Neste trabalho são estudados os principais depósitos minerais secundários (espeleotemas) das cavernas Santana, Lage Branca e Pérolas, localizadas no município de Iporanga, região sul do estado de São Paulo. As cavernas desenvolvem-se em rochas carbonáticas da Formação Bairro da Serra, constituídas por metacalcários dolomíticos e magnesianos, com frequentes intercalações de centimétricas a métricas de filitos carbonáticos. A percolação de águas nesses maciços rochosos produzem soluções ricas em \'Ca POT. 2+\', \'Mg POT. 2+\', \"SO IND. 4 \'POT. 2-\' e \'HCO ind, 3-\', capazes de precipitar no interior das cavernas, minerais como calcita, aragonita, hidromagnesita, gipsita, óxidos e fosfatos. São depósitos gerados por gotejamentos, fluxo e armazenamento de soluções, transporte por capilaridade, exsudação, que proporcionam a formação de espeleotemas com hábitos cristalinos, formas e dimensões variadas. A compreensão destes mecanismos deposicionais envolveu experimentos de síntese em laboratório utilizando soluções saturadas de carbonato de cálcio e oxalato de amônio, além de dados químicos e mineralógicos obtidos da coleta de águas, rochas e espeleotemas. Estudou-se a gênese de estalactites, estalagmites, helictites, pérolas, leite de lua, flores, cotonetes, travertinos, dentes de cão, jangadas e crostas. A precipitação da aragonita e hidromagnesita nas cavernas estudadas deve-se principalmente a presença de magnésio nas soluções mineralizantes. Na caverna Lage Branca, este elemento provém de filitos carbonáticos dolomíticos, enquanto no salão Takeopa (caverna Santana), correntes de ar também influenciam a precipitação de pequenas flores de aragonita. A gipsita, por sua vez, juntamente com óxido de ferro, é gerada pela oxidação de sulfatos, principalmente pirita, existente nas rochas carboníticas. A interação de guano de morcegos com rochas e espeleotemas calcíticos da caverna Santana é responsável pela formação de fosfatos como hidroxilapatita e leucofosfita. Pelos resultados analíticos das águas existentes nestas cavernas (freáticas, percolação e estagnadas), nota-se que possuem diferentes índices de saturação da calcita. Apresentam tanto comportamento agressivo (rio subterrâneo), como soluções saturadas (gotejamento das estalactites) que precipitam constantemente material carbonático. / The study of the main secondary mineral deposits (speleothems), wich occur along the Santana, Lage Branca and Pérolas caves, is the purpose of this dissertation. The caves are located at the municipality of Iporanga, Southeast of São Paulo State. These caves are developed mainly in dolomitic and magnesian metalimestones of the Bairro da Serra Formation, which exhibits a rhythmic interbedding of carbonatic metasiltstones and phyllites of centimetric to metric thickness. The seepage water along this carbonate rock gets enriched in \'Ca POT. 2+\', \'Mg POT. 2+\', \"SO IND. 4 \'POT. 2-\' and \'HCO IND. 3-\' ions, enabling it to precipitate cave minerals, such as calcite, aragonite, hydromagnesite, gypsum, oxides and phosphates. These minerals are precipitated by dripping water, film flows, stagnant waters, capillary flows and exhudant water. These different discharge processes and flow velocities are responsible for the variety of speleothems with several crystal habits, forms and dimensions. In order to understand the depositional mechanisms of these speleothems, laboratory synthesis using saturated solutions of calcium carbonate and amonium oxalate have been undertaken, together with the analysis of chemical and mineralogical data from water samples, speleothems and rocks collected in the caves. The genesis of stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, cave pearls, moon milk, aragonite flowes (clusters), dog tooth calcite spars, calcite rafts, rimstone dams and crusts have been studied. The precipitation of aragonite and hydromagneiste along the studied caves is mainly due the to the presence of Mg in the seepage water. At the Lage Branca cave, the source of magnesium are the carbonatic and dolomitic phyllite intercalations between the limestone. The directed air flows is the conditioning factor for the origin of small aragonite flowers. Gypsum speleothems, together with iron oxide are generated through the oxidation of sulfides, such as pyrite, which is disseminated in some limestone layers. The interaction between bat guano and calcitic speleothems and rocks causes the formation of phosphates such as hydroxylapatite and leucophosphite. The chemistry of the different water facies (phreatic, seepage and stangnant waters) reflected different saturation indexes of calcite. Aggressive to calcite waters, such as along the underground rivers, as well as saturated waters, as the dripping waters of stalactites, have been identified.

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Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-05-28T17:17:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Danilo Bruxellas Parra.pdf: 2618919 bytes, checksum: 23f2c1d445f7695aa2b0f1ecd25877c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-28T17:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Danilo Bruxellas Parra.pdf: 2618919 bytes, checksum: 23f2c1d445f7695aa2b0f1ecd25877c5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The landscape history exerts great influence on the processes that generate and sustain biodiversity. Proechimys sp. is a new species of sylvatic rodent not described yet, which belongs to the longicaudatus group (family Echimyidae). Previous studies point to a possible influence of the Aripuanã river, a tributary of the Madeira river, in the differentiation of Proechimys sp. In addition, paleochannel systems in the Madeira region indicate paleo- hydrological changes of the Aripuanã and Ji-Paraná rivers. Here we describe the patterns of genetic diversity in Proechimys sp., investigate the effect of landscape changes, such as the formation of paleochannels, and propose hypotheses for the diversification of this new species of spiny rat from southern Amazonia. We used nuclear and mitochondrial markers to reconstruct gene trees and species trees, haplotype networks, estimate the timing of divergence and historical demography for each of the lineages recovered in the analyzes. Our results indicated the presence of five lineages that can be considered as distinct populations. Evidence from other studies indicates that mechanisms of rearrangement of chromosomal patterns should be associated with lineage diversification. We also believe that ecological factors are related to the diversity pattern found in Proechimys sp. Although the effect of large rivers is largely implicated in the high diversity of Amazonia, the effect of smaller rivers in the Madeira-Tapajós interfluve seems to play an important role in the biogeographic patterns of this region. Our results demonstrate such effect in the populations of Proechimys sp. And corroborate the hypothesis that environments with great habitat heterogeneity and unstable climatic and geological conditions promote high biodiversity. / A história da paisagem tem grande influência sobre os processos geradores e mantenedores da biodiversidade. Proechimys sp. é uma nova espécie ainda não descrita de roedor silvestre pertencente ao grupo longicaudatus (família Echimyidae). Estudos prévios apontam uma possível influência do rio Aripuanã, um tributário do rio Madeira, na diferenciação de Proechimys sp. Além disso, sistemas de paleocanais na região do médio Madeira indicam alterações paleo-hidrológicas do rio Aripuanã e Ji-Paraná. Aqui nós descrevemos os padrões de diversidade genética em Proechimys sp., investigamos os efeitos de mudanças na paisagem, como a formação dos paleocanais, e propusemos hipóteses para diversificação dessa nova espécie de rato-de-espinho do sul da Amazônia. Utilizamos marcadores nucleares e mitocondriais para reconstruir árvores de genes e de espécies, redes de haplótipos, estimar o tempo de divergência e a demografia histórica de cada uma das linhagens recuperadas nas análises. Nossos resultados indicaram a presença de cinco linhagens que podem ser consideradas como populações distintas. Evidências de outros estudos indicam que mecanismos de reordenação dos padrões cromossômicos devem estar associados a diversificação das linhagens. Acreditamos ainda que fatores ecológicos estejam relacionados com o padrão de diversidade encontrado em Proechimys sp. Embora o efeito dos grandes rios seja amplamente relacionado com a alta diversidade da Amazônia, o efeito de rios menores no interflúvio Madeira-Tapajós parece desempenhar um papel importante nos padrões biogeográficos dessa região. Nossos resultados demonstram esse efeito nas populações de Proechimys sp. e corroboram a hipótese de que ambientes com grande heterogeneidade de habitas e condições climáticas e geológicas instáveis promovem alta biodiversidade.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Ferreira Mendes.pdf: 33413193 bytes, checksum: 5573da88c8a5035b1bb94206fa2b23fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-01 / The research aims to survey, analyze and criticize the recent transformations taking place in São Paulo urban landscape, specifically in a selected axis located in the southwestern area of the city, historically it's most valued location. The selected axis connects Downtown and Marginal Pinheiros, starting in Martins Fontes St., continuing through Augusta St., Colômbia St., Europa Avenue and, finally, reaches Cidade Jardim Avenue. Several urban morphologies take place all over this axis, formed and consolidated during the 20th century, and important mutations are happening in this pre-existing urban fabric. Such transformations reveal themselves as a result of the constructive laws, and also of the society action which in several ways happens to encourage, through the products of the real estate market or the way of life citizens chose. The built landscape throughout the Augusta St. axis is now changing, specifically in sections Baixo Augusta and Cidade Jardim, through intense verticalization and homogenization of architectural language and products offered, compared to the pre-existing landscape. / A pesquisa tem por objetivo o levantamento, análise e crítica das transformações recentes na paisagem construída pelas quais São Paulo tem passado, especificamente em um eixo selecionado de seu quadrante sudoeste, historicamente dos mais valorizados da cidade. O eixo selecionado para estudo liga a região central à Marginal Pinheiros, iniciando-se na Rua Martins Fontes, continuando pela Rua Augusta, Rua Colômbia, Avenida Europa e finalmente culminando na Avenida Cidade Jardim. Diversas são as morfologias urbanas presentes ao longo desse eixo, que se formou e se consolidou ao longo do século XX, e importantes são as mutações que as transformações recentes têm trazido a esses tecidos préexistentes. Tais transformações revelam-se resultado da legislação construtiva que as viabiliza, bem como da ação da sociedade que de diversos modos as incentiva, seja através da incorporação de determinado produto imobiliário, ou do modo de vida escolhido pelos cidadãos. A paisagem construída tem passado por mutações em todo o eixo da Rua Augusta, especificamente nos trechos Baixo Augusta e Cidade Jardim, através de intensa verticalização e homogeneização da linguagem e produtos arquitetônicos oferecidos, quando comparada à paisagem pré-existente.

Orientador: João Matins Pizauro Júnior / Coorientador: Cecília Maria Costa do Amaral / Banca: Jesus Aparecido Ferro / Banca: Luís Henrique Souza Guimarães / Resumo: Bactérias do gênero Enterobacter sp. são conhecidas por produzir ácidos orgânicos e solubilizar fosfato inorgânico presente no solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a enzima fosfatase ácida ligada à membrana de Enterobacter sp. isolada de raízes de orquídeas Cyrtopodium paludicolum. A enzima ligada à membrana foi purificada por centrifugação a 100.000 x g durante uma hora a 4ºC. A atividade da p-nitrofenilfosfatase (PNFFásica) foi determinada descontinuamente a 37°C. A bactéria foi inoculada em meio de cultura líquido e a enzima foi estritamente regulada pelo fósforo, atingindo expressão máxima a 5 mM, em pH ótimo aparente de 3,5. Em relação aos inibidores avaliados, verificouse que o cobre apresentou inibição não-competitiva. Já o arsenato, vanadato e fosfato inibiram competitivamente a enzima, demonstrando que são análogos estruturais. A enzima exibiu comportamento "michaeliano" para a hidrólise do PNFF (atividade específica de 30,67 U/mg, Km = 0,55 mM e n = 1). Interações sítio-sítio foram observadas para a hidrólise do ATP (atividade específica de 11,2 U/mg, Km = 0,62 mM e n = 1,8) e para a hidrólise do pirofosfato (atividade específica de 15,64 U/mg, Km = 0,89 mM e n = 2,8). Os valores obtidos pela inativação térmica demonstraram que a enzima manteve-se estável a 45°C e a atividade enzimática diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura. Os resultados sugerem que a produção da fosfatase ácida promove aumento na disponibilidade dos nutrientes para as plantas, solubilizando minerais insolúveis através da produção de enzimas, sendo um dos mecanismos que esses microrganismos utilizam para solubilização de fosfato mineral / Abstract: Bacteria of the genus Enterobacter sp. are known as organic acid producers and are able to solubilize inorganic phosphate which is present in soil. The aim of this work was to characterize the cell-wall associated acid phosphatase of Enterobacter sp. symbionts of plants and were isolated from roots of orchid Cyrtopodium paludicolum. The enzyme was obtained by centrifugation at 100.000 x g, for one hour at 4ºC and the activity from p-nitrophenilphosphatase (PNPPase) was determined at 37°C Culture medium was inoculate d with bacteria and supplemented with phosphorus. Under optimal conditions (5mM phosphorus, pH 3.5) the enzyme was expressed. The activity from p-nitrophenylphosphatase (PNPPase) was determined at 37°C. The enzyme presen ted Michaelis behavior for the hydrolysis of PNPP (specific activity of 30.67 U/mg, Km = 0.55 mM and n = 1). Besides site-site interactions were observed for ATP hydrolysis (specific activity of 11.2 U/mg, Km = 0.62 mM and n = 1.8) and pyrophosphate hydrolysis (specific activity of 15.64 U/mg, Km = 0.89 mM and n = 2.8). It was observed that enzyme activity decreased with increasing temperature. Inhibition studies revealed that copper inhibited the enzyme in a non-competitive manner. In contrast arsenate, and vanadate which are structural analogues of phosphate presented a competitive inhibition. The results suggest that plants expressing acid phosphatase are able to solubilize mineral phosphate and are able to hydrolyse insoluble minerals thereby increasing the availibilty of nutrients which can be used by the plant / Mestre

The purpose of this study was to investigate how elevated levels of heavy metals affect the faunal species composition, abundance and species-diversity. The bentic macroinvertebrate fauna in the highly polluted lake Tisken was compared with the bentic macroinvertebrate fauna in the unpolluted lake Varpan. Mine wastes account for most of the metal that is discharged into Tisken. The hypotheses was that the heavy metal pollutions in lake Tisken influenced the species composition, abundance and diversity of the macroinvertebrates. Twenty samples were taken in both sites. The invertebrates were collected with a bag net and a plastic cylinder one meter from the shoreline. The invertebrates in the forty samples were classified and statistical analyses were made.Some taxa, common at undisturbed sites, were missing at metal polluted sites. Mayfly larvae, Ephemeroptera, were only found in Varpan. Surprisingly, more taxa were found in the polluted lake Tisken (23 taxa) compared to the unpolluted Varpan (19 taxa). However, the abundance of macroinvertebrates in Varpan (291 individuals) was higher than in Tisken (242 individuals).

A sesquiterpene hydroquinone, Aureol (6), was isolated from extracts of Taiwanese Smenospongia sp. collected at Green Island in Taiwen. 6 was acylated to yield a series of derivatives and their structures were identified as O-Methylaureol (40)¡BAureol acetate (7)¡BAureol N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate (41)¡BO-Benzoyl-aureol (43)¡BO-4-Chlorobenzoyl-aureol (44)¡BO-4-Flurobenzoyl-aureol (45)¡BO-Nicotinoyl-aureol (46)¡BO-4-Methylbenzoyl-aureol (47) ¡BO-2-Thienylcarbonyl-aureol(48) ¡BO-2-Furoylcarbonyl-aureol (49) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including 1H-NMR¡B13C-NMR ¡BCOSY¡BHMQC¡BHMBC experiments. Preliminary pharmacological study revealed that some of the compounds possessed significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cells (Hepa59T/VGH¡BHela¡BKB). Kadsura philippinensis Elmer is medicinal plant which is rich in C18 type dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans. kadsuphilin A (50)¡B kadsuphilin B (51)¡B kadsuphilin C (52)¡B kadsuphilin D (53)¡B kadsurin (54)¡B kadsulignan D (55)¡Bkadsulignan K (56)¡Bbinankadsyrin A (57) ¡Bangeloyl-binankadsurin A (58) ¡Bkadsumarin A (59)¡Bschizanrin F (60) ¡Bschizanrin J (61) isolated from the lipophilic extract of aerial part of Kadsura philippinensis collected at Green Island in Taiwen. It is the first time to isolate Kadsuphilins A-D (50, 51, 52, 53). Kadsulignan D (55) and Kadsulignan K (56) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques including COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY experiments. Preliminary pharmacological study revealed that some of the compounds possessed significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cells.

In the study on the chemical constituents from the Formosan marine organisms, four steroids, including three cholanic acid type metabolites, deoxycholic acid 3,12-diacetate (1), deoxycholic acid 3,12-diacetate-24-methyl ester (2), 3£\,7£\,12£\-triacetoxy-5£]-cholanic acid (3), and a principal steroid, gorgosterol (4), were isolated from the soft coral Klyxum simplex, collected at southern Taiwan coast. The structures of steroids 1-4, were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, particularly in 1D and 2D NMR experiments. To best of our knowledge, there is no report on the isolation of cholanic acid type steroids from any marine source. Based on detailed analysis, steroid 2 was found to be a new natural product and this is the first time to isolate steroid 1 from natural resource. Furthermore, two known isoquinoline quinones, mimosamycin (5) and O-demethylrenierone (6) and a known steroid,24,28-didehydroaplysterol (7), were obtained from an Indonesian sponge belonging to the genus Halichondria (Halichondriidae). The structures of metabolites 5-7 were determined by spectral data analysis and by comparison with the spectral and physical data of other known compounds. The antimicrobial activity of compounds 1-7 against Staphylococcus aureus were assayed. It was found that compounds 1, 5 and 6 showed antimicr- obical activity toward Staphylococcus aureus.

3 pp. / This publication provides information on the development and management of Fusarium wilt of lettuce. Topics covered include the characteristics of the plant pathogen, disease development, and disease management considerations.