This dissertation interrogates the representation of Africa as rising by examining the conditions that have led to the shift from an Afro pessimistic discourse to a more propulsive one. To do so, it examines how “Africa Rising” functions as a discourse articulated through transnational news networks, global financial, development, business organizations and Afrocentric digital platforms. It analyzes the recurring tropes, symbols and language used to signify the notion of “rising”, how various social actors are involved in the articulation of this discourse, the countries on the continent labelled as “rising”, which ones are not and why? It examines the conditions that have enabled the emergence of this discourse, and how they relate to other discourses. It examines the role of Afropolitans on the continent and the diaspora in the production and dissemination of this discourse through emerging Afrocentric digital platforms. Finally, it analyzes the tensions, contradictions and absences within this discourse and its implications for African countries. To address these questions, the rising discourse is theoretically contextualized within neoliberal globalization and development discourses, South-South relations, Postcolonial, journalism, digital media, and identity frameworks, to reveal the nuanced way that it articulates various ideological assumptions and the intersectional dimensions of race, gender and class in the production of the continent. Methodologically, this project applies a multi-sited critical discourse analysis, to a variety of news media texts from Anglo-American media, Afrocentric digital platforms and institutional reports. It also examines how various institutions deploy the notion of “Africa Rising.” Finally, this study includes interviews with content producers of Afrocentric digital platforms, to understand if and how they engage and situate their work within the “Africa Rising” discourse. This dissertation reveals that the Africa Rising discourse contradicts itself as it homogenizes the continent whilst pushing a neoliberal agenda that excludes countries within the continent that fail to adopt this agenda. It also reveals the tensions of neoliberalism on the continent, as countries with various profiles and histories struggle to adopt these policies. It reveals how various global social actors continue to influence affairs within the continent. Finally, it reveals the role that Afrocentric digital platforms are influencing perceptions about the African continent and how these platforms are intertwined with the neoliberal agenda. / Media & Communication

A partir de 1974, a política externa brasileira em relação à África foi reformulada, o que, nas palavras do então ministro de relações exteriores do Brasil, tratou-se de uma “correção de rumos para a África”. O aumento de representações diplomáticas em países africanos, assim como a política de reconhecimento irrestrito das independências e dos governos de Angola, Guiné-Bissau e Moçambique, rompendo com um padrão histórico de ambivalências quanto ao colonialismo português, consistiram nas principais medidas tomadas. A questão que orienta a presente pesquisa é a de compreender de que forma a “correção de rumos para a África” se relacionou ao processo mais abrangente de criação de convergências, políticas e econômicas, com países em desenvolvimento e/ou países pós-coloniais, elemento característico da política externa brasileira desenvolvida durante o governo do presidente Ernesto Geisel. Trata-se de uma pesquisa eminentemente documental, cujas fontes primárias foram produzidas no âmbito do Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Brasil e de outros órgãos vinculadas ao Poder Executivo, em sua maioria depositadas junto ao CPDOC/FGV. O argumento central da pesquisa é que o autoproclamado “pragmatismo” da política externa do governo Geisel foi sintomática da revisão ao padrão de inserção internacional do país, o qual, desde a II GM, tornara-se cognoscível por meio da prioridade dada às relações com o Norte industrial em matéria de cooperação econômica, tanto quanto da urgência concedida à segurança compartilhada do hemisfério ocidental. O argumento parte da constatação de que a détente da Guerra Fria foi interpretada, no Brasil, como um tipo de consenso, ainda que precário, entre potências industriais em prol da consolidação de áreas de influência no Terceiro Mundo. A revisão ao então “pertencimento ocidental” em matéria de desenvolvimento e de segurança teve na grande janela de oportunidade das relações Sul-Sul na década de 1970 uma condição de emergência. No Atlântico Sul, essa revisão mostrou-se em seus contornos mais nítidos, dado o papel pregresso de resguardo ao “avanço comunista” conferido ao Brasil em suas relações com o continente africano. A partir de 1974, o agenciamento, político e econômico, de países africanos pós-coloniais, sobretudo em matéria de descolonização portuguesa, foi crucial para estabelecer um novo sentido à inserção do Brasil no Atlântico, em que tanto a noção de segurança, quanto a de desenvolvimento, se deram por bases mais autóctones – em que o próprio socialismo africano passou a ser lido como manifestação de “pragmatismo”. / In 1974, Brazil reshaped its foreign policy towards Africa, which, in the words of the Brazilian secretary of state at the time, meant a “correction of course towards Africa.” The main steps taken were an increase in the number of diplomatic outposts in African countries and the unbound recognition of the independences of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique, which broke away from a historical pattern of ambivalence toward Portuguese colonialism. The issue that guides this research is understanding the role that this “correction of course towards Africa” played in the overarching process of economic and political convergence with developing and/or post-colonial countries, a defining component of Brazilian foreign policy during the Ernesto Geisel administration. This is chiefly an archival research, whose primary sources where retrieved from Brazil’s Department of State and other offices associated with the country’s Executive Branch, most of which are archived in the Contemporary Brazilian History Research and Documentation Center of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (CPDOC/FGV). This paper main argument is that the self-proclaimed “pragmatism” in Geisel’s foreign policy was a manifestation of an overhaul of the country’s pattern of international involvement. Since World War II, this pattern had been marked by a high priority given to the relations with the industrial North in issues of economic cooperation as well as by a sense of urgency for shared security in the Western Hemisphere. The leading thread of the analysis assumes that the Cold War’s deténte was interpreted in Brazil as an agreement, albeit precarious, among industrial powers over their respective zones of influence in the Third World. The critical revision of Brazil’s “belonging to the West” in issues of development and security found solid ground in the major window of opportunity presented by the South-South relations of the 1970’s. This revision was the most evident in the South Atlantic due to Brazil’s previous role in the thwarting the “spread of communism” in Africa. From 1974, the economic and political pursuit of newly independent African countries, especially of former Portuguese colonies, was central in establishing a new sense of Brazilian insertion in the South Atlantic, in which both security and development ties were locally founded – and in which African socialism began, on its turn, to be conveyed by the Brazilian government as an instance of “pragmatism.”

A partir de 1974, a política externa brasileira em relação à África foi reformulada, o que, nas palavras do então ministro de relações exteriores do Brasil, tratou-se de uma “correção de rumos para a África”. O aumento de representações diplomáticas em países africanos, assim como a política de reconhecimento irrestrito das independências e dos governos de Angola, Guiné-Bissau e Moçambique, rompendo com um padrão histórico de ambivalências quanto ao colonialismo português, consistiram nas principais medidas tomadas. A questão que orienta a presente pesquisa é a de compreender de que forma a “correção de rumos para a África” se relacionou ao processo mais abrangente de criação de convergências, políticas e econômicas, com países em desenvolvimento e/ou países pós-coloniais, elemento característico da política externa brasileira desenvolvida durante o governo do presidente Ernesto Geisel. Trata-se de uma pesquisa eminentemente documental, cujas fontes primárias foram produzidas no âmbito do Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Brasil e de outros órgãos vinculadas ao Poder Executivo, em sua maioria depositadas junto ao CPDOC/FGV. O argumento central da pesquisa é que o autoproclamado “pragmatismo” da política externa do governo Geisel foi sintomática da revisão ao padrão de inserção internacional do país, o qual, desde a II GM, tornara-se cognoscível por meio da prioridade dada às relações com o Norte industrial em matéria de cooperação econômica, tanto quanto da urgência concedida à segurança compartilhada do hemisfério ocidental. O argumento parte da constatação de que a détente da Guerra Fria foi interpretada, no Brasil, como um tipo de consenso, ainda que precário, entre potências industriais em prol da consolidação de áreas de influência no Terceiro Mundo. A revisão ao então “pertencimento ocidental” em matéria de desenvolvimento e de segurança teve na grande janela de oportunidade das relações Sul-Sul na década de 1970 uma condição de emergência. No Atlântico Sul, essa revisão mostrou-se em seus contornos mais nítidos, dado o papel pregresso de resguardo ao “avanço comunista” conferido ao Brasil em suas relações com o continente africano. A partir de 1974, o agenciamento, político e econômico, de países africanos pós-coloniais, sobretudo em matéria de descolonização portuguesa, foi crucial para estabelecer um novo sentido à inserção do Brasil no Atlântico, em que tanto a noção de segurança, quanto a de desenvolvimento, se deram por bases mais autóctones – em que o próprio socialismo africano passou a ser lido como manifestação de “pragmatismo”. / In 1974, Brazil reshaped its foreign policy towards Africa, which, in the words of the Brazilian secretary of state at the time, meant a “correction of course towards Africa.” The main steps taken were an increase in the number of diplomatic outposts in African countries and the unbound recognition of the independences of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique, which broke away from a historical pattern of ambivalence toward Portuguese colonialism. The issue that guides this research is understanding the role that this “correction of course towards Africa” played in the overarching process of economic and political convergence with developing and/or post-colonial countries, a defining component of Brazilian foreign policy during the Ernesto Geisel administration. This is chiefly an archival research, whose primary sources where retrieved from Brazil’s Department of State and other offices associated with the country’s Executive Branch, most of which are archived in the Contemporary Brazilian History Research and Documentation Center of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (CPDOC/FGV). This paper main argument is that the self-proclaimed “pragmatism” in Geisel’s foreign policy was a manifestation of an overhaul of the country’s pattern of international involvement. Since World War II, this pattern had been marked by a high priority given to the relations with the industrial North in issues of economic cooperation as well as by a sense of urgency for shared security in the Western Hemisphere. The leading thread of the analysis assumes that the Cold War’s deténte was interpreted in Brazil as an agreement, albeit precarious, among industrial powers over their respective zones of influence in the Third World. The critical revision of Brazil’s “belonging to the West” in issues of development and security found solid ground in the major window of opportunity presented by the South-South relations of the 1970’s. This revision was the most evident in the South Atlantic due to Brazil’s previous role in the thwarting the “spread of communism” in Africa. From 1974, the economic and political pursuit of newly independent African countries, especially of former Portuguese colonies, was central in establishing a new sense of Brazilian insertion in the South Atlantic, in which both security and development ties were locally founded – and in which African socialism began, on its turn, to be conveyed by the Brazilian government as an instance of “pragmatism.”

A partir de 1974, a política externa brasileira em relação à África foi reformulada, o que, nas palavras do então ministro de relações exteriores do Brasil, tratou-se de uma “correção de rumos para a África”. O aumento de representações diplomáticas em países africanos, assim como a política de reconhecimento irrestrito das independências e dos governos de Angola, Guiné-Bissau e Moçambique, rompendo com um padrão histórico de ambivalências quanto ao colonialismo português, consistiram nas principais medidas tomadas. A questão que orienta a presente pesquisa é a de compreender de que forma a “correção de rumos para a África” se relacionou ao processo mais abrangente de criação de convergências, políticas e econômicas, com países em desenvolvimento e/ou países pós-coloniais, elemento característico da política externa brasileira desenvolvida durante o governo do presidente Ernesto Geisel. Trata-se de uma pesquisa eminentemente documental, cujas fontes primárias foram produzidas no âmbito do Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Brasil e de outros órgãos vinculadas ao Poder Executivo, em sua maioria depositadas junto ao CPDOC/FGV. O argumento central da pesquisa é que o autoproclamado “pragmatismo” da política externa do governo Geisel foi sintomática da revisão ao padrão de inserção internacional do país, o qual, desde a II GM, tornara-se cognoscível por meio da prioridade dada às relações com o Norte industrial em matéria de cooperação econômica, tanto quanto da urgência concedida à segurança compartilhada do hemisfério ocidental. O argumento parte da constatação de que a détente da Guerra Fria foi interpretada, no Brasil, como um tipo de consenso, ainda que precário, entre potências industriais em prol da consolidação de áreas de influência no Terceiro Mundo. A revisão ao então “pertencimento ocidental” em matéria de desenvolvimento e de segurança teve na grande janela de oportunidade das relações Sul-Sul na década de 1970 uma condição de emergência. No Atlântico Sul, essa revisão mostrou-se em seus contornos mais nítidos, dado o papel pregresso de resguardo ao “avanço comunista” conferido ao Brasil em suas relações com o continente africano. A partir de 1974, o agenciamento, político e econômico, de países africanos pós-coloniais, sobretudo em matéria de descolonização portuguesa, foi crucial para estabelecer um novo sentido à inserção do Brasil no Atlântico, em que tanto a noção de segurança, quanto a de desenvolvimento, se deram por bases mais autóctones – em que o próprio socialismo africano passou a ser lido como manifestação de “pragmatismo”. / In 1974, Brazil reshaped its foreign policy towards Africa, which, in the words of the Brazilian secretary of state at the time, meant a “correction of course towards Africa.” The main steps taken were an increase in the number of diplomatic outposts in African countries and the unbound recognition of the independences of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique, which broke away from a historical pattern of ambivalence toward Portuguese colonialism. The issue that guides this research is understanding the role that this “correction of course towards Africa” played in the overarching process of economic and political convergence with developing and/or post-colonial countries, a defining component of Brazilian foreign policy during the Ernesto Geisel administration. This is chiefly an archival research, whose primary sources where retrieved from Brazil’s Department of State and other offices associated with the country’s Executive Branch, most of which are archived in the Contemporary Brazilian History Research and Documentation Center of the Getulio Vargas Foundation (CPDOC/FGV). This paper main argument is that the self-proclaimed “pragmatism” in Geisel’s foreign policy was a manifestation of an overhaul of the country’s pattern of international involvement. Since World War II, this pattern had been marked by a high priority given to the relations with the industrial North in issues of economic cooperation as well as by a sense of urgency for shared security in the Western Hemisphere. The leading thread of the analysis assumes that the Cold War’s deténte was interpreted in Brazil as an agreement, albeit precarious, among industrial powers over their respective zones of influence in the Third World. The critical revision of Brazil’s “belonging to the West” in issues of development and security found solid ground in the major window of opportunity presented by the South-South relations of the 1970’s. This revision was the most evident in the South Atlantic due to Brazil’s previous role in the thwarting the “spread of communism” in Africa. From 1974, the economic and political pursuit of newly independent African countries, especially of former Portuguese colonies, was central in establishing a new sense of Brazilian insertion in the South Atlantic, in which both security and development ties were locally founded – and in which African socialism began, on its turn, to be conveyed by the Brazilian government as an instance of “pragmatism.”

This dissertation examines the political negotlations involved in border encounters, focusing particularly on mobile groups in border areas in South America. It discusses the connection between international and border politics, privileging a definition of the latter as the negotiation processes over the terms and modes of presence of the 'inter' of the international. The dissertation analyzes border politics from the perspective of three major tenets: displacement, practices of zoning and the construction of borders as sites of solidarity. I argue that in order to understand these processes we need to elucidate how the global politics of mobility is played out (or translated) in border crossroads and from a range of social groups that encompass not only the Nation-State, but also a myriad of actors that, despite having little or no say in the international framework of human mobility, perform bordering practices that are central to the enactment of difference as a primary trait of inclusion/exclusion from the political. These processes of political differentiation are reinforced but also contested by mobile groups, especially in relation to discourses that try to equate human mobility as a choice between freedom and protection. In important respects, their intervention attempts to problematize the dichotomous portrayal of freedom and protection as two irreconcilable dimensions of life in displacement, thus evincing the possibility that the 'inter' of the international can actually become a site of living, rather than a rite of passage. I also argue that by incorporating the narratives of diverse social actors at these border crossroads we might come closer to displacing the politics of human mobility from one premised on a conventional reading of the international, as a strategy of separation, modulation and management of difference, towards a global politics of (dis)connections, in which mobile groups can become active participants in the framing of their lives possibilities. This moving-away from the international is always embedded in tenuous, dangerous and ambiguous exchanges about what constitutes mobility, how movement is to be interpreted, stimulated or prevented, where and when it can take place and under what conditions. The dissertation discusses these more theoretical claims in the context of refugee and migration movements in Brazil, particularly in relation to Bolivians, Africans and Colombians living in border zones. As such, this dissertation hopes to contribute to a better understanding of what is at stake in dealing with the border encounter from a political perspective and how different narratives on life in displacement can, in fact, indicate different paths of action and research, especially in the context of South-South circulations. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A partir de l’étude de cas du forum Inde-Brésil-Afrique du Sud (IBAS), cette thèse aborde la construction sociale de l’émergence en relations internationales, et la dynamique de prolifération de clubs sélectifs entre puissances émergentes comme expression de l’émergence internationale. A travers une approche pluridisciplinaire, mobilisant la sociologie de l’action collective au service des relations internationales, cette thèse démontre que les fonctions des clubs d’émergents, s’élèvent au nombre de trois: la consultation et la coordination politique sur des sujets internationaux d’intérêt mutuel; l’intensification des relations sud-sud multidimensionnelles; et la mise en place de mécanismes financiers communs. A travers ces trois fonctions, les puissances émergentes, se servent de ces clubs, à trois usages stratégiques transversaux, notamment la légitimation, l’autonomisation et la socialisation afin de renforcer leur intégration internationale. L’action des clubs d’émergents aboutit cependant davantage à l’inclusion, sous forme de cooptation de ces puissances, dans les processus décisionnels de gouvernance globale, qu’à leur intégration. Favorisant des stratégies de différenciation, à travers une action séparée des autres Etats du Sud, le défaut d’association des voisins régionaux et sociétés provoque des stratégies de contestation et d’obstruction de la part de ces derniers. Cette action collective des clubs d’émergents apporte enfin des changements institutionnels systémiques amenant les organisations internationales à se réadapter stratégiquement aux pratiques réformistes apportées par ces puissances, et à profiter à leur tour de l’émergence internationale. / What are the incentives of cooperation in rising powers groupings ? What are the underpinnings of club diplomacy by rising powers ? Through the case study of the India-Brazil-South Africa(IBSA) forum, this thesis explores the concept of ‘emergence’ in international relations – described here as a social construction – and the proliferation of selective clubs between emerging/rising powers as an expression of the rise of these powers. Following a pluri-disciplinary approach and mobilizing the sociology of collective action, this thesis defends that IBSA’s objective functions (political coordination, promotion and increase of south-south cooperation) obey to strategic aims (legitimization, autonomization, socialization) in order to further their international integration. The growing tendency of collective action through selective clubs in the South acts as a means for social differentiation between rising powers groupings and traditional developing countries groupings like the Non-Aligned Movement and the G77 although they often defend similar positons. However rising powers clubs ‘collective action does not necessarily result in sustainable integration of these emerging powers by established powers in global governance decision-making process ; but they cast light on the evolving institutional dynamics and institutional adaptation on the global level.

Este artigo tem por objetivo utilizar uma abordagem descritiva histórica para analisar as relações comerciais entre a Nigéria e o Brasil, de 1960 a 2010, com o propósito de formar um quadro desse intercâmbio, assim como a constituição dele. Também objetiva analisar seus acordos. A finalidade disso é descobrir se o quadro das relações comerciais entre o Brasil e a Nigéria (um país emergente e um país em desenvolvimento) é uma reprodução de o das relações comerciais entre um país avançado e um país em desenvolvimento, assim como saber se o foco dos seus acordos está nas relações comerciais ou na cooperação técnica Sul-Sul já que o discurso político coloca muita ênfase no uso da cooperação técnica para alcançar um perfil industrial e reduzir a assimetria entre os eixos socioeconômicos do Norte-Norte e do Sul-Sul. Vale ressaltar que o quadro das relações Norte-Sul retrata as relações de dependência econômica dos países em desenvolvimento, com o mundo desenvolvido, uma vez que os últimos são, principalmente, exportadores de matérias-primas e importadores de produtos manufaturados. Segundo a nossa análise do intercâmbio Brasil-Nigéria, a Nigéria tem um saldo de superávit, porém, esse quadro já apresenta uma reprodução do quadro das relações comerciais entre um país do Norte e um país do Sul já que o principal produto das importações brasileiras é um produto básico, o óleo bruto, enquanto os principais produtos das suas exportações são os manufaturados. Isto por causa da sua crescente capacidade industrial. Ademais, a análise dos seus acordos demonstra maior concentração nas relações comerciais. Isto demonstra a importância de desdobramentos políticos em relação ao discurso político sobre a cooperação técnica Sul-Sul, e maior esforço por parte do governo nigeriano nas suas políticas domésticas e econômicas para alcançar desenvolvimento industrial. / This article aims at using a descriptive approach to analyze historical trade relations between Nigeria and Brazil, from 1960 to 2010, with the purpose of having a clear picture of its components and its pattern. It also aims to analyze their bilateral agreements. The purpose of this is to find out whether Brazil and Nigeria trade relations (trade relations between an emerging country and a developing country) is a reproduction of that between an advanced country and a developing country, as well as to know if the focus of their bilateral accords is on their trade relations, or on South-South technical cooperation. The political discourse places a lot of emphasis on the use of this kind of cooperation to gain industrial ability, as well as to reduce the asymmetry of the socioeconomic divide between the North-South and South-South. It is worth noting that the framework of North-South relations portrays the economic dependence of developing countries on the developed world, since these first are mainly exporters of raw materials and importers of manufactured goods. According to our analysis of the Brazil-Nigeria trade relations, Nigeria has a surplus balance, however, this situation already shows a reproduction of the trade relations pattern between a developed country and a developing country, since Brazilian main import is a basic commodity, crude oil, while the its main exports are manufactured goods. This is as a result of its growing industrial strength. Furthermore, the analysis of their bilateral agreements demonstrates greater focus on their trade. This shows that more efforts and actions have to be put behind the political discourse about South-South technical cooperation in order to effectively realize it, and even greater efforts made by the Nigerian government through its domestic policies to achieve economic and industrial development.

Este artigo tem por objetivo utilizar uma abordagem descritiva histórica para analisar as relações comerciais entre a Nigéria e o Brasil, de 1960 a 2010, com o propósito de formar um quadro desse intercâmbio, assim como a constituição dele. Também objetiva analisar seus acordos. A finalidade disso é descobrir se o quadro das relações comerciais entre o Brasil e a Nigéria (um país emergente e um país em desenvolvimento) é uma reprodução de o das relações comerciais entre um país avançado e um país em desenvolvimento, assim como saber se o foco dos seus acordos está nas relações comerciais ou na cooperação técnica Sul-Sul já que o discurso político coloca muita ênfase no uso da cooperação técnica para alcançar um perfil industrial e reduzir a assimetria entre os eixos socioeconômicos do Norte-Norte e do Sul-Sul. Vale ressaltar que o quadro das relações Norte-Sul retrata as relações de dependência econômica dos países em desenvolvimento, com o mundo desenvolvido, uma vez que os últimos são, principalmente, exportadores de matérias-primas e importadores de produtos manufaturados. Segundo a nossa análise do intercâmbio Brasil-Nigéria, a Nigéria tem um saldo de superávit, porém, esse quadro já apresenta uma reprodução do quadro das relações comerciais entre um país do Norte e um país do Sul já que o principal produto das importações brasileiras é um produto básico, o óleo bruto, enquanto os principais produtos das suas exportações são os manufaturados. Isto por causa da sua crescente capacidade industrial. Ademais, a análise dos seus acordos demonstra maior concentração nas relações comerciais. Isto demonstra a importância de desdobramentos políticos em relação ao discurso político sobre a cooperação técnica Sul-Sul, e maior esforço por parte do governo nigeriano nas suas políticas domésticas e econômicas para alcançar desenvolvimento industrial. / This article aims at using a descriptive approach to analyze historical trade relations between Nigeria and Brazil, from 1960 to 2010, with the purpose of having a clear picture of its components and its pattern. It also aims to analyze their bilateral agreements. The purpose of this is to find out whether Brazil and Nigeria trade relations (trade relations between an emerging country and a developing country) is a reproduction of that between an advanced country and a developing country, as well as to know if the focus of their bilateral accords is on their trade relations, or on South-South technical cooperation. The political discourse places a lot of emphasis on the use of this kind of cooperation to gain industrial ability, as well as to reduce the asymmetry of the socioeconomic divide between the North-South and South-South. It is worth noting that the framework of North-South relations portrays the economic dependence of developing countries on the developed world, since these first are mainly exporters of raw materials and importers of manufactured goods. According to our analysis of the Brazil-Nigeria trade relations, Nigeria has a surplus balance, however, this situation already shows a reproduction of the trade relations pattern between a developed country and a developing country, since Brazilian main import is a basic commodity, crude oil, while the its main exports are manufactured goods. This is as a result of its growing industrial strength. Furthermore, the analysis of their bilateral agreements demonstrates greater focus on their trade. This shows that more efforts and actions have to be put behind the political discourse about South-South technical cooperation in order to effectively realize it, and even greater efforts made by the Nigerian government through its domestic policies to achieve economic and industrial development.

Ce mémoire a pour objet le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil par rapport à la première puissance hémisphérique, les États-Unis. La problématique est de comprendre quels sont les facteurs qui ont déterminé le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil durant les années où le président Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a été au pouvoir (2003-2010). Les hypothèses avancées sont les suivantes : le contexte pour l’action a fortement favorisé l’accroissement du niveau d’autonomie du Brésil; les stratégies de politique étrangère ont permis une augmentation du niveau d’autonomie du Brésil. La première hypothèse, celle portant sur l’influence du contexte pour l’action, sera analysée en deux parties principales. D’une part, le contexte international qui est caractérisé par l’environnement international post-11 septembre 2001 et par l’émergence de nouvelles puissances sur la scène internationale. D’autre part, le contexte continental sera analysé en fonction des relations actuelles entre les États-Unis et l’Amérique latine, sous-continent longtemps considéré comme la cour-arrière américaine. L’évaluation de la seconde hypothèse consistera à faire l’analyse de trois stratégies de politique étrangère mises en place durant l’administration Lula. La première est le développement de relations Sud-Sud ou l’horizontalisation des relations. La seconde est la stratégie régionale du Brésil, soit celle de jouer un rôle de leader et de favoriser l’intégration politique et économique dans la région sud-américaine. La troisième stratégie consiste en une distanciation relative vis-à-vis des États-Unis en s’opposant de façon ponctuelle à la puissance américaine. Nous concluons, sur la base de l’étude du contexte pour l’action et des stratégies brésiliennes de politique étrangère, que le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil par rapport aux États-Unis a augmenté durant la période de l’administration Lula. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine Brazil’s level of autonomy in relation to the United States of America, which is the most powerful country in the western hemisphere. The problematic lies in determining the factors that influenced the level of Brazil’s autonomy during Lula’s administration (2003-2010). These are the proposed hypotheses: first, the context for action may have greatly contributed to an increase in Brazil’s level of autonomy; and second, Brazil's foreign policy strategies may have positively influenced the level of autonomy of the country. The first hypothesis, that concerns the impact of the context for action, will be analyzed in two main parts. First, the international context, which is characterized by the post-9/11 international environment and the emergence of new powers on the international stage, will be studied. Second, the continental context will be analyzed based on the current relationships between the U.S. and Latin America, the latter subcontinent being considered as America’s backyard for a long time. The evaluation of the second hypothesis will be based on three foreign policy strategies established during the Lula administration. The first is the development of South-South relations or, in others words, the horizontalization of relations. The second is the regional strategy of Brazil, which consists of playing a leadership role and promoting political and economic integration in the South American region. The third strategy is to distance itself from the United States by occasionally opposing this powerful nation. We conclude, based on the analysis of our hypotheses, that the level of autonomy of Brazil in relation to the United States increased significantly during the Lula administration.

Ce mémoire a pour objet le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil par rapport à la première puissance hémisphérique, les États-Unis. La problématique est de comprendre quels sont les facteurs qui ont déterminé le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil durant les années où le président Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva a été au pouvoir (2003-2010). Les hypothèses avancées sont les suivantes : le contexte pour l’action a fortement favorisé l’accroissement du niveau d’autonomie du Brésil; les stratégies de politique étrangère ont permis une augmentation du niveau d’autonomie du Brésil. La première hypothèse, celle portant sur l’influence du contexte pour l’action, sera analysée en deux parties principales. D’une part, le contexte international qui est caractérisé par l’environnement international post-11 septembre 2001 et par l’émergence de nouvelles puissances sur la scène internationale. D’autre part, le contexte continental sera analysé en fonction des relations actuelles entre les États-Unis et l’Amérique latine, sous-continent longtemps considéré comme la cour-arrière américaine. L’évaluation de la seconde hypothèse consistera à faire l’analyse de trois stratégies de politique étrangère mises en place durant l’administration Lula. La première est le développement de relations Sud-Sud ou l’horizontalisation des relations. La seconde est la stratégie régionale du Brésil, soit celle de jouer un rôle de leader et de favoriser l’intégration politique et économique dans la région sud-américaine. La troisième stratégie consiste en une distanciation relative vis-à-vis des États-Unis en s’opposant de façon ponctuelle à la puissance américaine. Nous concluons, sur la base de l’étude du contexte pour l’action et des stratégies brésiliennes de politique étrangère, que le niveau d’autonomie du Brésil par rapport aux États-Unis a augmenté durant la période de l’administration Lula. / The purpose of this thesis is to examine Brazil’s level of autonomy in relation to the United States of America, which is the most powerful country in the western hemisphere. The problematic lies in determining the factors that influenced the level of Brazil’s autonomy during Lula’s administration (2003-2010). These are the proposed hypotheses: first, the context for action may have greatly contributed to an increase in Brazil’s level of autonomy; and second, Brazil's foreign policy strategies may have positively influenced the level of autonomy of the country. The first hypothesis, that concerns the impact of the context for action, will be analyzed in two main parts. First, the international context, which is characterized by the post-9/11 international environment and the emergence of new powers on the international stage, will be studied. Second, the continental context will be analyzed based on the current relationships between the U.S. and Latin America, the latter subcontinent being considered as America’s backyard for a long time. The evaluation of the second hypothesis will be based on three foreign policy strategies established during the Lula administration. The first is the development of South-South relations or, in others words, the horizontalization of relations. The second is the regional strategy of Brazil, which consists of playing a leadership role and promoting political and economic integration in the South American region. The third strategy is to distance itself from the United States by occasionally opposing this powerful nation. We conclude, based on the analysis of our hypotheses, that the level of autonomy of Brazil in relation to the United States increased significantly during the Lula administration.