Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-05-11. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844845.pdf: 766874 bytes, checksum: 6dba7b08737882d775c386aef5b4a77c (MD5) / A incidência de insetos praga na cultura da soja causa aumento no custo de produção, o que ocasiona menor rentabilidade ao produtor em razão da maior utilização de defensivos para seu controle. Deste modo, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que atenuem estes problemas é frequente. Assim, a biotecnologia torna-se alternativa que contribui para minimizar os impactos deste cenário. A transformação genética de plantas cultivadas possibilita o melhoramento da produção, por meio da inserção de características agronômicas desejáveis. No entanto, ao adotar semente transgênica o custo da semente deve ser levado em consideração devido aos direitos de patentes pagas ao detentor da tecnologia, o que também pode refletir em aumento do custo de produção. A partir da necessidade de alternativas ao manejo fitossanitário de insetos praga foi desenvolvida a soja RR2 PRO, tolerante a herbicida e resistente a insetos. Esta cultivar é a evolução da soja RR1 que apresenta apenas tolerância a herbicida. Além do custo de produção mais satisfatório ao sojicultor, espera-se que a cultura proporcione benefícios sociais e ambientais, através da menor exposição do homem aos defensivos, bem como menor contaminação ambiental, seja por menor uso de defensivo, seja pela menor emissão de CO2. Todavia, o custo para obtenção desta tecnologia deve ser ponderado frente ao real benefício gerado. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar indicadores econômicos do sistema de produção com a soja RR2 PRO e a soja RR1 no estado de Mato Grosso. A metodologia utilizada para estimar o custo operacional de produção foi a do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Foram avaliados os principais indicadores de rentabilidade. O custo operacional total (COT) do sistema com adoção da soja RR2 PRO foi inferior ao sistema com adoção da soja RR1, refletindo no menor custo por saca da ... / The appearance of insect pests in soybean cultivars may increase production cost and reduce producer profitability due to high use of pesticides. Techniques to minimize these problems must be developed. Biotechnology has become an alternative to minimize the impact on scenarios. Genetic transformations in cultivars enables production improvements by inserting desirable agronomic characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the cost of transgenic seeds. Patent rights of transgenic seeds require payment to them. However, the adoption of transgenic seeds requires consideration of the added production cost due to payment of patent rights of the technology's owner. The need for alternative insect pest management led to the development of the herbicide-tolerant insect-resistant soybean cultivar RR2 PRO, which was evolved from the herbicide-tolerant RR1 PRO. Besides reducing production costs, the RR2 PRO cultivar is expected to provide social and environmental benefits including reductions in exposure, environmental contamination, pesticide use and CO2 emissions. A cost assessment of this technology should take into account the real benefit generated. Thus, the objective of this study was estimated economic indicators in a soybean system of RR2 PRO and RR1 in the state of Mato Grosso. Operational cost was evaluated by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA) methodology. Mean profitability indicator was evaluated. The soybean system RR2 PRO presented lower total operational cost than the RR1 system, including lower cost per bag under the RR2 PRO system versus RR1. Favorable profitability was demonstrated by both RR2 PRO with insect resistance and RR1 without insect resistance. However, the results have shown that the insect-resistant soybean cultivar may offer more advantages than its counterpart without insect resistance

Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Luiz Cesar Ribas / Banca: Marcelo Fodra / Resumo: A incidência de insetos praga na cultura da soja causa aumento no custo de produção, o que ocasiona menor rentabilidade ao produtor em razão da maior utilização de defensivos para seu controle. Deste modo, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que atenuem estes problemas é frequente. Assim, a biotecnologia torna-se alternativa que contribui para minimizar os impactos deste cenário. A transformação genética de plantas cultivadas possibilita o melhoramento da produção, por meio da inserção de características agronômicas desejáveis. No entanto, ao adotar semente transgênica o custo da semente deve ser levado em consideração devido aos direitos de patentes pagas ao detentor da tecnologia, o que também pode refletir em aumento do custo de produção. A partir da necessidade de alternativas ao manejo fitossanitário de insetos praga foi desenvolvida a soja RR2 PRO, tolerante a herbicida e resistente a insetos. Esta cultivar é a evolução da soja RR1 que apresenta apenas tolerância a herbicida. Além do custo de produção mais satisfatório ao sojicultor, espera-se que a cultura proporcione benefícios sociais e ambientais, através da menor exposição do homem aos defensivos, bem como menor contaminação ambiental, seja por menor uso de defensivo, seja pela menor emissão de CO2. Todavia, o custo para obtenção desta tecnologia deve ser ponderado frente ao real benefício gerado. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar indicadores econômicos do sistema de produção com a soja RR2 PRO e a soja RR1 no estado de Mato Grosso. A metodologia utilizada para estimar o custo operacional de produção foi a do Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA). Foram avaliados os principais indicadores de rentabilidade. O custo operacional total (COT) do sistema com adoção da soja RR2 PRO foi inferior ao sistema com adoção da soja RR1, refletindo no menor custo por saca da ... / Abstract: The appearance of insect pests in soybean cultivars may increase production cost and reduce producer profitability due to high use of pesticides. Techniques to minimize these problems must be developed. Biotechnology has become an alternative to minimize the impact on scenarios. Genetic transformations in cultivars enables production improvements by inserting desirable agronomic characteristics. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the cost of transgenic seeds. Patent rights of transgenic seeds require payment to them. However, the adoption of transgenic seeds requires consideration of the added production cost due to payment of patent rights of the technology's owner. The need for alternative insect pest management led to the development of the herbicide-tolerant insect-resistant soybean cultivar RR2 PRO, which was evolved from the herbicide-tolerant RR1 PRO. Besides reducing production costs, the RR2 PRO cultivar is expected to provide social and environmental benefits including reductions in exposure, environmental contamination, pesticide use and CO2 emissions. A cost assessment of this technology should take into account the real benefit generated. Thus, the objective of this study was estimated economic indicators in a soybean system of RR2 PRO and RR1 in the state of Mato Grosso. Operational cost was evaluated by Instituto de Economia Agrícola (IEA) methodology. Mean profitability indicator was evaluated. The soybean system RR2 PRO presented lower total operational cost than the RR1 system, including lower cost per bag under the RR2 PRO system versus RR1. Favorable profitability was demonstrated by both RR2 PRO with insect resistance and RR1 without insect resistance. However, the results have shown that the insect-resistant soybean cultivar may offer more advantages than its counterpart without insect resistance / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-12-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:52:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cominetti_fr_me_botfca.pdf: 308890 bytes, checksum: 60027f68184d35e1ec358949e3137922 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A cultura da soja é um dos mais importantes produtos agrícolas do país. O sistema de produção de soja predominante utiliza como forma de preparo do solo o uso de arados e grades, caracterizado pela intensa mobilização do solo podendo causar danos ambientais e degradação do solo. Como alternativa para solucionar esses problemas, indica-se a mínima mobilização do solo, mantendo resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo, favorecendo sua conservação. Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de soja recomendadas para o Estado de São Paulo em diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho,instalado e conduzido em campo experimental na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de três sistemas de preparo do solo e dez cultivares de soja totalizando trinta tratamentos. Os três sistemas de preparo do solo foram: PR- preparo reduzido com escarificador, PC- preparo convencional com grade aradora e niveladora e PD- plantio direto sob vegetação de triticale dessecada com herbicida, foram instalados nas parcelas e as variedades de soja nas subparcelas. Os cultivares de soja foram: C1- IAC 18, C2- FT Abyara, C3- IAS 5, C4- Embrapa 45, C5- IAC 8.2, C6- FT Cometa, C7- Embrapa 133, C8- M.Soy 7501, C9- IAC 22 e C10- Engopa 315. Os resultados demonstram que os sistemas de preparo do solo não influenciaram: altura de inserção da primeira vagem, número de vagens, população inicial e final de plantas, número de grãos por vagem e peso de mil grãos e produtividade, influenciando apenas a altura de plantas. / The soybean is the most important agricultural product of the country. The tillage system that predominates in this crop is the conventional tillage with plowing or heavy harrowing and the leveling harrowing characterized by intense mobilization of the soil causing damages to the environment and soil degradation. As an alternative to solve these problems a minimum or no soil mobilization is suggested maintaining vegetable residues in the surface on behalf of the soil conservation. In the seeds market there are lots of soybean cultivares regarding morphologic, physiologic and productivity characteristics. The present work was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the behavior of the soybean cultivares in different soil management systems recommended to the state of São Paulo. The experiment was installed and conducted in the Experimental Farm Lageado in the College of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu Campus. The experimental delineation utilized was the random block with subdivided plots in four replicates. The treatments were combination of three soil management systems and ten cultivares of soybean. The three management systems were: PC- conventional tillage with heavy harrowing and leveling; PR- reduce tillage with moulboard and PD- no tillage in the vegetation dried with herbicid were installed in the plots, the ten cultivares of the soybean were: C1- IAC 18, C2- FT Abyara, C3- IAS 5, C4- Embrapa 45, C5- IAC 8.2, C6- FT Cometa, C7- Embrapa 133, C8- M.Soy 7501, C9- IAC 22 e C10- Engopa 315 were installed in the subplots. The results demonstrated that the soil management practies did not influence the productivity, height of insert of the first shell, number of shells, initial and final population of plants, number of grain by shell and weight of one thousand grains, influenced only by the height of the plants.

Orientador: Valdir Augusto Neves / Banca: Valdir Augusto Neves / Banca: Aureluce Demonte / Banca: Carmen Guilherme de Matos Vinagre / Resumo: Um grande interesse tem sido reportado às proteínas vegetais, em particular as da soja, cujo consumo tem indicado alternativa promissora para prevenção da dislipidemia e aterosclerose. Este estudo investigou o efeito da proteína - conglicinina isolada da soja, frente à resposta de um fármaco hipolipemiante (fenofibrato), em animais submetidos a uma dieta hipercolesterolêmica. Cinquenta e quatro ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=9). O grupo controle (STD) recebeu uma dieta de caseína, e os demais hipercolesterolêmicos (HC), - conglicinina de 200mg/kg (HC+7S1), e 300mg/kg (HC+7S2), fenofibrato de 30mg/kg (HC+FF) e -conglicinina 300mg/kg associada com fenofibrato 30mg/kg (HC+7S2+FF) receberam dieta de caseína suplementada com 1% de colesterol e 0,5% de ácido cólico. Não foram observadas, nos tratamentos, alterações no crescimento, tecido adiposo, consumo e eficiência alimentar. O fenofibrato provocou aumento do peso e da concentração de triglicerídeo hepático. A proteína - conglicinina mostrou reduzir significativamente os efeitos dislipidêmicos séricos e hepáticos provocados pela dieta hipercolesterolêmica; no entanto, não foi observada adição destes efeitos quando associada ao fenofibrato. Os resultados reportados neste estudo sugerem que esta proteína tenha importante ação na regulação do metabolismo lipídico. Tais efeitos podem estar associados a peptídeos desta proteína, muito embora os mecanismos envolvidos não permaneçam completamente esclarecidos. / Abstract: A great interest has been reported about plant proteins, particularly those of soybean whose consumption has shown potential alternatives to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis prevention. This study investigated the effect of -conglycinin protein isolated from soybean and its response to hypolipemiant drug (fenofibrate) in animals submitted to a hipercolesterolemic diet. Fifty four male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 9). The control group (STD) had received casein diet and the others hypercholesterolemic (HC), -conglycinin of 200mg/kg (HC+7S1) and 300mg/kg (HC+7S2), fenofibrate 30mg/kg (HC+FF) and -conglycinin of 300mg/kg associated to fenofibrate of 30mg/kg (HC+7S2+FF) received casein diet supplemented with 1% of cholesterol and 0.5% of cholic acid. There was no change in growth, adipose tissue, consumption and efficiency food for all treatments. The fenofibrate showed increase in weight and hepatic triglycerides. The -conglycinin protein had showed significantly reduce the effects in dyslipidemic serum and liver caused by hypercholesterolemic diet, however; it was not observed some additional effects when associated with fenofibrate. The results reported in this study suggest that the protein has an important action in the regulation of lipid metabolism. These ones may be associated with their peptides although the mechanisms involved are not already completely understood. / Mestre

Resumo: Em sistemas de semeadura direta, o calcário tem sido aplicado superficialmente. Devido a sua baixa solubilidade e mobilidade, tem ocorrido excesso de calcário nos primeiros centímetros do perfil do solo. Pesquisas têm demonstrado resultados contraditórios quanto à movimentação do calcário e a correção da acidez em profundidade, na presença de espécies de cobertura. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a contribuição diferencial de espécies de cobertura em Sistema de Semeadura Direta sobre a mobilização no perfil do solo, dos produtos da dissolução do calcário e bases trocáveis. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido, por dois anos agrícolas (2008/2009 e 2009/2010), na Estação Experimental do Programa de Monitoramente de Adução (PMA) da Fundação MT, localizada no município de Itiquira-MT. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, em parcelas sub subdivididas com: sistema de cultivo: soja/pousio/soja, soja/milheto/soja e soja/braquiária/soja; aplicação do calcário: em superfície, incorporado a 20 e 40 cm de profundidade, e doses de calcário: 0, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 vezes a quantidade necessária para elevar a V % = 50 na profundidade de 20 cm. Foram realizadas amostragens de solo para determinação da fertilidade após 490 e 620 dias da aplicação do corretivo. No pleno florescimento do segundo cultivo da cultura da soja, foi feita a amostragem de folhas para análise química nutricional e a avaliação do desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. Após a maturação do segundo cultivo da soja foi estimada a produtividade de grãos. Os resultados foram submetidos às análises estatísticas, utilizando-se o pacote estatístico Sisvar / Abstract: In no-tillage seeding systems, limestone has been applied on the soil surface. Due to its low solubility and mobility, a limestone excess has been occurring in the first centimeters of the soil profile. Studies have shown contradictory results regarding limestone mobility and acidity correction in depth, in the presence of covering species. This study aimed to evaluate the differential contribution of covering species in no-tillage systems on the mobility in the soil profile, products of limestone dissolution and exchangeable bases. The experiment was installed and carried out in the Experimental Station of the Fertilizer Monitoring Program (Programa de Monitoramento de Adubação - PMA) at FUNDAÇÃO MT, in the city of Itiquira, MT, Brazil. The experiment had completely randomized block design in parcels that were subdivided as follow: crop system: soybean/fallow/soybean; soybean/millet/soybean; soybean/brachiaria/soybean; limestone application on the surface and incorporated at 20 and 40 cm depth, and limestone doses: 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 times the necessary amount to increase V % = 50 at 20 cm depth. Some soil samplings were done to determine fertility after 490 and 620 days of corrective application. During the second soybean cultivation flowering, leaf sampling was done for chemical and nutritional analysis and root system development evaluation. After maturing of the second soybean cultivation, grain productivity was estimated. The results were submitted to statistical analysis using the Sisvar statistical package / Orientador: Ciro Antonio Rosolem / Coorientador: Eros Artur Bohac Francisco / Banca: Leonardo Theodoro Bull / Banca: Takashi Muraoka / Mestre

Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T14:09:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mourad_AnnaLucia_D.pdf: 3110699 bytes, checksum: 49fe1b8b524a32979e74ac9c1dd156d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A introdução do biodiesel no Brasil é motivada principalmente pela possibilidade de desenvolvimento econômico e. social para o país, com geração de emprego e renda, além dos beneficios ambientais decorrentes da substituição de recursos fósseis por renováveis. Embora o I programa tenha grande incentivo governamental, há dúvidas sobre a viabilidade econômica do mesmo e sobre seus reais benefícios. O programa prevê a obtenção do biocombustível a partir de diferentes oleaginosas como dendê, mamona, amendoim, soja, algodão, girassol, etc. Entretanto, em função da grande produção de soja no país (58,7 milhões de toneladas na safra de 2007/2008), aproximadamente 80% do volume total de biodiesel comercializado no país é produzido a partir da soja. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a cadeia produtiva de biodiesel de soja dentro de uma abordagem de ciclo de vida, envolvendo a etapa agrícola, a extração de óleo e a transesterificação do mesmo para obtenção do biocombustível, bem como determinar o balanço energético para a sua produção. O estudo envolveu coleta de dados em cinco fazendas produtoras de soja (localizadas no estado de São Paulo) e uma empresa produtora de biodiesel a partir de óleo de soja. Os dados relativos à etapa de extração do óleo foram estimados, principalmente, a partir de dados estatísticos representativos do setor produtivo de soja. O estudo revelou um balanço energético favorável para a produção do biodiesel de soja, ou seja, gera-se mais energia renovável do que se consome de energia fóssil. O balanço foi obtido considerando a alocação de 18% dos insumos necessários para a produção do óleo e de 82% para a obtenção do farelo de soja, valioso co-produto desta cadeia produtiva. A produção de biodiesel, que em sua essência visa substituir o diesel como combustível, entretanto, aumenta o uso do próprio diesel, pois o combustível fóssil é utilizado na operação das máquinas agrícolas e nas etapas de transporte. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a introdução do biodiesel na matriz energética do país tem impactos significativos no uso, na transformação e na ocupação de terras e nas emissões para a água e para o ar. Portanto, embora seja de origem renovável, também tem um custo ambiental, mas diferente dos combustíveis fósseis. Particularmente, a introdução do biodiesel a partir da soja, tem o beneficio de produzir um farelo altamente protéico, de elevado valor comercial como ingrediente para rações animais, e que, portanto, está indiretamente ligada a produção de carnes para alimentação humana. Assim, pode-se dizer que, tanto o biodiesel como o farelo resultante desta cadeia, tem fluxo estabelecido nos atuais padrões de consumo e uso do país. A glicerina gerada no processo, (aproximadamente 11 % da massa do biodiesel), não é atualmente consumi da, embora existam várias pesquisas em andamento para a sua valorização e uso. A soja, por suas características agronômicas, entretanto, não se configura como uma cultura. viável para pequenos produtores agrícolas, pois exige grandes extensões de terra e elevado grau de mecanização. Os resultados deste trabalho revelam diferentes aspectos desta cadeia produtiva que devem ser considerados e bem gerenciados para a condução do programa governamental / Abstract: The introduction ofbiodiesel in Brazil is mainly motivated by the possibility of economic and social development for the country, with employrnent and income generation, as well as environrnental benefits due t9 replacement of fossil fuels by renewable resources. Although biodiesel has great governrnent incentive, there are doubts about its economic viability and real a benefits. The governrnent plan includes manufacturing of this fuel from different crops such as palms, castor beans, peanuts, soybeans, coconuts, cotton and sunflower. However, due to the huge volume of soybean production in the country (58.7 million tons in 2007/08), approximately 80% of the total biodiesel volume is produced starting from this source. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soybean biodiesel chain in relation to its technical and economic aspects using a life cycle approach, including stages from agriculture, oil extraction and oil transesterificatibn to obtain biodiesel. Data was collected from five farrns located in São Paulo State and one industrial unit that produces soy methyl ester from soybean oiL Oil extraction was estimated mainly using statistical data from the Brazilian industry sector. A favorable energy balance was found for soybean production showing that more renewable energy is prQduced than fossil energy is consumed. This favorable balance was achieved with an allocation of 18% of total input for the oil production itself and 81 % to obtain soybean m~al, a valuable co-product of this productive chain. Although biodiesel is introduced to reduce depemence of fossil fuels, biodiesel production process actually increases the use of petroleurn diesel which is used in agricultural machinery and transport steps. Biodiesel introduction in the Brazilian energy grid have significant environrnental impacts such as land use, land transformation and emissions to air and Water. Therefore, although it has a renewable origin, biofuel also has an environmental cost, but different to that of fossil fuels. In particular, the production of biodiesel from soybeans has the benefit of high protein meal co-product generation that has great economic value as ingredient for animal feed. As a consequence, it has a direct link with meat production for human consumption. So, it is clear that both product (biofuel) and co product (meal) already have established markets. Glycerin generated in the process, (approximately 11 % of biodiesel mass) is not consumed in the internal market, although there are several developments for new viable uses. Soybean is not considered as a suitable crop for small farmers as it requires a high mechanization leveI and large extensions of land. The findings of this study show that different aspects of this productive chain must be considered to support important govemment policy decisions / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agricultural Economics / Jeffrey M. Peterson / Technological changes have always been subject to numerous debates and studies to establish if and how much they benefit society. Glyphosate resistant soybean can be seen as such a technological improvement that has generated numerous studies attempting to measure the welfare gains. There are obvious gains from adopting the technology from a production efficiency standpoint, as it significantly decreases production cost and simplifies weed control management. However, with some consumers being reluctant to embrace such a change, especially in Europe, it is not obvious that overall welfare gains are positive. This study attempts to address some shortcomings perceived in recent economic literature, namely the disregard of consumers’ demand responses and the lack of analysis over time. A partial equilibrium model is created where supply and demand functions are estimated based on observed prices and quantities, the adoption rate of the new technology, and production information such as yield and harvested areas. The model developed considers 6 different regions, namely the U.S., Europe, China, Argentina, Brazil and the rest of the world, and develops for each one of them a supply function and three demand functions for soybean grain, meal and oil. Once those are calibrated, the gains for the different players in the industry are computed. The findings are that the gains are proportionally allocated to the different consumers based on the share of the demand for the specific country. Price supports in the U.S. in the early years provide, proportionally to the adoption rate, more gains to the consumers. Producers gain or lose from the technology depending on whether they have adopted it or not. Countries like the U.S. or Argentina, who were the earlier adopters, definitely see an increase in their producer surplus from the adoption of the technology. Countries such as Brazil, which have delayed adopting the technology for political reasons, have faced a significant loss due to lower prices without the benefits of enjoying a cost-saving production technology. The innovator’s gain increases over time as the adoption rate rises. From a country perspective, the U.S. is without doubt the country that has benefited the most from the technology. The main reasons are that the U.S. has the largest acreage of soybean that is grown using the Glyphosate resistant technology. The U.S. consumer base for soybean products is the largest and the monopoly is a U.S.-based company. Therefore some of the gain captured abroad by the monopoly funnels into the U.S. This study finds that, from 2002 to 2005, even if the European consumer completely stopped purchasing soybean, the U.S. as a whole would still benefit from the technology. For the earlier period 1998-2005, the study finds that if Europe had decreased its demand from 35% to 48%, there would have been a possibility for the U.S. as a whole to have been made worse off by the technology.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Agronomy / William T. Schapaugh Jr / Harold N. Trick / Demands on value-added crops have been raised to improve agricultural, industrial, and economical value. Currently, transgene application is one of most effective methods to satisfy these demands. Success in herbicide-resistant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has boosted genetic engineering to be used for biochemical, nutritional, cultural, and physiological improvements. The objectives of this study were to establish transgenic soybean lines with attenuated phospholipase D[Alpha] (PLD[Alpha]) activity in the seed, test the alteration of fatty acid profiles affected by transgene and somaclonal variation, and evaluate the physiological alteration of transgenic lines by both transgene and somaclonal variation. To change fatty acid profile in soybean seed, we attenuated PLD[Alpha] enzyme activity by an RNA interference construct using the PLD[Alpha] gene sequence. Two transgenic soybean lines were established by particle inflow gun bombardment of co-bombarding pSPLDi and pHG1 transgenes, and evaluated for the presence and expression of transgenes thoroughly through the T[subscript]5 generation. PLDα-suppressed soybean lines were characterized by decreased PLD[Alpha] enzyme activity and PLD[Alpha] protein both during seed development and in mature seeds. The PLD[Alpha]-attenuated transgenic lines, SW1-7-1-1 and SW1-7-1-2, contain 36% and 49% oleic acid in the filed and greenhouse evaluations, respectively, which are equivalent to the mid-oleic acid soybean lines improved by conventional breeding and mutagenesis. Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the transgenic lines suggested the possibility that the multi-copy transgene integration formed direct or indirect repeats by random ligation during integration and organization of transgenes in the soybean genome, and the transgene cluster with tandem repeats may consequently increase the probability of transgene silencing. Various factors, such as high humidity and temperature, result in the loss of seed viability. Fayette seed stored for two months since harvest exhibited about 95% viability; however Fayette seeds stored for 33 months at room temperature and uncontrolled relative humidity become non-viable. PLDα-attenuated transgenic soybean seeds have been produced by transformation. PLD-suppressed transgenic soybean seeds have maintained viability when stored for 33 months at room temperature. Germination of transgenic seed stored for 33 months ranged from 30 to 50%. Increased leakage of electrolytes associated with the loss of viability was observed in null-transgenic and background seeds versus transgenic seed. The increase in electrolyte leakage may have been induced by lipid peroxidation and free radical formation which can generate oxidative damage in the cell and subsequently decrease seed viability. Differences in the ultrastructure of cotyledon tissue were observed between PLD[Alpha]-suppressed soybean and the background cultivar. The loss of viability in the background cultivar was consistent with observations of the plasma membrane being detached from the cell wall complex and disorganization of oil bodies. Stresses caused by temperatures higher or lower than ambient are one of agricultural problems that reduce crop productivity in many areas and diverse species. To overcome the uncertainty of environmental fluctuations, efforts continue to improve high and low temperature tolerance in crops. PLD[Alpha]-suppressed transgenic events were produced by antisense suppression driven by constitutive and seed-specific promoters using the particle inflow gun (PIG) bombardment method. Nine fertile transgenic events suppressed the expression of PLD[Alpha] protein. PLD{Alpha] enzyme activity in T[subscript]1 seed was observed to be reduced by 25 percent compared to the non-transgenic control. When soybean seedlings were exposed to lethal freezing temperature, increased electrolyte leakage associated with oxidative damage and biophysical changes were observed in non-transgenic soybean, whereas membrane stability and integrity were maintained in transgenic soybean seedlings. The early growth of PLD[Alpha]-attenuated soybean seedlings was recovered from extreme heat-shock (45 °C) and freezing treatments (-8 °C). The disruption of the plasma membrane and organelles was observed in freeze-stressed non-transgenic control seedlings. On the other hand, the structures of the plasma membrane, oil bodies, and cell organelles in transgenic seedlings were partially sustained after enduring freezing and thawing stresses.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Dallas E. Peterson / During 2015 and 2016, five site years of research were implemented in double crop soybean after winter wheat at experiment fields in Kansas near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa to assess various non-glyphosate herbicide treatments at three different application timings for control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer). Spring-post (SP) treatments with residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp were applied in the winter wheat at Feekes 4 and resulted in less than 50% control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp at the time of double crop soybean planting. Pre-harvest treatments were applied two weeks before winter wheat harvest. 2,4-D resulted in highly variable Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control whereas flumioxazin resulted in comparable control to PRE treatments that contained paraquat plus a residual herbicide. Excellent Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was observed at 1 week after planting (WAP) double crop soybean with a preemergence (PRE) paraquat application; however, reduced control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp was noted at 8WAP due to extended emergence. Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control was 85% or greater at 8WAP for most PRE treatments that included a combination of paraquat plus residual herbicides. PRE treatments that did not include the combination of paraquat and residual herbicides did not provide acceptable control. A second set of field experiments were established in 2015 and 2016 near Manhattan, Hutchinson, and Ottawa to assess residual Palmer amaranth and waterhemp control with very-long-chain-fatty acid (VLFCA) inhibiting herbicides. Acetochlor (non-encapsulated and encapsulated), alachlor, dimethenamid-P, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, and pyroxasulfone as well as the microtubule inhibiting herbicide pendimethalin were applied at three different field use rates (high, middle, and low) based on labeled rate ranges for soybean as PRE treatments in a non-crop scenario after the plot was clean tilled with a field cultivator. The experiment was conducted one time in 2015 and four times in 2016 at two different locations for a total of five site years of data. PRE applications were made June 1, 2015, near Manhattan. PRE applications in 2016 were made in April at locations near Hutchinson and Ottawa; the second run of the experiment was applied in June at the same locations on a different set of plot areas. At Manhattan pyroxasulfone, S-metolachlor, and dimethenamid-P resulted in the highest Palmer amaranth control at 4WAT. At Hutchinson, pyroxasulfone resulted in superior Palmer amaranth control compared to dimethenamid-P and pendimethalin at 4WAT and 8WAT. At Ottawa, acetochlor, S-metolachlor, and pyroxasulfone resulted in higher waterhemp control than alachlor and pendimethalin at 4WAT and 8WAT.