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Talperception avser förmågan att uppfatta och känna igen talat språk. Nedsatt talperception förekommer hos flera grupper barn som besöker audiologisk och logopedisk klinik och i synnerhet hos barn med språkstörning. I förevarande studie testades talperceptionsförmåga i ljudmiljöerna tyst och babbel hos tio barn med språkstörning i åldrarna 7 – 9 år. Som kontrollgrupp tjänade tjugoen jämnåriga barn med typisk utveckling. För bedömning användes talperceptionstestet Lyssna-Säg, vilket är ett datorbaserat test, som mäter diskrimination, identifikation och produktion av konsonantkontraster i minimala ordpar. Studiens resultat visar att barn med språkstörning hade proportionerligt svårare än typiskt utvecklade barn att uppfatta tal i babbel och att förmågan att uppfatta skillnad i artikulationsställe var särskilt nedsatt hos dem. Viss försämring från tyst till babbel kunde även observeras på ordproduktionen, vilket kan indikera att babbelmiljön hade en negativ påverkan på barnens arbetsminne. Studien har bidragit med insikter kring hur barn med språkstörning uppfattar tal i olika ljudmiljöer och har även bidragit till utvecklingsarbetet med Lyssna-Säg-testet. / Speech perception refers to the ability to perceive and recognize spoken language. Impaired speech perception occurs in several groups of children visiting the audiological and speech language pathology clinic, and particularly in children with language impairment. In the present study, speech perception was tested in ten children with language impairment aged 7 – 9 years in silent and in babble. Twenty-one children with typical development of the same age served as control group. The Listen-Say test, which is a computer-assisted speech perception test that assesses discrimination, identification and production of consonant contrasts, was used as assessment tool. The study showed that children with language impairment had proportionally greater difficulty to perceive speech in babble compared to typically developing children and that place of articulation was particularly difficult to distinguish for them. A slight decrease in word production in babble may indicate that this condition had a negative impact on the children's working memory. The study has provided insight into how children with language impairment perceive speech in different auditory backgrounds, and has contributed to the development of the Listen-Say test.

En 2010, plus de 200 000 personnes dans le monde en étaient équipées, dont plus de 10 000 en France (adultes et enfants). La technologie utilisée pour les premiers implants commercialisés au milieu des années 1980 a beaucoup évolué et l’implant cochléaire permet désormais à son utilisateur d’avoir accès à des caractéristiques acoustiques de plus en plus précises des sons de son environnement et notamment des sons de parole. Cependant, l’information auditive fournie par l’implant reste limitée, ce qui a pour conséquence des difficultés persistantes de production de certains sons de parole par l’utilisateur d’implant cochléaire, même après plusieurs années d’utilisation. Ces difficultés de production peuvent se traduire également par une intelligibilité moindre, et peuvent avoir des répercussions sur les relations familiales et sociales, en particulier chez l’enfant.Les études disponibles dans la littérature se concentrent sur les effets et les bénéfices à court-terme de l’implant cochléaire chez l’enfant, et il existe relativement peu d’études de production de parole chez l’enfant en âge scolaire, en particulier chez l’enfant francophone. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de proposer une évaluation des difficultés de production de plusieurs contrastes phonologiques chez l’enfant sourd, porteur d’implant cochléaire, plusieurs années après l’implantation cochléaire, et des facteurs qui influencent son intelligibilité.Dans le cadre de notre thèse, nous avons constitué un corpus de productions de parole de 13 enfants âgés de 6;6 à 10;7 ans, atteints de surdité pré- ou périlinguistique, ayant reçu un implant cochléaire entre 1;1 et 6;6 ans, et l’utilisant depuis plus d’un an et de 20 enfants normo-entendants appariés en âge chronologique (de 5;7 à 10;6 ans).Dans un premier temps, nous avons comparé les caractéristiques acoustiques des voyelles orales, des occlusives et des fricatives du français, ainsi que la réalisation de la coarticulation dans des séquences occlusive-voyelle par ces deux groupes d’enfants. Les résultats montrent une grande proximité entre les productions des enfants typiques et implantés, et certaines différences, par exemple sur les voyelles antérieures arrondies, les fricatives alvéolaires et les occlusives vélaires. Ces différences peuvent s’expliquer par les caractéristiques technologiques de l’implant et son usage par l’enfant, et révèlent également le poids des différents facteurs du développement phonologique : contraintes articulatoires, contraintes perceptives, caractéristiques de l’input langagier et de la langue maternelle.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons élaboré une méthode d’évaluation perceptive de l’intelligibilité de la parole, que nous avons soumise à 9 auditeurs experts en parole pathologique et à 17 auditeurs naïfs, tous francophones. Notre étude perceptive d’intelligibilité met en évidence 1) une absence d’effet d’expertise sur le jugement d’intelligibilité puisque les notes données par les auditeurs experts et naïfs sont corrélées, 2) un effet de l’audition sur l’intelligibilité, puisque les enfants sourds porteurs d’implant cochléaire sont jugés moins intelligibles que les enfants normo-entendants, et 3) une meilleure intelligibilité chez les enfants implantés précocement (avant 20 mois) mais pas d’effet de la durée d’utilisation de l’implant cochléaire sur l’intelligibilité.Ce travail montre donc le bénéfice apporté par l’implant pour la communication orale, mais aussi l’existence de difficultés persistantes, qui doivent être prises en compte dans la rééducation et l’accompagnement familial, scolaire et social des enfants.Notre étude fournit en outre un ensemble de données de référence sur le développement phonologique tardif des enfants francophones, et un corpus de parole utilisable pour d’autres travaux de recherche sur le développement typique et pathologique. / As of 2010, cochlear implant has been used by over 200 000 persons (adults and children) worldwide and by 10 000 persons in France. Technology has largely improved since the first devices were put on the market in the 1980’s, and it now provides its user with more and more detailed acoustical information about the sounds of their environment in general, and about speech sounds in particular. However, perception with a cochlear implant remains limited, which leads to persisting difficulties in producing some speech sounds, even after several years of implant use. These difficulties in speech production can translate into a lower intelligibility, with effects on interactions with family and community members for its users, especially for children.A large body of studies in the literature focusses on short-term effects and gains of cochlear implant for young children and infants, but fewer studies in speech production in school-age children are available, especially in French-speaking children. The goal of this project is to assess the difficulties in the production of selected phonological contrasts in cochlear-implanted children, several years after cochlear implantation, and the factors influencing their intelligibility.For this thesis, we recorded thirteen 6;6-to-10;7 year old, pre- or perilinguistically deaf children wearing cochlear implants since they were 1;1 to 6;6 years old, with more than a year of use, and twenty normal-hearing age-matched children (chronological age ranging from 5;7 to 10;6 years).In a first experiment, we compared the acoustical characteristics of ten oral vowels, six stops and three fricatives of French. We also studied the realization of coarticulation in plosive-vowel sequences in these two groups of children.Our results show a high degree of similarity in typical and implant using children, and several differences, for example, for front rounded vowels, alveolar fricatives and velar stops. These differences can be explained by the implant’s technology and its use by the child. They also show the importance of several factors in phonological development: articulatory constraints, perceptual constraints, characteristics of language input and mother tongue.In a second experiment, we designed a method to perceptually assess the intelligibility of speech: 9 expert and 17 naïve French-speaking listeners participated in this experiment.Our perceptual assessment of intelligibility shows 1) no effect of expertise since grades given by expert and naïve listeners are correlated, 2) an effect of hearing level on intelligibility since cochlear-implanted children are less intelligible than their normal-hearing peers, and 3) a better intelligibility in early implanted children (before 20 months) but no effect of duration of implant use on intelligibility.This work emphasizes the benefits for oral communication provided by cochlear implants, but also the remaining difficulties, that need to be taken into acount for rehabilitation and support from the child’s family, school and society.Our study also provides both reference data on late stages of phonological development in French-speaking children, and a corpus of speech production which can be used for further research on typical and pathological speech development.

The use of personal hearing protection devices (HPDs) is often recommended to protect workers' hearing from noise-induced damage when no other means of reducing noise levels at the source is effective. The effects of HPDs on speech communication cannot be neglected in spite of their benefit in reducing the risk of hearing loss. While much research has been directed at speech perception, much less is known on how HPDs affect speech production. The tendency of talkers to raise their vocal effort in noise, known as the Lombard effect, is often disrupted by HPDs due to their occlusion effect and the lower noise at the ears as well as the attenuated feedback from one’s own voice. Three main knowledge gaps are addressed in this thesis. The first gap is to characterize speech produced by talkers with or without HPDs under realistic acoustic conditions while immersed in an external noise field. The second gap is to evaluate more comprehensively speech production under protected and unprotected talker and listener ear conditions in different types of fluctuating and continous noises. The third gap is to assess the alterations in the characteristics of speech produced by talkers wearing level-dependent HPDs set at different transmission gain settings and in comparison with passive HPDs. This thesis extends methods used to recover Lombard speech elicited in an external noise field. For this purpose, two noise suppression methods, direct waveform subtraction (DWS) and adaptive noise cancellation (ANC), were found to adequately remove noise from speech recorded for SNRs as low as −10 dB. Moreover, this work contributes new knowledge on the effects of conventional passive HPDs on speech production. When talker wears HPD in noise then speech level were found to decrease by up to 9 dB in continuous noises and by 7 dB in fluctuating noises compared to open ears, while speech levels were found to increase by about 5 dB in all noises when the listener wears HPD. Furthermore, changes in pitch and spectral levels were consistent with changes in speech levels. The effects of level-dependent HPD on speech production, depending on the chosen transmission gain setting, revealed that it led to smaller decrease in talkers’ speech levels in noise compared to conventional passive HPD. These findings indicate that the level-dependent HPDs may impede communication less than conventional passive HPDs, while providing protection against high levels of noise.

xiii, 123 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The current dissertation investigated clear speech production of Korean stops to examine the proposal that the phonetic targets of phonological categories are more closely approximated in hyperarticulated speech. The investigation also considered a sound change currently underway in Korean stops: younger speakers of the Seoul dialect produce the aspirated and lenis stops differently from older speakers of the same dialect. Hyperarticulated, clear speech provided evidence for difference in the phonetic targets of the stops between the two age groups. Compared with conversational and citation-form speech, younger speakers primarily enhanced the F0 difference between the aspirated and lenis stops in clear speech, with only a small VOT enhancement, whereas older speakers solely enhanced VOT difference between the two stops. These different clear speech enhancement strategies were interpreted to indicate that younger speakers have developed different phonetic targets for stop production than older speakers. The results from a perceptual experiment using re-synthesized stimuli indicated that the production differences between the younger and older speakers are linked to perceptual differences. The perceptual processing of the stops differed between the groups in a manner parallel to the production differences. When identifying aspirated and lenis stops, younger listeners evidenced greater cue weight for F0 than older listeners, whereas older listeners evidenced greater cue weight than younger listeners for VOT and H1-H2. In addition, the results from a perceptual experiment using noise-masked stimuli confirmed an intelligibility improvement effect of clear speech and also indicated that the three speaking styles were on a continuum from the most casual, conversational speech, to the most careful, clear speech, with citation-form speech in the middle. In the final chapter, the different findings of the current study were discussed in view of various theoretical models and hypotheses. This dissertation includes previously published co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Susan Guion, Chairperson, Linguistics; Eric Pederson, Member, Linguistics; Melissa Redford, Member, Linguistics; Kaori Idemaru, Outside Member, East Asian Languages & Literature

Orientadores: Maria Elena Guariento, Lucia Figueiredo Mourão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_DeboraAvizBastos_M.pdf: 1323692 bytes, checksum: f0b30fe3dc4190abdf6f07f9b2369968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O processo de envelhecimento do corpo está relacionado às mudanças orgânicas e funcionais, envolvendo a deterioração das estruturas laríngeas, faríngeas, e os articuladores ao nível de sistema estomatognático, diminuindo assim a capacidade das funções, como, a deglutição e articulação. Há relato sobre as características da deglutição na população idosa, porém, observa-se carência de estudos que descrevam valores de referência quanto à velocidade e duração do movimento motor de fala. Objetivo: Caracterizar medidas de tarefa motora de fala alternada em idosos e correlacionar tais medidas com os intervalos de duração obtidos em fases oral e faríngea da deglutição. Métodos: Participaram desta pesquisa um total de 53 indivíduos, sendo 28 adultos com faixa etária entre 18 e 59 anos (Grupo I), 14 idosos com idade entre 60 e 79 anos (Grupo II), e 11 idosos com idade maior que 80 anos (Grupo III). Foram obtidas as medidas da tarefa motora de fala alternada (TMFA) e analisados os parâmetros de duração média do período (AVP), taxa média de sílabas por segundo (AVR) e coeficientes de variação da produção articulatória (CVP e JIT), em programa computadorizado de análise de voz e fala Multi-speech. Dos 25 idosos, 15 com faixa etária de 60 a 89 anos foram submetidos à videofluoroscopia da deglutição, em que foram ofertados aos indivíduos alimentos na consistência néctar, mel e pudim, sendo calculado a duração das fases da deglutição, quadro a quadro, por meio do software VirtualDub. Resultados: Os resultados permitiram concluir que os idosos apresentaram valores maiores de duração de emissão e valores menores de taxa de sílabas por segundo, quando comparados com o grupo dos adultos. Além disso, os coeficientes de variação da TMFA diferenciaram-se, de forma estatisticamente significante, entre os grupos. Analisando a relação entre as medidas de fala e de deglutição, observa-se correlação positiva e significante (p < 0.05, r = +0.62254) entre os parâmetros de AVP da emissão /A/ e o aumento da duração da fase faríngea durante a deglutição da consistência pudim. Ao mesmo tempo em que se constata correlação negativa e significante (p <0.05; r= -0.56630) entre os parâmetros de AVP da emissão /KA/ e a duração do movimento motor de dorso de língua durante a deglutição para a consistência pudim. Conclusão: Os dados obtidos de TMFA são diferentes em indivíduos idosos, em comparação aos adultos, e não parecem apontar para progressões quanto à habilidade de produção para cada tipo de emissão. Para melhor investigação e definição sobre as diferenças entre os grupos II e III no que se refere à facilidade de produção das sílabas, torna-se interessante analisar amostras maiores de idosos. Além disso, pelos resultados encontrados, não é possível determinar se a agilidade motora, necessária durante a TMFA, esteja diretamente relacionada ao grau de força muscular exigida nas fases da deglutição. Estes resultados iniciais requerem definição e confirmação desta correlação em estudos longitudinais e com amostras maiores de idosos / Abstract: The aging process of the body is related to organic and functional changes, involving the deterioration of the laryngeal, pharyngeal and articulation systems and reducing some functional abilities, such as swallowing and speech. There are studies of characteristics of swallowing in the elderly, however, there is a lack of studies that describe the reference values of rate and duration in the speech alternating motion rate (AMRs). Objective: describe measures of speech alternating motion rate in the elderly and correlate these measures with temporal measures obtained in oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Methods: Participants were 28 adults aged between 18 and 59 years (Group I), 14 elderly patients aged 60 to 79 years (Group II) and 11 elderly patients older than 80 years (Group III). They performed alternating motion rate with emissions /PA/, /TA/, /KA/ and /A/. The collected samples were analyzed through appropriated software, namely KAYPENTAX Motor Speech Profile. The investigated parameters were the average consonant-vowel period (AVP) and the average syllables per second rate (AVR). In total, 15 elderly individuals, aged between 60 and 89 years, were underwent videofluoroscopy of swallowing. Researchers offered to individuals in food consistency thin liquid, honey and pudding. Next, the duration of various phases, were calculated, frame by frame (ms) by the software Virtual Dub. Results: The results showed that the elderly had higher values of emission duration and lower values of rate of syllables per second, compared with the group of adults. Moreover, the coefficients of variation of AMRs were different and were statistically significant between the groups. It was observed a positive and significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the AVP and AVR parameters of the /A/ and the increasing of the duration of the pharyngeal phase during swallowing pudding consistency, which was not observed in the liquid. The AVP and AVR measures for /PA/ were correlated in a positive way with the oral phase duration. Conclusion: Data from AMRs are different in the elderly compared to adults, and not seem to indicate progression of the ability of production for each type of emission. To further research and definition of the differences between groups II and III with regard to ease of production of syllables, it is interesting to analyze larger samples of elderly. Although there is correlation between the duration of the vocal folds movement for /A/ and the duration of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing in the pudding consistency, it is not possible to determine the glottal motor agility, needful in the AMR, is directly related to the required muscle strength in the pharyngeal phase of viscous consistency. These initial results require confirmation and definition of this correlation in longitudinal studies and with larger samples of elderly / Mestrado / Gerontologia / Mestre em Gerontologia

Introdução: A hipernasalidade frequentemente está associada à fissura labiopalatina (FLP) e pode ter uma influência negativa na inteligibilidade e na percepção pelo ouvinte do indivíduo com fala hipernasal. Procedimentos de julgamento da nasalidade de fala devem ser realizados e, a partir, dos resultados obtidos pode-se determinar o sucesso cirúrgico ou a necessidade de outras intervenções. Para tanto é necessário fazer o uso de procedimentos que possam colaborar para a consistência dos achados. Objetivos: Descrever e comparar os resultados de nasalidade de fala de indivíduos com FLP, obtidos por meio de julgamento perceptivo-auditivo realizado ao vivo com escala de 4-pontos, pelo Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade, pela análise de gravações por consenso de juízes e por meio da nasometria. Estabelecer sensibilidade, especificidade e eficiência geral da nasometria e indicar o melhor valor de corte de nasalância. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos resultados das avaliações nasométricas e perceptivo-auditivas da nasalidade de fala e o julgamento prospectivo por consenso de juízes de gravações de amostras de fala. Foram selecionadas 100 gravações, sendo uma de cada paciente, que continham dois conjuntos de frases orais: um com fonemas de alta pressão (AP) e outro com fonemas de baixa pressão (BP). Desse total, apenas 1 paciente não tinha resultado do julgamento perceptivo-auditivo realizado ao vivo e 2 não tinham realizado o Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas no mesmo retorno ao hospital e os dados pertenciam a pacientes com FLP operada pelo mesmo cirurgião, de ambos os sexos e com idade entre 5 a 12 anos. Resultados: A ausência de hipernasalidade nas avaliações foi constatada em: 69% dos julgamentos perceptivos ao vivo, 72% dos julgamentos pelo Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade, 50% por juízes na amostra AP, 62% por juízes na amostra BP, 56% na nasometria na amostra AP e 58% na nasometria na amostra BP. Diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre os resultados do Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade com as demais modalidades de avaliação, exceto com o julgamento perceptivo ao vivo, e entre o julgamento perceptivo ao vivo com a nasometria e o perceptivo por juízes, nas amostras AP. A concordância das modalidades de avaliação variou entre 71% a 95%, sendo quase perfeita entre o julgamento perceptivo ao vivo e o Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade e moderada entre as demais modalidades. Valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e eficiência geral dos cortes de nasalância utilizados no estudo variaram respectivamente entre 0,50 a 0,82, 0,70 a 0,85 e 0,60 a 0,80. O melhor valor de corte de nasalância para a amostra AP foi 16% e para a amostra BP foi 23%. Conclusões: Não houve diferenças significantes entre o julgamento perceptivo ao vivo e o Teste Cul-de-Sac de Hipernasalidade; entre o julgamento perceptivo ao vivo, por juízes e a nasometria, nas amostras BP, e entre o julgamento perceptivo por juízes e a nasometria, nas amostras AP. Os índices de sensibilidade, especificidade e eficiência geral do nasômetro foram menores para amostras de BP comparadas às de AP para as crianças menores de 11 anos. / Introduction: Hypernasality is often associated with cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and may have a negative influence on the intelligibility and perception by the listener of a hypernasal speech individual. Judgement procedures of speech nasality should be performed, and from the acquired results, the surgical success or the need for other interventions can be determined. Therefore it is necessary to use procedures that can contribute to the consistency of the findings. Objectives: To describe and compare the results of speech nasality of subjects with UCLP obtained by mean of auditory-perceptual judgement performed live with 4-point scale, by the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality, by the recordings analysis by consensus of judges and by mean of the nasometry. To establish sensitivity, specificity and general efficiency of nasometry and indicate the best cut value of nasalance. Material and Methods: It was performed a retrospective analysis of the nasometric evaluation and auditory-perceptual of speech nasality results and the prospective judgement by the consensus of judges of speech sample recordings. One hundred recordings were selected, one from each patient, which contained two sets of oral sentences: one with high pressure phonemes (HP) and the other with low pressure phonemes (LP). Out of this total, only one patient had not presented outcome of the perceptual judgement performed live and 2 had not undergone the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality. All evaluations were performed in the same return to the hospital and the data belonged to patients with UCLP operated by the same surgeon, of both genders, with ages ranging between 5-12 years. Results: The absence of hypernasality in the assessments was observed in 69% of the live perceptual judgements, 72% of the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality, 50% of the recording judgements of the HP sample by listeners, 62% of the recording judgements of the LP sample by listeners, 56% of the nasometry with the HP sample and 58% of the nasometry with the LP sample. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality and the other modalities of assessment, except with the perceptual live judgement, and between the perceptual live judgement with the nasometry and the perceptual by judges, in the HP samples. The agreement of the modalities of assessment varied from 71% to 95%, being almost perfect between the perceptual live judgement and the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality and moderate among the other modalities. Values of sensitivity, specificity and general efficiency of the nasalance cuts used in the study varied from 0,50 to 0,82, from 0,70 to 0,85 and from 0,60 to 0,80, respectively. The best cut value of nasalance for the HP sample was 16% and for the LP sample was 23%. Conclusion: There were not statistically significant differences between the perceptual live judgement and the Cul-de-Sac Test of Hypernasality, nor between the perceptual live judgement, perceptual by judges and the nasometry, in the LP sample, and between the perceptual by judges and the nasometry, in the HP sample. The index of sensitivity, specificity and general efficiency of the nasometer were lower for LP samples compared to the HP samples for children under 11 years old.

Objetivos: Estabelecer amostras de referência constituídas por gravações avaliadas com consenso como representativas da presença da fricativa faríngea (FF) e da plosiva faríngea (PF) e comparar as avaliações perceptivo-auditivas da presença da FF e da PF sem e com acesso às amostras de referência em três grupos com experiências distintas. Metodologia: O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: durante a ETAPA 1, três fonoaudiólogas especialistas na identificação das alterações de fala associada com a fissura labiopalatina (FLP) ou a disfunção velofaríngea (DVF) analisaram um total de 136 amostras de fala com a tarefa de identificar o uso da FF, da PF ou do ponto articulatório correto durante produção dos sons [f], [s], [], [v], [z], [], [k] e [g]. As gravações foram avaliadas individualmente e aquelas que não apresentaram consenso inicial quanto à FF e PF foram novamente avaliadas de forma simultânea. As amostras avaliadas com 100% de concordância entre as 3 avaliadoras foram inseridas no Banco de Amostras Representativas da FF e da PF. Deste Banco de Amostras foram selecionadas um conjunto de 14 amostras para compor o material denominado Amostras de Referência e outro conjunto de 64 amostras denominadas Amostras Experimentais. A ETAPA 2 do estudo envolveu a análise das Amostras Experimentais por um grupo de 9 avaliadores sem e com acesso às Amostras de Referência as quais a condição com acesso foram usadas como recurso para calibrar os avaliadores. Os avaliadores foram agrupados de acordo com a experiência na identificação da FF e PF: G1 incluiu 3 discentes no primeiro ano do curso de fonoaudiologia; G2 incluiu 3 fonoaudiólogos pós-graduandos recém-formados e sem vivências em FLP e DVF, e G3 incluiu 3 fonoaudiólogos com experiência na avaliação de alterações de fala na FLP e DVF. Os avaliadores analisaram, individualmente, as amostras experimentais duas vezes, primeiro sem o acesso às Amostras de Referência e após um intervalo de 15 dias avaliaram as mesmas amostras com acesso controlado às Amostras de Referência. Foram estabelecidos: porcentagem de acerto quanto ao ponto articulatório usado (AC ou alvo) e valores de concordância intra e interavaliadores. Resultados foram analisados com ANOVA. Resultados: Na ETAPA 1 foram identificadas 49 amostras de ACs com concordância de 100%, sendo 42 representativas da FF e 7 representativas da PF. A concordância intra-avaliador nesta etapa foi considerada excelente para as três avaliadoras. Na ETAPA 2 foi verificado que os achados na condição com acesso às referências foram superiores aos achados sem acesso às referências. As diferenças em porcentagens de identificação correta da FF e PF entre as condições com e sem referências variaram entre o mínimo de 4% para G3 e máximo de 80% para G1, sugerindo performance consistentemente melhor para o grupo de avaliadoras com experiência na identificação de AC. Os valores médios de Kappa para os sons estudados indicaram que a concordância no G1 passou de regular (K=0,34) na condição sem referência para quase perfeita (K=0,97) com referência; no G2 passou de substancial (K=0,67) para quase perfeita (K=0,96); no G3 a concordância manteve-se quase perfeita nas duas situações (K=0,90 e K=0,91). Observou-se que sem o acesso às amostras de referência as melhores concordâncias ocorreram para o G3, seguido de G2, com as piores concordâncias para G1. Após o acesso às referências todos os grupos tiveram concordância quase perfeita. As diferenças entre os valores médios de Kappa nas duas condições foi significante. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os valores de concordância e a porcentagem de acerto quanto ao uso de ponto articulatório correto e FF e PF para os alvos estudados aumentou significativamente com o acesso às Amostras de Referência. / Objectives: To establish reference samples representative of pharyngeal fricative (PF) and pharyngeal stop (PS) using consensual auditory-perceptual identification and to compare ratings of PF and PS with and without the use of the reference samples In three groups with different experiences. Methods: The study was divided into two stages: during the first stage, three speech-language pathologists (SLP) specialists in the identification of the speech disorders related with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) analyzed 136 speech samples with to identify the use of PF, PS and the correct place of production of sons [f], [s], [], [v], [z], [], [k] e [g]. The recordings were rated individually and those without consensus regarding the PF and PS were rated again simultaneously. The samples rated with 100% agreement between the 3 SLPs were included into a Bank of Reference Samples Representative of PF and PS. A group of 14 and 64 samples were selected from the Bank creating the Reference Samples and Experimental Samples for stage 2. Stage 2 involved the rating of the Experimental Samples by a group of 9 evaluators without and with access to the Reference Samples to calibrate the raters. The raters were grouped according to the experience in the identification of PF and PS: G1 included 3 SLP students; G2 included 3 newly graduated SLPs and G3 included 3 SLPs experienced in rating PF and PS. The raters analyzed, individually, the Experimental Samples twice, first without access to the Reference Samples and 15 days later with controlled access to the Reference Samples. The percentage of correct ratings and the intra and interrater agreement were established. Findings were analyzed with ANOVA. Results: During Stage 1 49 samples representative of compensatory articulation (CA), 42 for PF and 7 for PS, were identified with 100% agreement between 3 experienced SLPs. Intrarater agreement during this stage was excellent for the 3 professionals. During Stage 2, all ratings obtained with access to the Reference Samples were superior to the ratings without access to the references. The differences in percentage of correct identification of PF and PS between the conditions with and without access to the references varied between the minimum of 4% for G3 to maximum of 80% for G1, suggesting a consistently better performance for the group with raters experienced with identification of CA. The mean Kappa scores for all sounds indicated that the interrater agreement for G1 improved from regular (K=0,34) in the condition without references to almost perfect when the references were used, for G2 improved from substantial (K=0,67) to almost perfect (K=0,96), while for G3 the agreement was almost perfect in both conditions (K=0,90 e K=0,91). Without the access to the references better agreements were observed for G3, followed by G2 with worse agreement for G1. After access to the references all groups presented with almost perfect agreements. The differences in mean Kappa scores between the two conditions were significant. Conclusion: The findings suggest that raters agreement and percentage of correct identification of place of production and PF and PS for all sounds studied increased significantly with the access to Reference Samples.

Objetivos: estabelecer amostras de referência constituídas por gravações julgadas com consenso como representativas da presença ou ausência da oclusiva glotal (OG) e comparar julgamentos perceptivo-auditivos da presença e ausência da OG com e sem o uso de amostras de referência. Metodologia: o estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Durante a ETAPA 1, 480 frases referentes aos sons oclusivos e fricativos produzidas por falantes com história de fissura labiopalatina foram julgadas por três fonoaudiólogas experientes quanto à identificação da OG. As frases foram julgadas individualmente e aquelas que não apresentaram consenso inicial foram julgadas novamente de maneira simultânea. As amostras julgadas com consenso com relação à presença ou ausência da OG durante produção das seis consoantes-alvo oclusivas e seis fricativas foram selecionadas para estabelecer um Banco de Amostras Representativas da OG. A ETAPA 2 consistiu na seleção de 48 amostras de referência referentes aos 12 sons de interesse e 120 amostras experimentais e, o julgamento dessas amostras experimentais por três grupos de juízes, cada grupo com três juízes com experiências distintas com relação ao julgamento de fala na fissura de palato. Os juízes julgaram as amostras experimentais duas vezes, primeiro sem acesso às referências e, após uma semana, com acesso às referências. Resultados: os julgamentos realizados na ETAPA 1 evidenciaram consenso com relação a OG em 352 amostras, sendo 120 frases com produção adequada para os sons de interesse e 232 representativas do uso da OG. Essas 352 amostras constituíram o Banco de amostras Representativas da OG. Os resultados da ETAPA 2 indicaram que ao comparar a média do valor de Kappa obtida para os 12 sons de interesse em cada um dos grupos nos julgamentos sem e com acesso às amostras de referência a concordância para o grupo 1 (G1) passou de regular (K=0,35) para moderada (K=0,55), para o grupo 2 (G2) passou de moderada (K=0,44) para substancial (K=0,76) e para o grupo 3 (G3) passou de substancial (K=0,72) para quase perfeita (K=0,83). Observou-se que as melhores concordâncias ocorreram para o grupo dos fonoaudiólogos experientes (G3), seguido dos fonoaudiólogos recém-formados (G2), com as piores observadas para o grupo de alunos de graduação (G1). Conclusão: um Banco de Amostras de Referência Representativas da OG foi estabelecido e os julgamentos perceptivo-auditivos de juízes com uso das amostras de referência foram obtidos com concordância inter-juízes e porcentagem de acertos melhor do que os julgamentos sem acesso às referências. Os resultados sugerem a importância do uso de amostras de referência para minimizar a subjetividade da avaliação perceptivo auditiva da fala. / Objectives: to establish anchor samples using speech recording rated with consensus regarding presence or absence of glottal (GS) and to compare auditory-perceptual ratings of GS with and without use of the anchor samples. Methods: the study was divided into two phases. During the first phase 480 phrases with stop and fricative sounds produced by speakers with history of cleft lip and palate were rated by three speech-language-pathologists (SLP) experienced with identification of GS. The phrases were rated individually by the three judges and those without consensus regarding the GS were rated again simultaneously. The samples rated with consensus regarding the presence or the absence of the GS were selected to establish a Bank of Anchor Samples Representative of GS during production of the 6 stops and 6 fricatives consonant targets. The second phase involved the selection of 48 anchor samples representing the 12 consonants of interest in this study and 120 experimental samples, along with the ratings of the experimental samples by three groups, each with three judges with distinct experience regarding the perceptual assessment of Cleft Palate Speech. The judges rated the experimental samples twice, first without the anchor samples and a week later accessing the anchor samples. Results: the rating establish during phase 1 indicated consensus regarding the GS for 352 samples, 120 representative of adequate production of the sounds of interest and 232 representative of use of GS. These 352 samples were used to establish the Bank of Anchor Samples Representative of GS. The results of the second phase revealed that while comparing ratings with and without access to anchor samples using mean Kappa Statistics, the interrater agreement for group 1 (G1) improved from regular (K=0,35) to moderate (K=0,55), for group 2 (G2) improved from moderate (K=0,44) to substantial (K=0,76) and for group 3 (G3) improved from substantial (K=0,72) to almost perfect (K=0,83). The best agreement was observed among the judges with most experience (G3) followed by recently graduated SLP (G2) and by the least experienced SLP students (G1). Conclusion: a Bank of Anchor Samples Representative of GS was established and the auditory perceptual ratings established after accessing the anchor samples were obtained with better interrater agreement and higher percentages of correct answers. The results suggest the importance of the use of anchor samples to minimize subjectivity of auditory perceptual evaluation of speech.

Objetivos: Determinar e comparar os valores de nasalância em amostras de fala na presença e ausência da turbulência nasal (TN) e da hipernasalidade. Métodos: Foram analisadas um total de 288 amostras de fala com fonemas de alta e baixa pressão, sendo que, 110 foram excluídas por apresentarem articulação compensatória (AC) ou disfonia. Cinco (5) juízes avaliaram as 178 amostras (110 + 20%) para indicar a presença e ausência da TN e da hipernasalidade. Resultados: As palavras e frases contendo fonemas líquidos (baixa pressão) foram julgados, por todos os juízes, com ausência de TN, e não foi encontrada diferença significante entre as amostras analisadas (lalá, lalá olhou a lua, e frases LO). No caso das 5 amostras com fonemas de alta pressão (papai, bebê, papai pediu pipoca, o bebê babou, frases PO) observou-se que somente nas frases PO a diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,02) para o fator hipernasalidade. Conclusão: Comparando os valores de nasalância na presença e ausência da TN podemos concluir que a nasalância apresentou-se elevada em todas as palavras e frases contendo fonemas orais de alta pressão, porém a diferenças encontradas não foram estatisticamente significantes. Comparando os valores de nasalância na presença e ausência da hipernasalidade notamos que os valores apresentaram-se elevados nas palavras e frases contendo fonemas orais sonoros de alta pressão e nas frases LO. / Objective:The objective of this study was to determine and to compare nasalance scores at the presence and absence of nasal turbulence (NT) and hypernasality. Methods: Nasometric scores and audio recordings were obtained simultaneously from 30 participants with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate during production of speech samples with low and high pressure phonemes. From a sample of 288 recording, 110 were excluded when rated with presence of compensatory articulation (CA) or dysphonia by a group of 5 judges and the remaining 110 sample were classified according to the presence or absence of NT and hypernasality and their mean nasalance scores were calculated. Results: Intra-rater agreement between the judges ranged from regular to perfect and inter-rater agreement ranged from moderate to substancial. The words and phrases with low pressure phonemes (lalá, lalá olhou a lua e low pressure phrases) were rated by all judges with absence of NT. All nasalance scores for low pressure phonemes were found to be suggestive of the presence of hypernasality for the samples rated as hypernasal. There was no significant difference between the nasalance scores for all low pressure samples analysed (lalá, lalá olhou a lua and other low pressure phrases). The nasalance scores for high pressure phonemes (papai, bebê, papai pediu pipoca, o bebê babou, phrases high pressure) were found to be suggestive of the presence of hypernasality for the samples rated as hypernasal and also when the samples were rated with presence of NT. There was significant difference between the nasalance scores only for the high pressure phrases (p=0,02). Conclusion: While statistically significant higher nasalance scores were found only for the longer speech sample of high pressure phrases, elevated nasalance scores were observed for all samples rated with presence hypernasality or presence of NT suggesting the importance, during clinical practice, of carefully interpreting nasalance scores at the presence of turbulence.