Three countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines were chosen and the capacity of the forest sector to contribute to the process of indigenous growth and development was analysed. Direct action in the rural sector is vital to help alleviate poverty and unemployment in the Third World. Although there is a lack of a general, substantiated strategy for the rural sector, small scale, labour intensive industrialization would be a useful part of such a strategy. Export substitution has been successful in several Asian countries. Any role that the forest sector could have in promoting rural development would depend upon the capacity of the forest industries to increase local retained income, local value added and employment opportunities. The nature of their production functions would be highly significant. Economies of scale and integration were recognised as common features. The extent to which industrial policy can influence labour intensive industrialization and technological innovation seemed crucial. Conventional views of the role of the forest industries in the development process were judged to be partial. Examination of the supply and demand relationship of the forest sector in each of the three countries showed that the rapid expansion of international trade in forest products and the growing proportion of tropical hardwood exports from Southeast Asian producers reflected the dominance of log exports from the countries studied. The importance of foreign exchange earnings as a proportion of each country's export bill was the prime consideration. In Indonesia, the forest sector's fortunes were found to be determined by the role of foreign investment. The picture was slightly-different in Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia the forest sector has been integrated with agriculture through land-clearing schemes1 for agricultural development. The growth of processed forest products was noted. In Sabah, indigenisation measures have affected the control of the resource with the state government playing an active part. The mixed fortunes of the Philippines which has lost prominence as a log exporter and is suffering-competition from the in-transit processors, reflected that, most of the growth in processed forest products was closely reliant upon import dependent industrialization policies. Log exports are especially dominant in the remoter areas of each country and heavy investment in infrastructure would be needed to establish forest industries. Measures taken to reduce or ban log exports have been applied to ensure a supply of logs to the existing industries in Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines. The analysis of the forest sector in these countries used a framework which emphasised the importance of employment, local income and value added. Adopting the criteria of past national development objectives the sector has made a substantial contribution: the main criterion being that of foreign exchange earnings. It was contended that the expressed aims of achieving employment and social justice could not be met by a furtherance of the present pattern of resource exploitation or by the development of the forest sector for large scale, export-oriented operations. Instead, a subordination of this role was recommended and policies which would involve the multi-faceted nature of rural development should recognise the potential of the existing forest industries. Policies ought to favour local entrepreneurs,local skills and indigenous forest industries. The country specific nature of the forest sector's contribution to economic development may only be realised where the needs of the rural sector taken to be paramount. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines the role played by the United Nations in the implementation of the August 1962 New York Agreement. The Agreement ended a thirteen year dispute between the Netherlands and Indonesia concerning the future of West New Guinea and its Papuan inhabitants (or Irianese as they were known by Indonesia). Under the terms of the Agreement, the territory's administration was transferred to a temporary UN authority (UNTEA) which remained from 1 October 1962 until 1 May 1963. Following this, control of West New Guinea was handed over to Indonesia which renamed it West Irian (later Irian Jaya, now Papua). In 1968, a small UN team returned, led by Fernando Ortiz Sanz, the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative for West Irian (UNRWI). The team's responsibility was to "advise, assist and participate" in Indonesian preparations for an act of Papuan self-determination planned for 1969. This 'Act of Free Choice' (or Pepera as it was known by Indonesia), and the UN's involvement, were central to the Agreement and its fulfillment. Following the Introduction and a short chapter on the background to the dispute, chapters two to four look at the UNTEA administration. Chapter five examines briefly the first years of Indonesian rule in West Irian between 1963 and 1967. The arrival of the UN team in 1968 and Ortiz Sanz's first two tours of the territory are discussed in Chapters Six and Seven. Preparations for the Act in 1969, including the selection of the 1022 Papuan representatives who took part in it, are examined in Chapters Eight and Nine. Chapter Ten looks at the conduct of the Act itself and international reaction culminating in the UNGA vote of November 1969. The thesis ends with a conclusion in Chapter Eleven.

In central Mississippi, corn exposed to extreme temperatures and drought in summer months may result in reduced yields while corn planted early in the season may be susceptible to frost damage. This study performs an analysis and modeling of ideal planting dates using air and soil temperatures, daily precipitation, and January teleconnection indices to determine if early planting procedures may benefit corn grown in Mississippi. Resulting ideal planting dates vary annually, with early planting dates experiencing moderate harm and late planting dates experiencing severe harm. Additionally, models predicting ideal planting dates produce consistent R2 values, but contain errors of 20–30 days. This research concludes that early planting dates are beneficial to production, as they are less likely to result in crop loss. Furthermore, January teleconnection patterns have an influence on ideal planting dates in Mississippi, indicating that long-term climate patterns may be responsible for changes in the growing season.

No / Calls by political leaders, social activists, and international policy and aid actors for accountability reforms to improve governance have never been more widespread. For some analysts, the unprecedented scale of these pressures reflects the functional imperatives and power of liberal and democratic institutions accompanying greater global economic integration. This book offers a different perspective, investigating the crucial role of contrasting ideologies informing accountability movements and mediating reform directions in Southeast Asia. It argues that the most influential ideologies are not those promoting the political authority of democratic sovereign people or of liberalism's freely contracting individuals. Instead, in both post-authoritarian and authoritarian regimes, it is ideologies advancing the political authority of moral guardians interpreting or ordaining correct modes of behaviour for public officials. Elites exploit such ideologies to deflect and contain pressures for democratic and liberal reforms to governance institutions. The book's case studies include human rights, political decentralization, anticorruption, and social accountability reform movements in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. These studies highlight how effective propagation of moral ideologies is boosted by the presence of powerful organizations, notably religious bodies, political parties, and broadcast media. Meanwhile, civil society organizations of comparable clout advancing liberalism or democracy are lacking. The theoretical framework of the book has wide applicability. In other regions, with contrasting histories and political economies, the nature and extent of organizations and social actors shaping accountability politics will differ, but the importance of these factors to which ideologies prevail to shape reform directions will not. / Australian Research Council

published_or_final_version / Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): Gaye Christoffersen, H. Lyman Miller. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Philosophy