As populações de aves antárticas têm sido estudadas e consideradas indicadoras da qualidade do ecossistema marinho, especialmente dos oceanos do sul, ao longo dos últimos 50 anos. Existem cerca de 40 espécies de aves marinhas que se reproduzem em áreas descobertas de gelo. Dentre as aves marinhas antárticas, os pinguins são os que têm a maior representatividade ecológica e são considerados espécies sentinelas para o estudo das mudanças ambientais nesse continente. Esses animais representam 90% da biomassa de aves nos oceanos do sul, e suas colônias estão distribuídas nas ilhas antárticas e subantárticas bem como sobre o Continente Antártico. Há três espécies de pigoscelídeos mais representativos desta biomassa, são eles: Pygoscelis papua (Pinguim gentoo), Pygoscelis adeliae (Pinguim-de-adélia) e Pygoscelis antarcticus (Pinguim-de-barbicha). Os pinguins antárticos estão entre as aves de menor contato com humanos, o que os torna possíveis indicadores da presença natural de genes de resistência a antimicrobianos na microbiota intestinal de aves e no ambiente. O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar a presença de resistência a antimicrobianos na microbiota intestinal de P. antarcticus e de P. papua, e compará-las à microbiota de Spheniscus magellanicus (pinguins-de-magalhães). Os S. magellanicus habitam a Argentina, Chile e Ilhas Malvinas, locais em que há variadas atividades humanas. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes aparentemente frescas de 46 pinguins P.antarcticus e de 12 pinguins P. papua, nas suas respectivas colônias na Ilha Elefante, em dezembro de 2014. De S. magellanicus foram coletadas, com auxílio de suabes cloacais, amostras de 19 indivíduos, encontrados na costa norte do Rio Grande do Sul, de Quintão a Torres, durante os meses de inverno de 2015 e de 2016. As amostras de microbiota dos pinguins foram cultivadas em ágar LB e os isolados bacterianos foram triados para os seguintes antimicrobianos: eritromicina (≥ 8μg/mL), estreptomicina (≥ 2.000 μg/mL), tetraciclina (≥ 16 μg/mL) e vancomicina (≥ 32 μg/mL). Em 10 amostras de P. antarcticus e em 15 amostras de S. magellanicus foram identificadas bactérias resistentes a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados. Todas as amostras de P. papua foram sensíveis a esses antimicrobianos. As espécies dos isolados resistentes foram identificadas pelo sequenciamento do rRNA 16S, que revelou sete gêneros, sendo os mais recorrentes Enterococcus sp. e Staphylococcus sp. Esses isolados resistentes também foram triados para a presença de genes de resistência aos antimicrobianos. O tet(M) foi mais abundante em S. magellanicus (5) do que em P. antarcticus (3), ao passo que o int e van(B) foram identificados somente em P. antarcticus (três e um, respectivamente). O gene erm(B) não foi encontrado em nenhum dos isolados. Uma vez que a fração não cultivável das fezes também pode apresentar genes de resistência, foi realizada a extração do DNA das fezes de pinguins antárticos para obtermos DNA de todos os micro-organismos presentes. Os genes mais recorrentes nas amostras de DNA total das fezes de P. antarcticus e P. papua foram, respectivamente, int (5 e 7), seguido de tet(M) (1 e 5). O van(B) foi encontrado em amostras das duas espécies de pinguins, enquanto que o erm(B) foi encontrado somente nas amostras de P. papua. De acordo com esses resultados, houve mais resistência a antimicrobianos na fração cultivável da microbiota de pinguins-de-magalhães do que em pinguins antárticos. Na fração não-cultivável, foram encontrados mais genes de resistência nas amostras de P. papua do que de P. antarcticus. / Antarctic seabird populations have been studied as bioindicators of the nature variability in the Southern Ocean marine ecosystems over the last 50 years. Among the Antarctic seabirds, the most representative species are penguins; they represent 90% of total biomass of birds in the Southern Ocean, and are considered sentinels for environmental changes in the Antarctic region. Pygoscelis antarcticus and P. papua are the most prevalent species in Antarctida. Because they remain among the wild birds with least contact with humans, their microbiota may serve as indicators of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance present in the microbiota of P. antarcticus and P. papua, and compare it with the microbiota of Spheniscus magellanicus (Magellanicus penguins). Magellanicus penguins inhabit Argentina, Chile and Falkland Islands, and therefore have more contact with humans. We have collected samples of apparently fresh feces from P. antarcticus (n = 46) and from P. papua (n = 12) in their respective colonies located in the Elephant Island in December 2014. From S. magellanicus, we have collected cloacal swabs (n = 19) from specimens found in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul, from Quintão to Torres, during the winter months of 2015 and 2016. All samples were evaluated for the presence of resistant bacteria to the following antimicrobials: erythromycin (≥ 8μg/mL), streptomycin (≥ 2.000 μg/mL), tetracycline ( ≥ 16 μg/mL) and vancomycin (32 μg/mL). We have isolated resistant bacteria from 10 samples of P. antarcticus and from 15 samples of S. magellanicus; there was no bacterial growth in the presence of any of these antimicrobials from samples of P. papua feces. The species of resistant bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing: among the 7 genera identified, the most frequent were Enterococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Resistant bacteria were screened for the resistance genes ermB, tet(M), int and van(B). tet(M) was more frequent in S. magellanicus (5) than in P. antarcticus (3), while int and van(B) were identified only in P. antarcticus (3 and 1, respectively). The erm(B) gene was not identified in any isolate. Considering that the non-cultivable fraction from feces can also harbor resistance genes, we extracted DNA from feces of the Antarctic penguins in a attempt to obtain DNA from all micro-organisms of their microbiota. The most abundant genes present in the microbiota of P. antarcticus and P. papua were, respectively: int (5 and 7) and tet (M) (1 and 5). The van(B) gene was found in one sample of each species, while erm(B) was found in only one sample of P. papua. According to our results, antimicrobial resistance is more frequent in the cultivable microbiota of S. magellanicus than of P. antarcticus. In the non-cultivable fraction, resistance genes were more frequent in samples from P. papua than from P. antarcticus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luiza_osorio.pdf: 19002428 bytes, checksum: 248f2bc7bb85ec8caca8336bb8f6ed0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / Penguins are seabirds that spends about 75% of their life on the sea, and when they are found weak, this birds are sent to rehabilitation centers. Although, their extensive adaptations to sealife can become limiting issues to their life in captive, occurring, often, bumblefoot, or pododermatitis, cases: a foot disease that can evolve to septicemia and death. The Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM Marine Animals Recovery Center) is the place that, in Brazil, recieve more penguins to rahabilitation. Given the CRAM s importance in the national matter in penguin rehabilitation, the research objective was to evaluate the bumlefoot epidemiology in the birds kept captive in CRAM, trying to minimize the injuries that accompany the syndrome during rehabilitation period. Were observed 129 penguins in CRAM, where the syndrome incidence were 75%, presenting, the abrasive surface as main predisposing factor for development. The research presented the bumblefoot usually as a bilateral disease and with a progressive course. Every foot pads where qualified according the injury level to clinic evaluation, showing, by creating a method of biometric measurement of edema between each lesion score. The fungal microorganisms were related to the penguin s foot pad s transitory microbiota, being more isolated the C. albicans e Rhodotorula spp.The bacteria were related as transitory and permanent s microbiotas compounds, as well the pododermatitis epidemiology, being the more isolated genres the Staphylocossus and Corybacterium. The antibiotic that inhibited most the bacterial development against all strain tested was cefalosporina, followed by enrofloxacina, estreptomicina and penicillin. Was possible through this study highlight the syndrome s importance about penguin rehabilitation, and understand its epidemiology, enabling the implementation of precise forms of management, prophylaxis and treatment. / Pinguins são aves que dispensam cerca de 75% das vidas no mar, e quando encontrados debilitados são encaminhados a centros de. Porém, suas amplas adaptações à vida marinha atuam como fatores limitantes em cativeiro, sendo freqüentes os casos de bumblefoot, ou pododermatite, afecção podal que pode evoluir para septicemia e óbito. O Centro de Recuperação de Animais Marinhos (CRAM) é o local no Brasil que mais recebe mais pinguins para reabilitação. Em vista da importância do CRAM no cenário Nacional no que tange a reabilitação de pinguins, o estudo objetivou avaliar a epidemiologia do bumlefoot nessas aves mantidas em cativeiro no Centro, a fim de minimizar os prejuízos que acompanham a síndrome durante o período de recuperação. Foram acompanhados 129 pinguins no CRAM, onde a incidência da síndrome foi de 75%, apresentando-se, o piso abrasivo como o principal fator predisponente ao seu desenvolvimento. O estudo demonstrou o bumblefoot como doença geralmente bilateral e de curso progressivo. Todos os coxins plantares foram classificados de acordo com o grau da lesão à avaliação clínica, demonstrando-se através da criação de método de biometria a mensuração de edema entre cada escore de lesão. Os microorganismos fúngicos foram relacionados à microbiota transitória do coxim plantar de pinguins, sendo mais isolados a C. albicans e Rhodotorula spp., As bactérias foram relacionadas como componentes das microbiotas transitória e permanente, bem como com a epidemiologia da pododermatite, sendo os gêneros mais isolados o Staphylococcus e o Corynebacterium. O antibiótico que melhor inibiu o crescimento bacteriano frente a todas as cepas testadas foi a cefalosporina, seguida de enrofloxacina, estreptomicina e penicilina. Foi possível através deste estudo salientar a importância da síndrome no que tange a reabilitação de pinguins, e entender sua epidemiologia, o que permite aplicar formas precisas de manejo, profilaxia e tratamento.

<p>Human society is presently beset by an array of anthropogenic social-ecological crises that threaten the sustainability of the social-ecological systems that sustain our livelihoods. While research alone will not rectify these issues, it can help to answer key questions that must be addressed to develop effective solutions. To address such questions in a cohesive, compelling manner, social-ecological research can be bounded, structured, and distilled through innumerable organizing principles or theoretical frameworks. For this dissertation, I focused on the geographic region of Tierra del Fuego and sought to draw from the array of disciplines and methods that use sound as a lens for biological, ecological, and/or social inquiry. I also endeavored to consider various temporal, spatial, and organizational scales while investigating a selection of topics with a) specific importance in the social-ecological systems of Tierra del Fuego and b) general relevance to global social-ecological challenges. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the dissertation, and Chapter 6 serves as a conclusion.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>The objective of Chapter 2, “Biogeographical and analytical implications of temporal variability in geographically diverse soundscapes”, was to provide some guidance to passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) practitioners on how to design appropriate temporal sampling schemes based on the temporal variability of the sounds one wishes to measure and the power and storage limitations of acoustic recorders. We first quantified the temporal variability of several soundscape measurements and compared that variability across sites and times of day. We also simulated a wide range of temporal sampling schemes in order to model their representativeness relative to continuous sampling.</p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>For Chapter 3, “Sentinels for sentinels: passive acoustic and camera trap monitoring of sensitive penguin populations”, we tested the utility of PAM to monitor behavior and abundance of Magellanic (<i>Spheniscus magellanicus</i>) and southern rockhopper penguins (<i>Eudyptes chrysocome</i>) at different spatial and temporal scales. We conducted <i>in situ</i> observations of the acoustic behavior of each species, and we compared acoustic metrics with penguin counts from narrowly focused camera traps and larger-extent observations of colony density. </p><p><br></p><p> </p><p>Chapter 4, “Acoustic monitoring shows invasive beavers (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) increase avian diversity in Tierra del Fuego”, is focused on impacts of the invasive North American beaver (<i>Castor canadensis</i>) on Fuegian bird communities. We sought to determine how bird communities might differ between intact riparian forests, beaver ponds, and beaver meadows created by pond drainage. We conducted PAM and classic avian point counts under each of these conditions across seasons to test for differences between impact conditions and to compare the two methodologies.</p><p><br></p><p> </p>For Chapter 5, “Human-nature connection and soundscape perception: insights from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina”, we evaluated the relationship between soundscape perception and nature relatedness by conducting surveys and soliciting responses to soundscape audio prompts. We also examined the potential for any demographic influences on nature relatedness or soundscape perception in the context of local social tensions.