a period of a hundred years in the English language by almost exclusively white, English-speaking male amateur historians and ethnographers. Their occupations, age, ideology and level of education differed markedly, but they shared one European ideological value, the discourse of the European “Image of Africa”, which regarded Africans as the negative Other of their own positively perceived society. This was a culturallyshared view of Africans, which formed the baggage in the mind of all writers examined, and accounts for the mfecane narrative’s negative attitude towards Africans. Furthermore, mfecane history was influenced by racism and the use of literary devices such as the gothic novel and the romance. Authors writing in the 1823 to 1846 period on events which had taken place in the “blank space” beyond the Cape Colony, which most of them had never visited, laid the basis for the mfecane narrative. It constituted a set of geographical or ethnically focused, separate accounts. These separate accounts focused on the themes of Shaka’s creation of the Zulu state, including his expulsion of several chiefdoms; his depopulation of Natal and the flight of the Fingo to the Transkei; the path of destruction of the Hlubi and Ngwane during their flight from Natal via the greater Caledon Valley area to the Transkei; the incorporation of the Kololo and other Sotho chiefdoms into the Mantatees - due to pressure from the invaders from Natal - who subsequently laid waste the Free State and Transvaal as far as Dithakong, where they were defeated; the further depopulation of the Transvaal by the Ndebele during their escape from Shaka; the flight of Moshoeshoe and his people to Thaba Bosiu where he built up the Sotho state, with Moshoeshoe being the only positive figure in this history. This multi-narrative was thereafter repeated without any critical thought by all authors examined until in 1885 Theal created a Zulu-centric, geographically integrated mfecane narrative whereby he integrated the previously separate accounts into one coherent whole - a whole which was so much more than the sum of its parts, but so far without a defining name. That was provided by Walker in 1928 when he coined the Xhosa neologism, mfecane. The Theal, Cory and Walker racist mfecane was thus bequeathed as the mfecane to the rest of the twentieth century.

This study investigates the spatial planning of racial residential segregation in King William's Town, induding its former homeland township of Zwelitsha, from 1826 to 1991. The first settlement in the 'white' King William's Town, Brownlee Mission Station, was established in 1826.The town of King William's Town was developed from this settlement. The racial laws which were applied to segregate blacks nationally and locally came to an end in 1991. Primary sources of information were used to determine whether King William's Town was planned along racial lines and to determine the major role players who formulated and implemented the policy. Key sources were archival material, newspapers, maps, interviews, Deeds Office files and the work of other scholars. The establishment of the towm from its genesis as a mission station and a military base is traced and the effects of this legacy on racial separation is detailed. It was found that racial planning of residential areas in King William's Town had been practised in this small town for a long time (prior to the Group Areas Act). The implementation of this policy was marked by forced removal of blacks from areas which were regarded as being for whites. These predominently African concentrations on the east bank of the Buffalo River were relocated to the west bank which was regarded as a black area.An anomalous incident was discovered in this study namely that these racial removals took place before the central state introduced national policy which compelled all local states to plan their residential areas along ethnic considerations. In parallel with the practice of segregation in King William's Town, the township of Zwelitsha was developed adjacent to the town by the government. As this thesis reveals, the development of Zwelitsha was intimately related to that of King William's Town. The major role players in planning residential areas on racial basis were identified as the municipal Council of King William's Town. They were involved in planning racially segregated areas before and after the Group Areas Act. They (the Council) succeeded in closing all freehold locations in the town (1940) and forced the residents to become their tenants who rented dwellings in the west bank municipal location. There were attempts to incorporate this municipal location into the neighbouring homeland township of Zwelitsha. This move was eventually accomplished when all townships in the vicinity of King William's Town were amalgamated to form King William's Town Transitional Local Council in terms of the Local Government Transition Act of 1994 (Government Gazette No. 15468 of 2nd February 1994).