Nas últimas décadas diversas reformas no financiamento da educação foram realizadas no Brasil e no exterior, além da adoção de políticas públicas de transferências de recursos, almejando melhorar o desempenho dos alunos e a qualidade da educação. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o impacto dos programas de descentralização de gasto público na educação, sobre a variação do desempenho obtido na Prova Brasil entre os anos de 2005 e 2007, pelas escolas públicas da rede de ensino fundamental da Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo. Analisamos o Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola (PDDE), criado pelo governo federal em 1995, além do Programa de Transferência de Renda Financeira (PTRF), implantado no final de 2005 pela Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo. Esses programas transferem recursos financeiros diretamente para as escolas, que tem o poder de decidir como utilizar esses repasses. Os dois programas possuem múltiplos pontos de corte, conforme o número de matrículas, para efeito de determinação do valor das transferências de recursos. Em uma primeira abordagem, são calculadas as médias da variação da nota das escolas em torno dos pontos de corte. Para o PTRF são observadas melhores variações de nota, para as escolas nas faixas superiores de tratamento, principalmente para a 4ª série, já para o PDDE os resultados não indicam efeitos positivos de mudança de faixa de tratamento. Empregando a metodologia de mínimos quadrados ordinários, apenas o coeficiente do valor per capita do PTRF apresentou efeito positivo e significativo sobre a variação da nota da Prova Brasil. Posteriormente, com a regressão descontínua Sharp paramétrica e não-paramétrica, são obtidos resultados positivos para as variações das notas da Prova Brasil da 4ª e 8ª série, caso as escolas estejam no início de uma faixa de tratamento superior do PTRF. Para o PDDE, poucos casos apresentaram impactos positivos e significativos; quando acontece a alteração de faixa de tratamento, alguns resultados obtidos sugerem que o programa federal não possui efeito. / In recent decades various reforms in education funding were implemented in Brazil and abroad, beyond the adoption of public transfers of resources, aiming to improve student achievement and education quality and student performance. This paper evaluates the impact of decentralization programs of public spending in education, about the variation of performance in standardized test (Prova Brasil) between 2005 and 2007, the public school system of elementary education belonging São Paulo municipal administration. We analyzed the Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola (PDDE), created by the federal government in 1995, and Programa de Transferência de Renda Financeira (PTRF), implemented in late 2005 by the São Paulo municipal administration. These programs transfer financial resources directly to schools, which has the power to decide how to use these transfers. Both programs have multiple cut points, according to enrollment, to determine the value of the distribution of resources. In a first approach, the averages are calculated varying the note of a fixed amount of schools near the cutoff. For PTRF and are best observed variations of note, top bands from schools in treatment mainly for the 4th grade, as for the PDDE, the results do not indicate positive effects of changing band treatment. Employing the method of ordinary least square, only the coefficient of per capita value for PTRF showed positive and significant effect on the variation of the note in standardized test. Later, with the regression discontinuity Sharp parametric and nonparametric, positive results are obtained for variations of the notes of standardized test, 4th and 8th grades, where schools are at the beginning of a range of superior treatment of PTRF. For the PDDE, few cases were positive and significant when the change occurs in the range of treatment, some results suggest that federal program has no effect.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T17:04:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Jardson Guedes - Versão Final.pdf: 1553465 bytes, checksum: bcaa24744d38fccd134474fdff74a412 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T17:04:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Jardson Guedes - Versão Final.pdf: 1553465 bytes, checksum: bcaa24744d38fccd134474fdff74a412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os gastos públicos e a sua influência sobre o Índice de Desempenho do Sistema Único de Saúde (IDSUS) nos municípios pernambucanos. Para o alcance de seu objetivo, o estudo utilizou-se de pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio de pesquisa documental. Quanto à sua abordagem, a pesquisa caracteriza-se, também, como de natureza quantitativa, fazendo uso de técnicas estatísticas tanto na coleta quanto no tratamento de dados. O trabalho teve como objeto de estudo os municípios pernambucanos pertencentes ao grupo homogêneo (GH) 6 do IDSUS, composto de 136 municípios, no entanto, apenas 128 compuseram a amostra, haja vista 8 deles não dispuserem de informações na base de dados pesquisada. Coletaram-se as informações relativas aos gastos sociais dos municípios pernambucanos na base de dados pública Finanças do Brasil (FINBRA), disponibilizada pela Secretaria do Tesouro Nacional (STN). Coletaram-se dados correspondentes aos gastos públicos durante os anos de 2008 e 2011. Transformaram-se as informações de gastos públicos municipais em variáveis per capita com a divisão pela população do município. Em seguida, atualizaram-se os valores per capita pelo Índice Geral de Preços – Disponibilidade Interna (IGP-DI). Para obtenção dos resultados, utilizou-se de regressão linear com dados em painel. Utilizaram-se seis construções que mesclam as variáveis presentes no estudo com base no modelo de efeitos aleatórios, no modelo de efeitos fixos e no modelo dos mínimos quadrados ordinários agrupados. O estudo teve como variável dependente o IDSUS e como variáveis explicativas o gasto com saúde per capita (GSAU), gasto com prevenção per capita (GPREV), gasto com assistência hospitalar per capita (GASSISTH), outras despesas com saúde per capita (GODS), gastos com educação per capita (GED), gastos com infraestrutura urbana per capita (GINFRA), gastos com saneamento básico per capita (GSAN) e gastos com agricultura per capita (GAGR). Após a aplicação dos modelos de regressão, optou-se pelo método de efeitos fixos, ficando identificado que apenas a variável gasto com prevenção relacionada à saúde tem impacto positivo sobre o IDSUS. / This study aimed to analyze public spending and its influence on the Performance Index of the Unified Health System (IDSUS) in Pernambuco municipalities. In order to achieve its objective, the study used a descriptive research, with a quantitative approach, conducted through documentary research. As for its approach, the research is also characterized as quantitative, using statistical techniques both in collection and processing of data. The study had as studying object Pernambuco municipalities belonging to homogeneous group (GH) 6 of IDSUS, composed of 136 municipalities, however, only 128 were included in the sample, considering 8 of them do not hold information in searched database. Information regarding social spending of Pernambuco municipalities were collected from public database Finances of Brazil (FINBRA), available from National Treasury Secretariat (STN). Data corresponding to public spending during the years 2008 and 2011 were collected. Information of municipal expenditures were transformed into variables per capita with the division by municipality’s population. Then values per capita were updated by General Price Index – Internal Availability (IGP-DI). To obtain the results, linear regression with panel data was used. It was used six constructions that mix the variables in the study based on random effects model, fixed effects model and pooled ordinary least squares model. The study had as dependent variable IDSUS and as explanatory variables spending on health per capita (GSAU) spending on prevention per capita (GPREV) spending on hospital care per capita (GASSISTH), other expenditure on health per capita (GODS), spending on education per capita (GED), spending on urban infrastructure per capita (GINFRA), spending on basic sanitation per capita (GSAN) and spending on agriculture per capita (GAGR). After applying the regression models, it was chosen the fixed effects method, getting identified that only the variable spending on prevention related to health impacts positively on the IDSUS.

The first chapter provides an introduction to my investigation of the impact of state-level educational investments in public K-12 education on future labor markets, specifically earnings and employment. In Chapter 2, the current literature supporting this investigation is examined while I offer a hole in the literature that I intend to fill. Then, in Chapter 3 I present a two-period, balanced-budget theoretical model in which I relate educational investments, mobility, and future earnings. This theoretical model is then implemented in Chapter 4 using state-level data and again in Chapter 5 using individual-level data. Chapter 4 examines the impact of state-level educational investments in public education on aggregate state labor markets, specifically earnings and employment. Using data on K-12 educational spending, 8th grade cognitive test scores, and educational demographics of a state’s labor force, I observe the impact these state-level investments have on employment and earnings growth. Taking interstate migration into account, I separate the benefits from educational investment into benefits due to in-state investment and benefits due to out-of-state investment. By doing so I am able to identify whether or not educational investment spillovers exist between states. Results indicate that the earnings benefits associated with public K-12 educational spending spill over into other states, 8th grade NAEP test scores do not spill over into other states, and neither has a significant impact on other states’ employment growth. Chapter 5 examines the impact of educational investments in public education on earnings of individuals. I extend my analysis from Chapter 4 by employing micro-data (on individuals) from the American Community Survey (ACS) instead of using state-level data. Using micro-data allows me to more accurately measure the investments used in the education of an area and to incorporate where education was attained and where it was employed. Using individual-level data also allows me to narrow my focus to younger participants in the labor force, providing a stronger link between lagged educational spending and earnings. Results indicate that K-12 educational spending does spill over in the form of positive earnings benefits, which helps to support the results of Chapter 4.

The objective of the thesis is to provide a theory that explains the stylized facts regarding the trend of taxation policies, public spending and sovereign debt in advanced economies for the past couple of decades. The thesis focuses on distinguishing two types of public spending - productive investment and welfare payment and develops two different frameworks to examine the importance of the composition of these two types of public spending for economic growth and welfare. Chapter 2 presents a dynamic political-economy model in which voters decide tax rates and the proportion of public goods expenditure devoted to non-productive (but utility-enhancing) public goods. This non-productive public goods expenditure gives rise to a habit effect - it has to be at least as large as a fraction of last period value to provide utility. The median voter theorem applies. Starting from a steady state without the habit effect, its introduction leads to transitional dynamics that mimic several stylized facts: in particular, countries with higher income tend to have larger government and spend more on welfare programme. Chapter 3 studies the impact of public deficit on long-run economic growth by distinguishing the different types of government spending: investment and welfare payment. The model in this chapter predicts a non-monotonic or threshold effect in the relationship between public deficit and steady state growth rate. The composition of the public spending (the ratio between productive and non-productive) dictates the "threshold" in the national debt level. Countries which spend more on providing productive public goods could maintain a higher level of national debt that promotes growth.

Capacity restrictions in stores, maintained by mechanisms like spacing customer intake at certain time intervals, have become familiar features in the time of the pandemic. The effect on total spending is not a linear function of reduced capacity, since shopping in a crowded store under a social distance regime is prone to considerable slowdown. In this thesis, We introduce a simple dynamical model of the evolution of shopping rate as a function of a given customer intake rate, starting with an empty store. The slowdown of each individual customer is incorporated as an additive term to a baseline value shopping time, proportional to the number of other customers in the store. We determine analytically and by simulation the trajectory of the model as it approaches a Little's Law equilibrium, and identify the point of phase change, beyond which equilibrium cannot be achieved. By relating customer shopping rate to the slowdown compared to the baseline, We can calculate the optimal intake rate leading to maximum equilibrium spending. This turns out to be the maximum rate compatible with equilibrium. The slowdown is not enough to justify a lower intake rate. Because the slowdown due to the largest possible number of shoppers is more than compensated for by the increased volume of shopping.

The objective of this thesis is to investigate if the share of women in the municipality board affects the municipalities spending patterns. The study is based on the assumption that women as a group have particular needs, interest and concerns, and when represented, the political decision making will be affected. I used panel data over all 290 municipalities in Sweden over the years 2011, 2015 and 2019, to study the following public spending areas; reception of refugees, elderly care, education and childcare. I conducted a panel regression model with entity and time fixed effects and also added several control variables. The result suggests that there is a significant effect of female representation on spending related to the reception of refugees, but the effect of the other spending areas examined; childcare, education and care of elderly is negative but not significant.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences. 27 March 2019 / This thesis investigates the role of institutional quality on the impact of government expenditure on economic performance. The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 provides an introduction of the thesis. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are empirical chapters examining the role of institutions on the relationship between government expenditure and various indicators of economic performance. Chapter 5 concludes by giving policy recommendations. In chapter 1 we provide a background, motivation, objectives, hypothesis to be tested, gaps in the literature, contributions of the study and the main findings. In chapter 2 we explore how institutional quality affects the government spending-output growth nexus. We estimate a modified growth accounting model found in Hansson and Henrekson (1994) and control for institutional quality by employing panel regression techniques on a panel of 71 countries over a period 1970-2015. Our main estimation technique, 3SLS with seemingly unrelated errors, is able to control for endogeneity and cross equation correlation. We find that the institutional quality variable has a mitigating effect on the relationship between government expenditure and output growth however, government expenditure generally has a negative and detrimental effect on output growth. This suggests that better institutional quality offsets the adverse effects of government expenditure. As such, there is a need to come up with policies that strengthen institutional quality and enhance the effectiveness of government expenditure programs. Chapter 3 we examine the role of institutions on the optimal size of the government. The quadratic method of Armey (1995) and Scully (1994) method are employed on the country (time series regression) and group (panel data regression) estimations. Furthermore, we use the Hansen (1999) panel threshold regression technique to determine the presence of an optimal size and the values thereof. We ascertain that the majority of countries do have a significant optimal size of government. However, we note that the optimal size of government varies across countries and regions. Despite the presence of a non-linear relationship between government expenditure and output growth, there seems to be a marked difference between the size of government across levels of development and institutional arrangements. Countries with better institutions and higher levels of development seem to have a lower optimal level of government size. Perhaps, better institutions and higher levels of development help mitigate the adverse effects of government expenditure on output growth through the minimisation of the scope and scale of government activities, i.e., government size. Chapter 4 investigates the Twin Deficits Hypothesis (TWDH) and the role of institutional quality on a sample of 48 countries for the period 1995-2013. Using the national income accounting decomposition and the approaches in Feldstein and Horioka (1980) and Fidrmuc (2003) we investigate the role of institutional quality and capital mobility on the current account deficits and the government budget deficits (i.e., TWDH) nexus. We apply OLS, fixed effects, random effects regressions and panel cointegration techniques in our analysis. The results from the panel cointegration tests show that a long run relationship exists between the current account balance, investment and the government budget balance. The results reveal that current account deficits are mainly driven by private investment flows. However, we only find support for the Twin Deficits Hypothesis in a sample of developed countries and higher institutional quality countries. The results imply that governments of these countries enjoy financing from international sources and can easily finance their budget deficits without siphoning domestic savings away from investment. This result is unsurprising considering that capital seems to flow towards areas with perceived less risk. This suggests that current account deficits in developing countries are as a result of private agents’ decisions and not driven by government budget deficits. / PH2020

Panel regressions are used to analyze various measures of state higher education expenditures for 45 states over a time period from 1986 through 2005. Results of panel stationarity tests indicate that each expenditures series contains a unit root. This finding is consistent with the incremental theory of public expenditures and implies that time series of these variables should be differenced if used as dependent variables in regression models. Regression results indicate that changes in state higher education expenditures are significantly procyclical. State higher education spending appears to fully adjust to population growth and over-adjust to CPI inflation. Larger state governments are associated with significantly larger annual adjustments to per capita real state higher education expenditures. No significant evidence is found that state Medicaid or elementary education expenditures crowd out higher education spending.

A large number of students have entered Cache County to attend Utah State University. These students are of economic significance to Cache County in two ways. First, they are buyers of consumer goods in the Cache County in two ways. First, they are buyers of consumer goods in the Cache Trade Area. Second, they represent a part of the labor forces in Cache County. The magnitude and nature of the economic activity of Utah State University students in Cache County have never been adequately measured. It is the purpose of this study to develop marketing and economic facts concerning Utah State University students' income and spending patterns. It will provide information about the spending patterns of an important segment of the Cache County population. It will also supply empirical data which will be useful in further analytical studies of consumer's economic behavior in the development of student income and expenditure theory.

Studying household finance and behavior is important not only for understanding the micro level behavior, but also to have a better understanding of the whole economy. The study of household behavior become even more important after the 2007 housing crises, and the giant effect it had (and is still having) on Wall Street and the whole US and global economy. This dissertation is an attempt to understand some of the household behavior: how does the new internet era affect the demand for credit cards, which attitudes influence the household's decision to file bankruptcy, and whether expenditure habits encouraged overspending. The study will use the micro level data provides by Survey of Consumer Finance SCF2007. In the first chapter, the study focuses on the effect of having internet access on household demand for credit cards, controlling for standard price, income effects and other financial and demographic variables. The internet changed the way consumer shops, with more information about the product, the market and the price. E-Commerce retail sales grew on average of 22% a year over the past decade; in the second quarter of 2009 it reached $32.4 billion. The study found that households who have access to the internet, carry around $862 more on their credit card balance, in average, than households who have no access to the internet. The second chapter investigates the effects of borrowing and saving attitudes on household decision to file for personal bankruptcy. The total non-commercial bankruptcy filings increased from 560,682 cases in 2006 to 784,079 in 2007. This increase continued through 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, with 1,031,443 cases filed in 2008 and 304,228 in the first three months of 2009. The study results suggest that borrowing and saving attitudes have no effect of household decision to file for bankruptcy except for paying credit card balance in full every month. The third chapter studies the relationship between eating out "Food-Away-From-Home" and overspending. Since 19% of household in the US are spending more than their income. The average for the past nine years (2000-2008) was 1.6%. Compared to other industrialized countries, the US had one of the worst personal saving rates during the past twenty years . The study found that eating out does not encourage overspending. On the contrary, the higher the ratio of FAFH to total food expenditures the less likely household will overspend.